appoint some of their wise chiefs to attend and see that the lines are run according to the terms of this treaty.

And the said Indian tribes will allow to the people of the United States, a free passage, by land and by water, as one and the other shall be found convenient, through their country, along the chain of posts herein before mentioned; that is to say: from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, at or near Laramie's store, thence along said portage, to the St. Mary's, and down the same to Fort Wayne, and then down the Miami to Lake Erie; again, from the commencement of the portage, at or near Laramie's store, along the portage, from thence to the river Auglaize, and down the same to its junction with the Miami at Port Defiance; again, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, to Sandusky river, and down the same to Sandusky bay, and Lake Erie, and from Sandusky to the post which shall be taken at or near the foot of the rapids of the Miami of the lake; and from thence to Detroit. Again, from the mouth of Chicago river, to the commencement of the portage between that river and the Illinois, and down the Illinois to the Mississippi; also, from Fort Wayne, along the portage aforesaid, which leads to the Wabash, and then down the Wabash to the Ohio. And the said Indian tribes will also allow to the people of the United States, the free use of the harbors and mouths of rivers, along the lakes adjoining the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and boats, and liberty to land their cargoes when necessary for their safety.

ART. 4. In consideration of the peace now established, and of the cessions and relinquishments of lands, made in the preceding article, by the said tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of the United States, as the great means of rendering this peace strong and perpetual, the United States relinquish their claims to all other Indian lands, northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the Mississippi, and westward and southward of the Great Lakes, and the waters uniting them, according to the boundary line agreed on by the United States and the King of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace made between them in the year 1783. But from this relinquishment by the United States, the following tracts of land are explicitly excepted: 1st. The tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres, near the rapids of the river Ohio, which has been assigned to General Clark, for the use of himself and his warriors. 2d. The post at St. Vincennes, on the river Wabash, and the lands adjacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished. 3d. The lands at all other places, in possession of the French people, and other white settlers among them, of which the Indian title has been extinguished, as mentioned in the 3d article; and 4th. The post of Fort Massac, towards the mouth of the Ohio. To which several parcels of land, so excepted, the said tribes relinquish all the title and claim, which they or any of them may have.

And, for the same consideration, and with the same views as above mentioned, the United States now deliver to the said Indian tribes, a quantity of goods to the value of twenty thousand dollars, the receipt whereof they do hereby acknowledge; and henceforward, every year, forever, the United

States will deliver, at some convenient place, northward of the river Ohio, like useful goods, suited to the circumstances of the Indians, of the value of nine thousand five hundred dollars; reckoning that value at the first cost of the goods in the city or place in the United States, where they shall be procured. The tribes to which those goods are to be annually delivered, and the proportions in which they are to be delivered, are the following: 1st. To the Wyandots, the amount of one thousand dollars. 2d. To the Delawares, the amount of one thousand dollars. 3d. To the Shawanoes, the amount of one thousand dollars. 4th. To the Miamis, the amount of one thousand dollars. 5th. To the Ottawas, the amount of one thousand dollars. 6th. To the Chippewas, the amount of one thousand dollars. 7th. To the Pottawatomies, the amount of one thousand dollars. 8th. And to the Kickapoo, Wea, Eel River, Piankeshaw and Kaskaskia tribes, the amount of five hundred dollars each.

Provided, that if either of the said tribes shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of their share of the goods aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals, implements of husbandry, and other utensils, convenient for them, and in compensation to useful artificers who may reside with or near them, and be employed for their benefit, the same shall, at the subsequent annual deliveries, be furnished accordingly.

ART. 5. To prevent any misunderstanding, about the Indian lands relinquished by the United States, in the fourth article, it is now explicitly declared, that the meaning of that relinquishment is this: the Indian tribes who have a right to these lands, are quietly to enjoy them, hunting, planting and dwelling thereon, so long as they please, without any molestation from the United States; but when those tribes, or any of them, shall be disposed to sell their lands, or any part of them, they are to be sold only to the United States; and until such sale, the United States will protect all the said Indian tribes, in the quiet enjoyment of their lands, against all citizens of the United States, and against all other white persons who intrude upon the same. And the said Indian tribes again acknowledge themselves to be under the protection of the United States, and no other power whatever.

ART. 6. The Indians or United States may remove and punish intruders on Indian lands.

ART. 7. Indians may hunt within ceded lands.

ART. 8. Trade shall be opened in substance, as by provisions in treaty of Fort Harmer.

ART. 9. All injuries shall be referred to law; not privately avenged; and all hostile plans known to either, shall be revealed to the other party ART. 10. All previous treaties annulled.

This treaty was signed by all the nations named in the fourth article, and dated August third, 1795. It was ratified by the United States on the twenty-second of the following December,

and thus the old Indian boundary wars of the west were put to an end.

Wayne's victory having broken the Indian power, and the treaty of Greenville binding them from further aggression, the Island of Mackinaw, the fort of Detroit and the other posts in the territory, occupied by British troops, were surrendered by the English to their proper owners.*

* Tuttle's History of Michigan.

CHAPTER XXX.

THE INDIANS CEDE THEIR LANDS-TECUMSEH AND THE PROPHET THE NEW INDIAN CONFEDERACY-ITS OBJECTS-CURIOUS SPEECH OF THE PROPHET-THE APPROACHING WAR-THE PROPHET DECLARES HIS INNOCENCE.

FROM 1795 to 1804, we have but little border war to record. Settlements in the west progressed rapidly, and in the latter year events took place leading the way for another general Indian war. During the month of August, 1804, a series of treaties were made by Governor Harrison, at Vincennes, by which the claims of several Indian tribes to large tracts of land in Indiana and Illinois were relinquished to the United States. The Delawares sold their claim to a large tract between the Wabash and Ohio rivers, and Pionkeshaws gave up their title to lands granted by the Kaskaskia Indians the preceding year. In November of the same year, Governor Harrison negotiated with the chiefs of the united nations of Sacs and Foxes for their claim to the immense tract of country lying between the Mississippi, Illinois, Fox river of Illinois, and Wisconsin rivers, comprising about fifty millions of acres. The consideration given was the protection of the United States, and goods delivered at the value of two thousand two hundred and thirtyfour dollars and fifty cents, and an annuity of one thousand dollars, (six hundred dollars to the Sacs and four hundred to the Foxes) forever. An article in this treaty provided, that as long as the United States remained the owner of the land, "the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the privilege of living and hunting" on the land.

On the fourth of July, 1805, the Wyandots and others at Fort Industry, on the Maumee, ceded all their lands as far west

* Western Annals.

as the western boundary of the Connecticut Reserve, and on the twenty-first of August, of the same year, Governor Harrison, at Vincennes, received from the Miamis a region containing two million acres within what is now the state of Indiana, and again, upon the thirteenth of December, at the same place, he purchased of the Piankeshaws a tract eighty or ninety miles wide, extending from the Wabash west to the cession by the Kaskaskias, which was made in 1803.

At this time, excepting an occasional murder, the Indians* were conducting themselves in a peaceful manner. "But," says Mr. Peck, "mischief was gathering." Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet, and other leading men, had formed a union of the tribes at a council at Greenville, by which it was intended to prevent the whites from making further settlements upon their lands. It appears that the efforts of Tecumseh and his brother were directed to accomplish two important ends: First, the reformation of the Tribes, whose habits unfitted them for intelligent effort; and second, such a union of the tribes as would make the purchase of their lands by the United States impossible, and give to the Indians a formidable strength such as the civilized nations would be compelled to respect. The objects were openly avowed and pursued with good success. In the whole country bordering on the lakes, the power of the Shawanoe prophet was felt, and the work of reforming the Indians from habits of intoxication and civilization went rapidly forward.*

It appears to have been Tecumseh's plan to effect a grand union of all the tribes which maintained any intercourse with the United States, and admit of no treaties or sales of lands without the united consent of all the tribes. Such a confederation had never existed, and Tecumseh fully relied upon the success of the plan. He was well educated, could read and write, and had a confidential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who was afterwards head chief of the Pottawatomies.

Time passed on, and in 1806 the conviction become stronger that the northwestern tribes were preparing for war against * Drake's Tecumseh-Peck's Compilation.