=

Cerebratulus marginatus, Renier, C. angulatus, O.F.M. Examples in Museum, Mouth of Kenmare River, Log 11, 1885, Royal Irish Academy Expedition; large specimen from stomach of Gadus morrhua, Station 188, Blacksod Bay, Royal Dublin Society Fishing Survey 1891; Roundstone Bay, Survey Collection (?). Berehaven, Haddon (5).

Distribution in Ireland,.

General Distribution,

(1). BÜRGER, O., "Die Nemertinen des Golfes von Neapel." Berlin, 1895.

(2). DUERDEN, J. E., "Notes on the Marine Invertebrates of Rush, Co. Dublin." Irish Naturalist, vol. iii., p. 230.

(3). GAMBLE, F. W., "Notes on a Zoological Expedition to Valentia Island, Co. Kerry." Irish Naturalist, vol. v., p. 129.

1896.

(4). HADDON, A. C., "Report on the Fauna of Dublin Bay." Proc. Roy. Irish Academy, ser. ii., vol. iv., p. 523. 1886. (5). HADDON, A. C., "Report on the Marine Fauna of S.-W. Ireland." Proc. Roy. Irish Academy, ser. ii., vol. iv., p. 599. 1886.

(6). RICHES, P. H., "Nemertines of Plymouth Sound." Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc., Lond. (2), vol. iii., pp. 1-29. 1893.

1856.

(7). THOMPSON, W., "Natural History of Ireland," vol. iv. (8). THOMPSON, W., "Additions to the Fauna of Ireland." Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. i., vol. xviii., p. 387. 1846.

III.

THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF CLARE ISLAND AND INISH-
TURK, CO. MAYO. BY CHARLES R. BROWNE, M.D.

The fifth of the local ethnographic surveys, which are carried out
annually as a part of the work of the Anthropological Laboratory of
Trinity College, was made by me last autumn, the localities chosen
being the two islands at the mouth of Clew Bay, Clare Island, and
Inishturk.

These were selected as the field of operations for several reasons,
as one of the strongholds of the ancient clan O'Malley, and one of its
centres of influence, still inhabited by descendants of that clan; and
as the population differed in origin both from that of Erris proper, and

that of Ballycroy, and might be considered as fairly representative of the people of South Mayo, another reason influencing the decision was the recent acquisition of Clare Island by the Congested Districts Board, and the changes in customs and modes of life to be apprehended from the improvements introduced, so that it became imperative that this district should be surveyed at once, if it was ever to be successfully attempted at all. One of the principles observed in choosing a district for survey is, that localities in which any great change is likely to occur soon should be chosen in preference to those in which the condition of affairs is more settled. In this instance there was especial need of promptness, as the changes had already begun, and have by now advanced so far that much of what is said in this report relative to the dwellings and mode of life of the people is now a record of the past.

II.-PHYSIOGRAPHY,

The two islands dealt with in this report lie outside Clew Bay, at a distance of about 18 to 20 miles from Westport, and about 6 miles from Louisburg, the nearest post town. Clare Island is much the larger of the two, having an area of 3959 acres. Its greatest length is about 6 miles, and it varies in breadth from 1 mile to 3 miles. The coast line all round is high and rocky, except at one place, the bay above which the castle is situated, where there is a stretch of strand backed by a few sandhills. All the rest of the coast is so high and rugged that there are only two other landing places, and these would be of little use if not artificially improved. The cliffs on the east side are low, ranging from 20 to 100 feet above sea-level, and pierced by coves, natural bridges, and caves; but on the north and west they are bold and rugged, rising like a wall from the sea, and attaining at Knockmore, on the west side, an altitude of 1520 feet. The surface is much varied, rising in places into high hills, covered with a thin layer of peat; most of the western half of the island is thus composed of hill and moor, and is used as a commonage. The lower lying part of the island and the central valley are fertile; and it is here that the main part of the population centres. Altogether there are about 1000 acres of arable land; all the rest is moor and mountain. There are several small rivulets among the hills. The rock of the island is sandstone conglomerate at the east end, but elsewhere it is mainly slate.

Inishturk, which lies four miles and a-half to the south-west of Clare Island, is much smaller, its greatest length being 24 miles, and its breadth 1 mile. Its coast is very rugged and rocky, and there are

only two landing places, one at the village, where an artificial harbour has been made, the other in a little circular basin, shut off from the sea by a wall of high rock, and entered by a sinuous passage. The surface is high, and in places very rocky, but its lower parts are fertile, much more so, the natives say, than Clare Island. The remarks made as to the fauna, flora, and climate of Inishbofin apply also to Clare Island and Inishturk, except that the golden eagle still nests in Knockmore, and that there are no rabbits on Clare Island.

III.-ANTHROPOGRAPHY.

1. Methods. The methods of observation, the instruments and the forms and nigrescence cards were all precisely the same as those made use of in former surveys, and described in previous reports, so they need not be further referred to here.

2. Physical Characters.

(A) General characters.-The people are on the whole of the same physical types as those of the portion of the Mayo coast which lies opposite to these islands, but there is more uniformity in their appearance as is usually the case in islands and isolated localities. The principal physical characters are as follows:

Stature and bulk.—The men are, as a rule, slightly below the middle height and of rather slender build, though looking much stouter than they really are owing to the thickness of the clothing worn. There are but few of the men who can be termed tall (the greatest stature observed was 1800 mm.), and there is, as in Inishbofin, a considerable proportion of men of small stature. The average stature of the fifty-six men who were measured was 1696 mm., or 5 feet 6 inches, considerably below the Irish mean stature.

The women are more even in stature than the men (apparently), and show the personal resemblance more strongly. With a few exceptions, they cannot be said to be above the average in good looks.

Limbs. The hand is usually short and broad with square-tipped fingers. The forearm is rather long. The span of arms (grande envergue) was greater than the stature in every case observed.

Head. The head is well formed and of large size. The cephalic index is usually mesaticephalic, though both brachycephaly and dolichocephaly are met with, the former preponderating. The mean cephalic index, when reduced to the cranial standard by the subtraction of two units is 77.4 (exactly the same as the mean of the people of the Mullet). Of the fifty-six persons measured, eight were

brachycephalic and two dolichocephalic. The extremes were 86.6 and 71.2. The cranial height is less than observed in any of the places yet surveyed (the mean vertical index being 630 as against 66-2 for Aran 69.2, for Inishbofin and Inishshark, 65.8 for the Mullet, Iniskea, and Portacloy, and 65-6 for Ballycroy.

The cranial curve is even, and there is, as a rule, no occipital projection, the line of the posterior region of the head being continuous with that of the neck. The forehead is broad and upright with well-marked frontal bosses. The glabella and superciliary ridges are of fair size.

Some asymmetrical and abnormal forms of head were met with, including one instance of acrocephaly in Inishturk.

Face. The face is long, but looks much broader than it really is, owing to the great breadth in the bigonial region. The cheek-bones are prominent. The eyes are deeply set, and often have wrinkles round them, which appear to come rather early, they are placed rather wide apart. They have irides of a blue or light grey, seldom dark grey, or green, and less often dark.

The nose is straight or sinuous, sometimes retroussé, but seldom aquiline. It is rather broad in the nostrils, as a rule, the mean nasal index being 69-1; in some cases the nostrils are rounded in form, and visible from the front.

The mouth is large and has lips of medium thickness. The teeth seem to be as a rule sound and even. The angles of the jaws are rather marked. The chin is square and often prominent.

Several abnormalities of the external ear were met with out of the fifty-six men noted. The lobule was attached in thirteen, and absent in fourteen. In some the pinna was slightly flattened out, and in nine the Darwinian tubercle was present.

Skin. The complexion is fair or ruddy, usually turning a bright red from exposure to the sun, but in a considerable number of cases freckling. As in the people of most of the western districts wrinkles come early.

Hair. The hair is usually a clear brown; next in order of frequency of occurrence comes dark brown, then black, then fair, and lastly red. The hair is often wavy or curly, and is usually thick and abundant. The beard is of lighter colour than the hair of the scalp. The nigrescence index for the adults of both sexes is 43.35. This description, however, must be taken as a general one, as there are considerable differences observable, especially some between the inhabitants of the two islands which will be treated more fully in another section.