a few years before, now proved absolutely inadequate to the demands. made upon it. The salaries were consequently raised, reaching $2,000 for a full professor in 1869-'70. The fees for students had in the mean time been increased. These had been until 1865 for all students alike a matriculation fee of $10 and an annual fee of $5. In 1866-267 nonresident students were required to pay a matriculation fee of $25, and all students alike were expected to pay a tax of $10 for annual dues. This, of course, helped the university to meet the increasing demands upon its funds. Attempts were made to secure assistance from the legislature. But the relief granted by the legislature was, for the time being, no relief at all; it seemed indeed to be the application of a powerful and even dangerous counter-irritant. An act was passed granting permanently to the university a tax of a twentieth of a mill on the assessed value of property\/ within the State. But attached to this liberal arrangement was a provision that the regents establish in the medical department at least one professorship of homeopathy. Excitement in the university was intense. Several members of the medical faculty handed in their resignations, and it appeared as if the whole department would go to pieces in the storm. It would not do, of course, to let a matter comparatively so trifling destroy the usefulness of a school which had by this time become one of the best known and most successful schools of medicine in the country. A year of agitation followed. At the end of that time the matter was again approached by the regents. They could ill afford to lose the advantage of the act, and finally proposed the establishment of a school in the department of medicine to be known as the "Michigan School of Homeopathy," the lectures to be delivered "at such a place other than Ann Arbor as should pledge to the Board of Regents the greatest amount for the building and endowment of such school." They even went to the extent of appointing a professor of the theory and practice of homeopathic medicine, and of appropriating $3,000 to be expended in the organization of the school. The supreme court, however, declared that such an arrangement was an evasion of the law, and in consequence such circuitous efforts at compliance were abandoned.

At the session of the legislature held in 1868-'69, President Haven appeared before that body and set forth the needs and the difficulties of the university. He pleaded for a removal of the impracticable condition offered by the preceding legislature. The legislators had assembled in a critical mood, but by the persuasive and simple eloquence of the president they were brought to see the straits of the board and to realize that a compliance with the conditions of the grant would have been destructive of the best interests of the university. They therefore, in response to his appeals, not only gave the sum which had accumulated under the law of two years before, but settled an annuity of $15,000 on the university. The board of regents was of course jubilant, and all deeply interested in the success of the university breathed a sigh of relief upon seeing that the institution had, for the time being at least, avoided being wrecked on this rock of dissension.

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More important than temporary assistance or the temporary postponement of the homeopathic question, was the fact that by granting this aid the State recognized the principle of State assistance and established a precedent which has been of incalculable benefit to the university. No doubt the people of Michigan were always ready to give any needed assistance to higher education in the State. But this direct aid recognized the university as a State institution, dependent on State assistance-a portion of the school system of the State. This may seem to the reader an imaginary benefit, inasmuch as from the beginning the university was a State institution. There was, however, in the early days altogether too much of a tendency to speak of the "Ann Arbor College." Indeed, it has not been many years that the people of Michigan have wholly realized that the University of Michigan is their university to cherish, protect, and be proud of. Everything which caused the people to recognize their own child, everything which stimulated parental pride, was of immense importance for its growth and development. In consequence of this assistance the professors' salaries were raised, as already stated, to $2,000 per annum. The wise and acceptable conclusion of this controversy was largely due to the politic conduct of the president and to his conciliatory and unbigoted wisdom. In the six years of Dr. Haven's administration the university saw many developments. A school of mines was established in 1865 and the degree of mining engineer was conferred at two or three commencements after that date.

A new course known as the Latin and scientific course was estab lished in 1867, a forerunner of the "modern classical" course in the University of Wisconsin, and a model for colleges and academies in the West. The characteristic of this course is that French or German is required for admittance instead of Greek. French and German, without Greek, are requisite studies for graduation. The design of this course was to offer the advantages of the university to a greater number of students, to furnish a line of studies neither so strictly literary and disciplinary as the old classical course, nor so limited to strictly scientific and technical work as were the scientific and engineering courses. The continuous popularity of this course and its success in furnishing graduates well disciplined and equipped attest the wisdom. of its establishment. The degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, first given in 1870, has since that time been annually conferred in token of honorable completion of this course.

In 1868 a course of pharmacy was drawn up offering advantages to those desiring to become skilled druggists and pharmaceutical chemists. The degree of pharmaceutical chemist was first conferred in 1869. The school of pharmacy was not organized as a distinct department of the university until 1876, and it may be said, though partly in anticipation. of succeeding administrations, that since the time of its organization there have been in attendance upon the department from 75 to 100 stu

dents, all of whom are engaged most of their time in actual practical in. vestigation in the chemical laboratory. Constant additions to the build. ing have been necessary, until now it covers a large area of ground, offering with its annexed stories, its added wings, and its appended additions. a very good illustration of the expansion of the whole university from its humble beginnings.

In various other ways did the university develop during the years of President Haven's administration. The library gradually increased. In 1865, by an actual count, the library consisted of something like 13,500 volumes; in 1869 there were some 17,000 volumes. During these years only about $1,500 was spent for periodicals and new books. A number of gifts added to the wealth of the institution. Mrs. R. R. Richards gave the "Houghton Herbarium," being a collection of plants prepared by Dr. Douglas Houghton. Dr. Sager gave to the museum a collection of 5,000 specimens, and Mrs. Ames, of Niles, presented 22,500 specimens of plants, the collection of her husband, Dr. George L. Ames. In 1864 Dr. Rominger placed in the museum a collection of European fossils, numbering about 6,000, and in 1869 the regents purchased the collection for $1,500. The mineralogical and geological collections were much enriched by the addition of a number of specimens collected in the Upper Peninsula by a party under the charge of Professor Winchell.

President Haven resigned the presidency of the university at the June meeting of the regents in 1869. The board was unwilling to accept the resignation, but did so. He was offered the presidency of the new Northwestern University at Evanston, and decided to accept the position. His administration was a successful one. He worked barmoniously with the regents, won the respect of the faculties, and influenced for good the students and others connected with the institution. His policy was a conciliatory one, and it is doubtful if any other would have succeeded quite so well at that time. He felt a good por tion of the time as if he presided by sufferance, and many rigorous measures of order and discipline and general management had to be eschewed, and annoying but not destructive practices overlooked. He was possibly fortunate in being able to connive at many customs and habits among the students which have disappeared under the stronger, more systematic, and more assured rule of the present incumbent of the presi dency.1

The progress of the university during President Haven's administration was further shown by the follow ing consummation, which I name in the order of time: The office of the steward was located upon the grounds, and he was required to devote his whole time to the duties of the position (March 30, 1864) The Rominger collection of European fossils was purchased (March 30, 1864). The Houghton Herbarium was received (June 28, 1864). A reserve fund for the endowment of the library was created, which, in August, 1869, amounted to $17,166. A school of mines was inaugurated (March 28, 1865.) The astronomical observatory was enlarged (September 26, 1865). The Sager botanical collection was received (March 29, 1866). The policy of conferring honorary degrees was adopted (June 26, 1866). The Fletcher law library