152

Tum Catulus est,' inquit 'ut dicis, Antoni, ut plerique philosophi 36 nulla tradant praecepta dicendi et habeant paratum tamen quid de quaque re dicant; sed Aristoteles, is, quem ego maxime admiror, posuit quosdam locos, ex quibus omnis argumenti via 5 non modo ad philosophorum disputationem, sed etiam ad hanc orationem, qua in causis utimur, inveniretur; a quo quidem homine iam dudum, Antoni, non aberrat oratio tua, sive tu similitudine illius divini ingenii in eadem incurris vestigia sive etiam illa ipsa legisti atque didicisti, quod quidem mihi magis 10 veri simile videtur; plus enim te operae Graecis dedisse rebus video, quam putaramus.' Tum ille 'verum' inquit ‘ex me audies, 153 Catule semper ego existimavi iucundiorem et probabiliorem huic populo oratorem fore, qui primum quam minimam artificii alicuius, deinde nullam Graecarum rerum significationem daret: 15 atque ego idem existimavi pecudis esse, non hominis, cum tantas res Graeci susciperent, profiterentur, agerent seseque et videndi res obscurissimas et bene vivendi et copiose dicendi rationem daturos hominibus pollicerentur, non admovere aurem et, si palam audire eos non auderes, ne minueres apud tuos civis 20 auctoritatem tuam, subauscultando tamen excipere voces eorum

4. omnis argumenti Ab: omnis argumenti via Lagg. 4, 36: PS. omne argumentum K.
6. orationem om. P.
15. atque S cum codd.: atqui K.

cc. 36-38. Catulus remarks that the views of Antonius do not differ much from those of Aristotle; which leads to a brief discussion of the manner in which philosophy was regarded at Rome (§§ 154-156); and Antonius shows that the doctrines of the Stoics could be of no service to the orator (§§ 157-159), while he praises the keen insight of Aristotle (§ 160) and the dialectic power of Carneades (§ 161).

I. est ut tradant, 'it is the case that,' as in Hor. Carm. iii. 1. 9 'est ut viro vir latius ordinet arbusta sulcis.' Many more exx. in Kühner, ii. 813.

4. posuit quosdam locos, in the eight books of Tomikά, still extant. Cicero reproduced the substance of these, at the request of his friend Trebatius, when travelling to Greece to join Pompeius, in his 'Topica.' argumenti via, systematic treatment of an argument:' cp. i. 4. 14 (note).

6. a quo quidem homine, a compressed expression for a cuius hominis praeceptis cp. i. 4. 15 (note).

7. aberrat: for tense cp. Roby, § 1460.

10. Graecis rebus, equivalent to Greek literature.'

13. huic populo: cp. hoc populo,' § 4. Mayor on De Nat. D. i. 79.

14. alicuius, 'any:' cp. Kühner, ii. 468-9.

15. atque ego idem, 'and at the same time I:' cp. pro Arch. 7. 15 atque idem ego contendo' (Reid).

16. videndi, i. e. physics: bene vivendi, ethics: dicendi, rhetoric or dialectic: the regular division of knowledge in the Greek schools: cp. i. 15. 68 (note).

18. si... non auderes: the subjunctive is not only due to the fact that the clause is in reported thought. In direct speech it would run,' si non audeas . . . excipiendae sunt voces.' Cp. Roby, §§ 1564, 1566, also § 1546. The 'non' is carried on to excipere,' which, like exaudire, has sometimes, as here, the force of to 'catch up' at a distance: cp. Liv. xl. 7. 4 ad has excipiendas voces speculator

missus.'

154

et procul quid narrarent attendere. Itaque feci, Catule, et 37 istorum omnium summatim causas et genera ipsa gustavi.' 'Valde hercule' inquit Catulus 'timide tamquam ad aliquem libidinis scopulum sic tuam mentem ad philosophiam appulisti, quam haec civitas aspernata numquam est; nam et referta quondam 5 Italia Pythagoreorum fuit tum, cum erat in hac gente magna illa Graecia; ex quo etiam quidam Numam Pompilium, regem nostrum, fuisse Pythagoreum ferunt, qui annis ante permultis fuit quam ipse Pythagoras; quo etiam maior vir habendus est, quod illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope sae- 10 10. quod correxit S. cum codd. cum... cognorit PAd. Henrichs.

2. causas, subjects' of discussion: genera ipsa, 'main points.'

3. tamquam ad aliquem libidinis scopulum, as though to some rock to which pleasure would draw you,' with an evident reference to the dangerous coast on to which voyagers were attracted by the song of the Sirens. The metaphor is very common in Cicero, and is commended by him in iii. 41. 163 as preferable to Syrtis.' I cannot think that there is any reference, as Pid. supposes, to the trial of Antonius before L. Cassius the scopulus reorum, described by Valerius Maximus, iii. 7. 9.

6

4. appulisti, in Cicero only used of bringing a ship to land, keeps up the metaphor of scopulum: cp. in Rab. Perd. 9. 25 nec tuas unquam rationes ad eos scopulos appulisses.'

6. magna illa Graecia, put for the inhabitants of the important Greek towns in Southern Italy: cp. Lael. 4. 13 'eorum (Pythagoreorum), qui in hac terra fuerunt magnamque Graeciam, quae nunc quidem deleta est, tum florebat, institutis et praeceptis suis erudierunt.' The Pythagorean brotherhood was broken up and its members dispersed about 509 B.c. (Grote's Plato, i. 9), or as Zeller more plausibly argues (Die Philosophie der Griechen, i2. 236-239), about the middle of the fifth century B.C. The decline of 'Magna Graecia' begins with the capture and destruction of Sybaris by the Crotoniates in 509 from that time forward the Greek cities were unable, in consequence of their disunion and internal feuds, to resist the assaults of the Oscan and Sabellian tribes (Grote, Hist. iii. 352 ff. ed. 1868: Mommsen, i. 143).

6

7. ex quo, from which fact,'' hence:' cp. Tusc. D. v. 6. 17 ex quo nec timor nec angor attingat.'

quidam, etc. Cp. Tusc. iv. 1. 2 'quis enim est qui putet, cum floreret in Italia Graecia potentissimis et maximis urbibus, ea quae magna dicta est, in eisque primum ipsius Pythagorae, deinde postea Pythagoreorum tantum nomen esset, nostrorum hominum ad eorum doctissimas voces auris clausas fuisse? Quin etiam arbitror propter Pythagoreorum admirationem Numam quoque regem Pythagoreum a posterioribus existimatum. Nam cum Pythagorae disciplinam et instituta cognoscerent regisque eius aequitatem et sapientiam a maioribus suis accepissent, aetates autem et tempora ignorarent propter vetustatem ; eum qui sapientia excelleret, Pythagorae auditorem crediderunt fuisse.' Davies in his note quotes many other authorities for this view: e.g. Ov. Met. xv ad init.; Fast. iii. 153; Plin. N. H. xiii. 13, 86, etc. Cp. Liv. i. 18 ' auctorem doctrinae eius (Numae), quia non extat alius, falso Samium Pythagoram edunt, quem Servio Tullio regnante Romae centum amplius post annos in ultima Italiae ora circa Metapontum Heracleamque et Crotonem iuvenum aemulantium studia coetus habuisse constat.' Cicero notices the anachronism also in de Rep. ii. 15. 28, where Manilius asks Scipio if it is true that Numa was a Pythagorean, and Scipio replies, "falsum est enim, Manili, id totum, neque solum fictum, sed etiam imperite absurdeque fictum . . . nam quartum iam annum regnante L. Tarquinio Superbo Sybarim et Crotonem et in eas Italiae partis Pythagoras venisse reperitur ex quo intellegi regiis annis dinumeratis potest anno fere centesimo et quadragesimo post mortem Numae primum Italiam Pythagoram attigisse.' Ċp. Niebuhr, Hist. i. 238 f.

...

Io. quod ... cognovit: so Sorof, for the reading of the MSS. ' quom (so A, etc.)

culis ante cognovit, quam eam Graeci natam esse senserunt; et certe non tulit ullos haec civitas aut gloria clariores aut auctoritate graviores aut humanitate politiores P. Africano, C. Laelio, L. Furio, qui secum eruditissimos homines ex Graecia palam 5 semper habuerunt; atque ego hoc ex eis saepe audivi, cum 155 dicerent pergratum Atheniensis et sibi fecisse et multis principibus civitatis, quod, cum ad senatum legatos de suis maximis rebus mitterent, tris illius aetatis nobilissimos philosophos misissent, Carneadem et Critolaum et Diogenem; itaque eos, dum 10 Romae essent, et a se et ab aliis frequenter auditos; quos tum cum haberes auctores, Antoni, miror cur philosophiae sicut Zethus ille Pacuvianus prope bellum indixeris.' 'Minime,' inquit 156

cognovit: this is retained by Kayser, but is, I think, quite indefensible, considering the necessary causal force of cum here. Pid. accepts the correction cognorit, approved by Henrichsen, Bake, and Adler: this is quite as easy as the other alternative (cp. note on § 92), but not easier, for quom and quod are constantly interchanged in MSS.; and as quod with the indicative implies that the reason alleged is one of which the speaker is himself convinced, this is somewhat more appropriate after 'habendus est.'

2. ullos: quemquam' would have been used in the singular, but the plural of 'quisquam' is not used: cp. Neue, ii. 245.

3. P. Africano: i.e. the younger: see note on i. 48. 211.

4. L. Furio Philo: cp. de Rep. iii. 3. 5 'quid P. Scipione, quid C. Laelio, quid L. Philo perfectius cogitari potest? qui, ne quid praetermitterent, quod ad summam laudem clarorum virorum pertineret, ad domesticum maiorumque morem etiam hanc a Socrate adventiciam doctrinam adhibuerunt.' For the Hellenising 'Scipionic circle' cp. Mommsen, iii. pp. 424, 432, 446. Laelius was probably somewhat older than Scipio, though consul only in B.C. 140, Philus was a little younger (consul B.C. 136). Cp. pro Arch. 7. 16; pro Mur. 31. 66.

7. legatos. For this famous embassy cp. Mommsen, iii. 429, and an excellent essay by M. C. Martha in the 'Revue des Deux Mondes' for Sept. 1, 1878. There is a good account of the occasion of the embassy in Ihne's History of Rome, Book v. ch. 4. The Athenians had pillaged Oropus, a town the possession of which was always being disputed between them and the Boeotians, and had been

condemned by the Sicyonians, whom the Romans had appointed umpires in the case, to pay a fine of 500 talents. The embassy pleaded that this sum was beyond the power of the city to pay, and far in excess of the damage done. It was reduced by the Senate to 100 talents.

10. frequenter, 'in large numbers,' not 'frequently,' a meaning which is, I think, never found in Cicero, though we have 'frequentissime' in Or. 24. 81. Cp. de

6

Rep. i. 9. 14 'cum . . . familiarissimi eius ad eum frequenter per eos dies ventitaturos se esse dixissent:' Boot on ad Att. i. 19. 5 huic frequenter interceditur.' Liv. i. II. 4' Romam inde frequenter migratum est.'

12. Zethus, the rough uneducated brother of the accomplished Amphion; both appeared in the Antiope of Pacuvius, a tragedy written in imitation of the (lost) Antiope of Euripides. Cp. Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic, pp. 141-150, esp. p. 143; and Ribbeck, Röm. Tragödie, pp. 281-301. The fragments of the Antiope are collected by Ribbeck, 'Trag. Rom. Fragm.' 75-79. They do not contain any sentiment such as that here referred to; but cp. Plato, Gorg. 485 e, 486 b, c, with the schol., o TŵV σTIXWV δὲ νοῦς οὗτος· ὁ Ζῆθός φησι τῷ ̓Αμφίονι μουσικῷ ὄντι ' ῥῖψον τὴν λύραν, κέχρησο dè oλois.' (Eur. Frag. 185, Dind). Cp. too Frag. 188, as restored by Nauck:

ἀλλ ̓ ἐμοὶ πιθοῦ. παῦσαι μελῳδῶν, πολεμίων δ ̓ εὐμουσίαν ἄσκει' τοιαῦτ ̓ ἄειδε καὶ δόξεις φρονεῖν, σκάπτων, ἀρῶν γῆν, ποιμνίοις ἐπιστατῶν, ἄλλοις τὰ κομψὰ ταῦτ ̓ ἀφεὶς σοφίσματα, ἐξ ὧν κενοῖσιν ἐγκατοικήσεις δόμοις. Auct. ad Herenn. ii. 27. 43 'uti apud Pacuvium Zethus cum Amphione, quorum

1

157

Antonius ac sic decrevi philosophari potius, ut Neoptolemus apud Ennium "paucis: nam omnino haud placet." Sed tamen haec est mea sententia, quam videbar exposuisse: ego ista studia non improbo, moderata modo sint: opinionem istorum studiorum et suspicionem artificii apud eos, qui res iudicent, oratori ad- 5 versariam esse arbitror, imminuit enim et oratoris auctoritatem 38 et orationis fidem. Sed, ut eo revocetur, unde huc declinavit oratio, ex tribus istis clarissimis philosophis, quos Romam venisse dixisti, videsne Diogenem eum fuisse, qui diceret artem se tradere bene disserendi et vera ac falsa diiudicandi, quam 10 verbo Graeco diaλeктiкýv appellaret? In hac arte, si modo est haec ars, nullum est praeceptum, quo modo verum inveniatur, 158 sed tantum est, quo modo iudicetur; nam et omne, quod elo7. huc incl. K. 9. eum om. P: habent codd. mut. 13. et om. K: incl. P.

controversia de musica inducta est, dis-
putatio in sapientiae rationem et virtutis
utilitatem consumitur:' cp. de Inv. ii. 50.
94; Hor. Ep. i. 18. 39.

I. ac... potius: cp. § 74 (note). Cp.
de Rep. i. 18. 30' atque idem [Sex. Aelius,
cp. i. 45. 198 note] . . . Zethum illum
Pacuvii nimis inimicum doctrinae esse
dicebat: magis eum delectabat Neopto-
lemus Ennii, qui se ait philosophari velle,
sed paucis: nam omnino haud placere.'
Similarly in Tusc. D. ii. I. I. Ribbeck

restored the lines thus, Philosophari
est míhi necesse, at paúcis, nam omnino
haút placet | Dégustandum ex eá, non
in eam ingurgitandum cénseo;' but he
has more recently withdrawn the second
line, in consequence of the objections of
Mercklin, p. 65 (Fragm. Trag. 2). 'Ne-
cesse' is from Tusc. D. 1. c.: and the last
line from A. Gell. v. 16.

6

2. paucis, only a little :' perhaps this idiom arose from the phrase 'paucis verbis,' but if so, it came to be used without any reference to speaking. Mr. Roby has kindly furnished me with many parallel instances, from which I select 'paucis agere.' Liv. xlii. 34. 1; 'paucis auscultare, Ter. Andr. 536; 'pluribus nolle,' Liv. xxxiv. 32; ' alternis,' Liv. ii. 6. 9; iv. 52. 11, etc. See Roby, § 1237.

3. videbar, at the close of his exposition: § 153.

4. modo = 'dummodo,' Roby, § 1668. The view is much like that of Callicles in Plato, Gorg. p. 484 c, piλooopía yáp Toι ἐστὶ χαρίεν, ἄν τις αὐτοῦ μετρίως ἅψηται ἐν τῇ ἡλικίᾳ· ἐὰν δὲ περαιτέρω τοῦ δέοντος ἐνδιατρίψῃ, διαφθορὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Cp.

Tac. Agric. 4 'Memoria teneo solitum ipsum, narrare se prima in iuventa studium philosophiae acrius, ultra quam concessum Romano ac senatori, hausisse, ni prudentia matris incensum ac flagrantem animum coercuisset:' and de Fin. i. I. I.

7. eo, i.e. to determine the relations of philosophy to rhetorical inventio.' 9. videsne, § 64 (note).

Diogenem, the Stoic: cp Top. 2. 6 'Cum omnis ratio diligens disserendi duas habeat artis, unam inveniendi, alteram diiudicandi, utriusque princeps, ut mihi quidem videtur, Aristoteles fuit; Stoici autem in altera elaboraverunt: iudicandi enim vias diligenter persecuti sunt ea scientia, quam διαλεκτικήν appellant: inveniendi artem, quae Tоmiký dicitur, quaeque et ad usum potior erat, et ordine naturae certe prior, totam reliquerunt.' Cp. Zeller's Stoics, p. 70 ff.

artem bene disserendi: cp. Alex. Aphr. Top. 3 οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Στοᾶς ὁριζό μενοι τὴν διαλεκτικὴν ἐπιστήμην του εὖ λέγειν ὁρίζονται, τὸ δὲ εὖ λέγειν ἐν τῷ ἀληθῆ καὶ προσήκοντα λέγειν εἶναι τιθέμενοι, τοῦτο δὲ ἴδιον ἡγούμενοι τοῦ φιλοσόφου, κατὰ τῆς τελεωτάτης φιλοσοφίας φέρουσιν αὐτό κ.τ.λ.

12. nullum est praeceptum : the Stoics did not include rhetoric under dialectic, but made the two to be distinct divisions οἱ τὸ λογικὸν μέρος. Rhetoric however was of little importance with them, being merely a collection of artificial rules, without philosophical worth' (Zeller, p. 72).

13. nam et omne: so A b, etc.; y alone of the good MSS. omitting et, which how

quimur sic, ut id aut esse dicamus aut non esse, et, si simpliciter dictum sit, suscipiunt dialectici, ut iudicent, verumne sit an falsum, et, si coniuncte sit elatum et adiuncta sint alia, iudicant, rectene adiuncta sint et verane summa sit unius cuiusque rationis, 5 et ad extremum ipsi se compungunt suis acuminibus et multa quaerendo reperiunt non modo ea, quae iam non possint ipsi dissolvere, sed etiam quibus ante exorsa et potius detexta prope retexantur. Hic nos igitur Stoicus iste nihil adiuvat, quoniam, 159

ever Pid. brackets. But' et omne' answers to et ad extremum.' Translate: For while in the case of every assertion or denial that we may make, if on the one hand it is a simple proposition the logicians undertake to decide whether it be true or false, and if on the other hand it be stated in connexion with other propositions which are appended to it, they decide whether they are correctly appended, and whether the conclusion of each argument is correct; so they prick their own fingers at last with their own sharpness, and by their extensive researches they discover not only arguments [sophisms] which they cannot themselves solve, but also objections by which arguments which they have previously started or rather almost brought to a conclusion are upset.' For efferre = 'state:' cp. Or. 22. 72 eadem res saepe aut probatur aut reicitur alio atque alio elata verbo.'

3. adiunctum is the word by which some translated the συνημμένον ἀξίωμα of the Stoic logic, i.e. the hypothetical judgment: cp. Gell. xvi. 8. 9 'sed quod Graeci συνημμένων ἀξίωμα dicunt, alii nostrorum adiunctum, alii connexum dixerunt; id connexum tale est, "si Plato ambulet, Plato movetur,' etc. Cp. Diog. L. vii γε συνημμένον μέν ἐστιν, ὡς ὁ Χρύσιππος ἐν ταῖς Διαλεκτικαῖς φησι καὶ Διογένης ἐν τῇ Διαλεκτικῇ τέχνῃ τὸ συνεστὸς διὰ τοῦ εἰ συναπτικού συνδέσμου. ἐπαγγέλλεται δὲ ὁ σύνδεσμος οὗτος ἀκολουθεῖν τὸ δεύτερον τῷ πρώτῳ, οἷον εἰ ἡμέρα ¿σTì pŵs EσTI.' Cp. Prantl, Gesch. d. Logik, p. 446-7. Cic. however prefers to translate ovvημμévov by conexum sometimes coniunctio: so it is not likely that the word is here limited to that technical sense. Pid. and Sorof take it to be 'minor premisses' or 'subsumptions,' but the regular term for these is adsumptiones' =рoσis of the Stoic terminology, Zeller, p. 117. note]: cp. de Inv. i. 34. 59 aut unum in locum cum conduxerit breviter propositionem

or

[the major premiss] et adsumptionem, adiungit, quid ex his conficiatur:' and then follows an example. Cp. Tusc. v. 25.72 sequitur tertia, quae per omnes partes sapientiae manat et funditur, quae rem definit, genera dispertit, sequentia adiungit, perfecta concludit, vera et falsa diiudicat, disserendi ratio et scientia.' Ernesti, Clav. Cic. s.v. explains adiungere 'quid et quoque sequatur videre, vel docere,' which is nearly correct. Ellendt needlessly writes fit for sic: Henrichsen gives up the passage, but the text seems quite defensible. The Stoics paid great, and indeed undue attention to fallacies (e.g. Chrysippus among a number of treatises on the subject wrote no less than five on the one fallacy of the evdóμevos), but were so far from dealing with them satisfactorily, that they could often find no way out of their difficulties except by declining to continue the argument. Cp. Acad. ii. 29. 93, where the phrase for this is quiescere' =Ĥovɣ᧤iv. See Zeller,

p. 122, note.

7. exorsa, § 145 (note).

detexta prope: cp. Plaut. Amph. 290 illic hoc homo denuo uolt pallium detexere,' where the interpretation of Lewis and Short is absurd: as the web in weaving was struck repeatedly by the shuttle and the comb, to finish weaving' a man's cloak was equivalent to giving him 'a good dressing. Titinius, quoted by Nonius, p. 406. 19: (Ribbeck, Frag. Com. p. 136), has quae inter decem annos nequisti unam togam [Ribb. tógulam unam] detexere.' Cp. Lorenz on Plaut. Pseud. 384 (399 R.) neque éxordiri prímum unde occipiás, habes, neque détexundam ad télam certos términos.'

8. retexantur: cp. Acad. ii. 29. 95 'quid quod eadem illa ars, quasi Penelope telam retexens, tollit ad extremum superiora.' The whole context, in which Cicero is discussing the Stoic dialectic is well worth reading (with Reid's notes) as illustrative of the argument of Antonius here.