(2) It should not be a department of what is called a university, but should be separate from all other institutions.

(3) A lábor system demanding not less than 2 hours' labor a day from every student not physically disabled should be rigidly enforced.

(4) This requires that the college should be on a large domain, giving ample space for shops, farms, gardens, orchards, groves, and lawns. (5) The course of instruction should train students in natural science, mathematics, and English literature, and in the practical applications of science to agriculture and mechanics, and in those sciences not usually called "natural," though eminently natural in the true meaning of the word, that deal with life, mind, thought, morals, industry, and society.

(6) A school so controlled, so situated, with such a system of labor and such a course of instruction, led by professors who are well trained and who have faith in their cause, can do a work of increasing and immeasurable importance in developing in its students a close sympathy between labor of the hands and of the head, in giving them strong and healthful bodies, minds freed from fogs of error and well stored with knowledge of the world in which they must live and work, and a moral character grounded on the truth and righteousness that inhere in the Power, not ourselves, that everywhere pulsates in matter and in man. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICHIGAN, December 4, 1889.

MICHIGAN MINING SCHOOL, HOUGHTON, MICHIGAN.

From sketch furnished by Director WADSWORTH, December, 1889.

ORGANIZATION.

The Michigan Mining School, located at Houghton, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, was established by an act of the legislature of Michigan, approved May 1, 1885.

The passage of the act for the creation of the Mining School was largely due to Hon. Jay A. Hubbell; and he seems first to have entertained the idea of establishing the school. The act of May 1, 1885, was introduced and advocated by him. It appropriated $25,000 for the equipment and maintenance of the school until the next session of the legislature.

The act establishing the Michigan Mining School authorized the gov ernor of the State to appoint six trustees, who, among other thingsincluding the management and control of the school and its financeswere authorized to locate the same at some point in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and the then governor, Hon. R. A. Alger, appointed Thomas L. Chadbourne, of Houghton; J. N. Wright, of Calumet; John Senter, of Eagle River; Alfred Kidder, of Marquette; C. H. Cady, of Iron Mountain; and Hon. John H. Foster, of Meridian, as such trustees under the act. These gentlemen were all heartily in accord with Mr. Hubbell as to the necessity for such an institution of learning in their midst. Most of them were practical mining men, and all entered with zeal and alacrity upon the discharge of their official duties, with a determination to make the school a success.

The first meeting of the trustees was convened at Houghton, Mich., on the 15th day of July, 1885, and by a resolution then passed by a unanimous vote the Michigan Mining School was located at Houghton, in the county of Houghton and State of Michigan.

If the school was to be a permanent institution it needed a suitable building for its habitation and suitable apparatus and equipment to enable it to furnish facilities for the proper instruction of its students. During this session of the legislature Mr. Hubbell secured the passage of an act appropriating $75,000 for the purpose of erecting a suitable building for the Michigan Mining School on a site to be donated for that

purpose, and also a further appropriation of $17,500 for its maintenance until the next session of the legislature.

Under the direction of the trustees a commodious and handsome structure for the school, capable of accommodating 100 students, was erected on land given by Mr. Hubbell.

In 1887, owing to the resignation of Messrs. Cady and Foster, of the board of control, Messrs. Chas. E. Wright, of Marquette, and Graham Pope, of Houghton, were appointed upon the board. Mr. Wright was State geologist and a practical mining engineer, as well as conversant with the technical courses and methods employed in the mining schools of Germany. His death in the spring of 1888 was a very serious loss to the Michigan Mining School. Mr. J. M. Longyear, of Marquette, was appointed as his successor.

Besides the legislative appropriation the school has received a fund of $1,000 from Mrs. C. A. Wright to establish a scholarship in commemoration of her late husband, Mr. Chas. E. Wright, of the board of control.

In 1889 the legislature of Michigan appropriated $60,000 for the equipment of the new building and $44,000 for its running expenses.

BOARD OF CONTROL.

James North Wright, Calumet, president; Thomas Lincoln Chadbourne, Houghton, secretary; Graham Pope, Houghton; John Monroe Longyear, Marquette; Alfred Kidder, Marquette; John Senter, Eagle River; Allen Forsyth Rees, Houghton, treasurer.

FACULTY.

The school was organized and commenced September 15, 1886. Albert Williams, jr., was elected principal of the school and instructor in geology and mining, with John C. Hoffman as instructor in mathematics and drawing, and Robert L. Packard, A. M., as instructor in chemistry. Mr. Williams was a graduate of Princeton, and had been for a number of years connected with the U. S. Geological Survey in charge of the department of mineral resources of the United States.

At the close of the school year Mr. Williams and Mr. Hoffman both resigned, and the following changes were made in the faculty. M. E. Wadsworth was elected director and professor of petrography, geology, and mineralogy, and R. M. Edwards as professor of mining and engineering. In 1888 the faculty was increased by the addition of Mr. Fred. F. Sharpless as instructor in chemistry and metallurgy, and Mr. R. C. Pryor as instructor in mathematics. In 1889 the faculty was as follows: Marshman Edward Wadsworth, A. M., PH. D., director and professor of mineralogy, petrography, and geology. Robert Lawrence Packard, A. M., professor of chemistry and assaying. Richard Mason Edwards, E. M., professor of mining and engineering. S.-B., instructor in chemistry and metallurgy.

Fred Fraley Sharpless, Richard G. G. Moldenke,

E. M., PH. D., professor of mechanical engineering and drawing. George H. Perkins, A. B., instructor of mathematics and physics.

Mr. Wadsworth is a graduate of Bowdoin College and a post graduate of Harvard University. He had experience as a teacher for many years in the public schools of the country, was an instructor in Harvard University, and professor in Colby University. He had published many scientific papers relating to geology, etc., prior to his election to the directorship.

STUDENTS.

During the first year the school had 23 pupils, arranged into two divisions. During the second year a systematic course for two years was arranged and 29 pupils instructed.

The third year 40 pupils were enrolled, but at the end of the third year the requirements for admission were raised and the course of study changed to one for three years; therefore the number of students fell to 32 during the early part of the fourth year. [In 1890-'91, 61 pupils were in attendance.-A. C. M.]

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION.

Candidates for the regular course will be examined in arithmetic, metric system, bookkeeping, algebra through quadratic equations (Olney's complete, or its equivalent), geometry (all contained in Davies' Legendre, revised by Van Amringe, or its equivalent, pp. 9-291), elements of physics (Gage's or its equivalent), elements of descriptive astronomy (Newcomb's Popular Astronomy, school edition, pp. 74-88, 167429, 483-531).

DEPARTMENTS OF INSTRUCTION.

Mathematics (Mr. Perkins).—During the first year higher algebra, and plane and spherical trigonometry are studied. In studying trigonometry, especial attention is paid to the solution of many problems, such as are continually occurring in a land surveyor's practice, including the solution of the solar triangle.

During the first term of the second year analytical geometry is studied, its use in certain kinds of land and mine surveying being pointed out.

During the second term of the second year the differential and integral calculus is studied to such an extent that the student can intelligently apply the methods of calculus to the solution of practical problems in mechanics and strength of materials.

Physics (Mr. Perkins).-In physics the course will embrace the general properties of matter, the laws of solids, liquids, and gases, in their application both to physical and chemical problems.

A careful study of the principles of sound, heat, light, magnetism, and electricity will be made with especial reference to their applications in the art of mining.

To this end experimental laboratory work will be required of every regular student.

The apparatus of the physical laboratory is designed for two purposes-exposition of those phenomena which illustrate the fundamental principles underlying the whole subject of physics and practice by the students themselves in physical measurements.

Where it is possible the students take an active part in the experiments, and some thirty experiments are laid down which each student is required to perform. A majority of these are in electricity, and precede the course in electrical engineering.

Drawing (Professor Moldenke).-The course embraces freehand and instrumental drawing, descriptive geometry, shades, shadows, and perspective, stonecutting, topographical, geological, and isometric drawing.

Part of the first term is devoted to freehand drawing of objects from photograph, then from nature, as well as sketches from nature of various engineering, architectural, and geological features likely to be of importance to the student in his future calling.

The rest of the year is taken up in mechanical drawing of the projection of bodies.

In the second year there are taken up shades, shadows, and perspective, isometric, topographical, and geological drawing, also the simpler elements of architectural drawing. The second term includes the subject of graphical statics, with various applications to structures of general engineering interest, as well as those specifically for the mining engineer. The third year continues the subject, and takes up very fully machine designing. The last subject, taken in connection with the fully equipped machine shop, gives the student the opportunity of carrying out his plans prepared in the drawing room, which teaches him what is really needed in this direction in the actual run of work of a professional mining engineer and superintendent.

Mechanical engineering (Professor Moldenke).-In the second year the students are instructed in the principles of mechanism. The third term of the year is devoted almost entirely to machine-shop practice. Here the students are taught all the necessary operations connected with forging, pattern and tool making, turning, planing, milling, etc., and building lathes, engines, dynamos, and motors of various kinds, also making electrical experiments requiring a knowledge of machine-shop work, and otherwise familiarizing themselves with the management of boilers, engines, and machines in general.

In the third year the theory and practice of boilers and engines are fully discussed, taking 2 hours per week throughout the year for this subject alone.

Then, in view of the great importance of knowing the characteristics of the standard materials used at the present day, a full course on the "properties of materials," especially iron and steel, has been added.