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decantatas habere debeant; nisi forte existimatis a M'. Curio causam didicisse L. Crassum et ea re multa attulisse, quam ob rem postumo non nato Curium tamen heredem Coponii esse 141 oporteret: nihil ad copiam argumentorum neque ad causae vim ac naturam nomen Coponii aut Curii pertinuit; in genere erat 5 universo rei negotiique, non in tempore ac nominibus, omnis quaestio: cum scriptum ita sit SI MIHI FILIUS GENITUR, ISQUE PRIUS MORITUR, et cetera, TUM MIHI ILLE SIT HERES, si natus filius non sit, videaturne is, qui filio mortuo institutus heres sit, heres esse perpetui iuris et universi generis quaestio non ho- 10 minum nomina, sed rationem dicendi et argumentorum fontis 33 desiderat. In quo etiam isti nos iuris consulti impediunt a 142 discendoque deterrent; video enim in Catonis et in Bruti libris

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nominatim fere referri, quid alicui de iure viro aut mulieri responderit; credo, ut putaremus in hominibus, non in re con- 15 dif sultationis aut dubitationis causam aliquam fuisse; ut, quod homines innumerabiles essent, debilitati [a iure cognoscendo]

15. responderit A cum plerisque codicibus: SK. vulgatum responderint.

17. debilitati a iure cognoscendo codd.: incl. K. debilitati tanto numero cognoscendo S. debilitati [a iure cognoscendo]?

I. decantatas, § 75; i. 23. 105.
a M'. Curio: Introd. p. 11.

2. ea re, 'thereby,' 'because of this.' The praenomina are inserted for the sake of more emphatic antithesis.

6. rei negotiique, of the facts of the case.'

7. si mihi filius, etc.: cp. de Inv. ii. 42. 122 'paterfamilias cum liberorum nihil haberet, uxorem autem haberet, in testamento ita scripsit: si mihi filius genitur unus pluresve, is mihi heres esto. Deinde quae adsolent. Postea: si filius ante moritur quam in tutelam suam venerit, tu mihi secundus heres esto. Ambigunt agnati cum eo, qui est heres, si filius ante quam in tutelam suam venerit, mortuus sit.' The subjunctives cum . . . sit, and si ... sit, are used because the clauses are subordinate to videaturne, etc. a dependent interrogative, in apposition to quaestio.

9. filio mortuo, if the son died,' abl. abs. not dative.

II. rationem dicendi, 'systematic discussion,' by the employment of the proper loci.

13. Catonis: i. 37. 171.

Bruti: M. Junius Brutus is often mentioned by Cicero as an eminent lawyer: cp. de Off. ii. 14. 50 ('iuris civilis im

primis peritus'): Brut. 34. 130; 47. 135.
Seven books de iure civili were ascribed
to him (Pompon. de orig. iur. 3. 89
'P. Mucius et Brutus et Manilius funda-
verunt ius civile. Ex his P. Mucius
etiam decem libellos reliquit, Brutus sep-
tem, Manilius tres):' but Cicero says that
only three of them were genuine (pro
Cluent. 51. 141). His son was a worth-
less fellow who attacked Crassus bitterly
when the latter was defending Plancius,
who was prosecuted by Brutus. Cp. below,
§ 220 ff. Two fragments from Cato's com-
mentarii are given by Huschke, 'Jurispr.
Ante-Just. quae supersunt,' p. 2; but the
second is evidently a jest, not a legal
opinion; nothing is extant of the books
of Brutus, but the introductory clauses
cited in § 224.

15. responderit, not necessarily the
author, but the authority, whoever he
may have been. Doubtless these treatises
would record the decisions of others beside
the author.

putaremus, past impf., because some word like they did this' is understood.

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définile,

voluntatem discendi simul cum spe perdiscendi abiceremus. Sed haec Crassus aliquando nobis expediet et exponet discripta generatim; est enim, ne forte nescias, heri nobis ille hoc, Catule, Rambling pollicitus [se] ius civile, quod nunc diffusum et dissipatum esset, in 5 certa genera coacturum et ad artem facilem redacturum.' 'Et 143 quidem' inquit Catulus 'haudquaquam id est difficile Crasso, qui et, quod disci potuit de iure, didicit et, quod eis, qui eum docuerunt, defuit, ipse adferet, ut, quae sint in iure, vel acute discribere vel ornate inlustrare possit.' 'Ergo ista' inquit 10 Antonius 'tum a Crasso discemus, cum se de turba et a subselliis in otium, ut cogitat, soliumque contulerit.' 'Iam id 144 quidem saepe' inquit Catulus 'ex eo audivi, cum diceret sibi certum esse a iudiciis causisque discedere; sed, ut ipsi soleo dicere, non licebit; neque enim auxilium suum saepe a viris 15 bonis frustra implorari patietur neque id aequo animo feret civitas, quae si voce L. Crassi carebit, ornamento quodam sese

1. abiceremus sic codd. boni omnes.

words are due to a copyist, who did not
understand the construction of debilitati
with a causal clause, and clumsily supplied
a qualification, or that some other par-
ticiple, such as ac deterriti has fallen out.
Kayser rejects debilitati which seems sound:
Sorof not very happily suggests 'debilitati
tanto numero cognoscendo,' supposing that
numero got corrupted into a iure, and
tanto dropped after -tati. Bake had already
suggested numero. Mr. Reid proposes
'impediti a iure cognoscendo' = 'prevented
from discovering the general legal prin-
ciple,' supposing that in- was lost, and
then -pediti corrupted.

2. discripta generatim, 'distributed
under their proper heads.' Apparently all
MSS. have descripta, which Kayser retains,
but this cannot be right: cp. § 36 note.

3. ne forte nescias: Roby, § 1662.
heri: i. 42. 190.

4. pollicitus [se]: se is omitted by all the
better MSS. followed by Ellendt, Kayser,
and Piderit; Sorof retains it. The omission
of the pronoun with the fut. inf. is common
enough in Livy (see Drakenborch's large
collection of instances in his notes to i. 23.
5, and xlii. 10. 15) and Tacitus; but it is
very rare in Cicero. Cp. Madvig on de
Fin. v. 31. Draeger, Hist. Synt. ii. 414,
quotes in Verr. ii. 38. 93 ' de Sthenii bonis
exacturum' (sc. se), and pro Cluent. 63.
176 quaesiturum esse dixit.' See how-
ever Reid on Acad. i. 18.

·

9. discribere PS: describere K cum codd.

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5. facilem is undoubtedly right: difficilem of i. 42. 190. The old reading was facile. The codd. mutili omit 'et.. redacturum,' doubtless from the similarity of ending. This is one of the numerous instances which make us distrust their authority in the matter of omission. Cp. Introd. p. 61, note.

Et quidem, 'to be sure,' usually, but not always, ironical: cp. Kühner on Tusc. D. iii. 20. 48: Madvig on de Fin. i. 10. 35.

8. acute has good MS. authority. A and Lag. 32 read apte, adopted by Ern. and others but the former suits the passage better, and was more likely to be corrupted than the shorter form.

II. in otium soliumque, 'to the leisure of his arm-chair:' for the solium cp. de Leg. i. 3. 10 'ego vero aetatis potius vacationi confidebam, cum praesertim non recusarem quominus more patrio sedens in solio consulentibus responderem, senectutisque non inertis grato atque honesto fungerer munere,' and below, § 226; iii. 33. 133.

12. ex eo audivi, cum diceret, 'I have heard him saying.' Roby, § 1720. 13. iudiciis causisque, § 99 (note).

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spoliatam putabit.' 'Nam hercle,' inquit Antonius 'si haec vere a Catulo dicta sunt, tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino, Crasse, vivendum; et istam oscitantem et dormitantem sapientiam 145 Scaevolarum et ceterorum beatorum otio concedamus.' Adrisit hic Crassus leniter et 'pertexe modo,' inquit 'Antoni, quod ex- 5 orsus es; me tamen ista oscitans sapientia, simul atque ad eam confugero, in libertatem vindicabit.'

34 Huius quidem loci, quem modo sum exorsus, hic est finis,' inquit Antonius; 'quoniam intellegeretur non in hominum innumerabilibus personis neque in infinita temporum varietate, sed 10 in generum causis atque naturis omnia sita esse, quae in dubium vocarentur, genera autem esse definita non solum numero, sed etiam paucitate, ut eam materiem orationis, quae cuiusque esset generis, studiosi qui essent dicendi, omnibus locis discriptam, instructam ornatamque comprehenderent rebus dico et sententiis. 15 146 Ea vi sua verba parient, quae semper satis ornata mihi quidem videri solent, si eius modi sunt, ut ea res ipsa peperisse videatur ; ac si verum quaeritis, quod mihi quidem videatur-nihil enim aliud adfirmare possum nisi sententiam et opinionem meam-hoc in

3. et dormitantem om. ABby Lagg. 2, 4, 13, 36: del. Ell. incl. K. geretur KS cum codd. mut.: intelligitur P.

Bak.

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9. intelle

16. parient codd.; pariet KP pcst

etiam paucitate, are not only limited in number, but that number is a small one.'

14. omnibus locis discriptam, 'distributed under all the various heads :' the matter of a speech is compared to a well-ordered, and well-equipped body of troops.

15. ornatamque: it is by no means uncommon to find -que appended to the third member of a clause: e. g. de Off. i. 26. 92 'magnifice, graviter, animoseque:' Draeger, ii. 36: et is much less usual, but not so rare as Madvig (on de Fin. iv. 20. 56) maintains: cp. Draeger, ii. 3; Kühner, ii 654 (note).

rebus... sententiis: cp. §§ 116-120. 16. Ea: so all good MSS. for the vulgate, eae: for ea=res et sententiae cp. note on i. 6. 20. Pid. quite needlessly, corrects pariet, against all MSS., referring ea to materies. For the sentiment cp. iii. 31. 125 rerum enim copia verborum copiam gignit,' and Cato's golden rule for the speaker, 'rem tene, verba sequentur.' So Hor. A. P. 311 'verbaque provisam rem non invita sequentur.'

strumentum causarum et generum universorum in forum deferre debemus neque, ut quaeque res delata ad nos erit, tum denique scrutari locos, ex quibus argumenta eruamus; quae quidem omnibus, qui ea mediocriter modo considerarint, studio adhibito 5 et usu pertractata esse possunt; sed tamen animus referendus est ad ea capita et ad illos, quos saepe iam appellavi, locos, ex quibus omnia ad omnem orationem inventa ducuntur, atque hoc 147 totum est sive artis sive animadversionis sive consuetudinis nosse regiones, intra quas venere et pervestiges, quod quaeras: ubi 10 eum locum omnem cogitatione saepseris, si modo usu rerum percallueris, nihil te effugiet atque omne, quod erit in re, occurret material atque incidet. Et sic, cum ad inveniendum in dicendo tria sint : 35 acumen, deinde ratio, quam licet, si volumus, appellemus artem, important acumen, tertium diligentia, non possum equidem non ingenio primas 15 concedere, sed tamen ipsum ingenium diligentia etiam ex are requisite for finding 15. ex tarditate incl. S. argument

of

I. causarum et generum. Adler proposes to strike out et, on the ground that we have above 'in generum causis,' so that genera and causae are not co-ordinate conceptions: but we may suppose et generum added as a kind of explanation, to give greater precision to causarum.

4. considerarint. If this word stood by itself, the derivation given by Festus s. v. from sidus could hardly be doubted: but desidero presents difficulties as yet not fully solved. It may however well be 'to turn away the eyes from,' hence to fail to see,' 'to miss,' etc. Cp. Corssen, Nachtr. p. 43. Donaldson (Varron.3 p. 445) says desidero indicates the interruption to the augurial process which was occasioned by a cloudy and starless night.'

5. sed tamen, i.e. although practice is the chief thing.

7. inventa, i.e. argumenta: Or. Part. ii. 6 quid est argumentum? probabile inventum ad faciendam fidem.'

§ 127.

Cp.

IO. saepseris, like the hunter, surrounding a thicket with his nets.

usu rerum: this reading of a few inferior MSS. is adopted by all recent editors: they quote for the neuter force of the verb pro Mil. 28. 76 nescio quo modo iam usu obduruerat et percalluerat civitatis incredibilis patientia.' But the active force is found several times in Gellius, and is assumed here by those editors, who suppose the object to be

understood: e.g. Pid. explains the orator must know the marked-off region by means of frequent practice (§ 204) as thoroughly as the hunter knows every step in the hunting-ground.' Kühner appears to give the verb a neuter force; if only experience in affairs has properly sharpened your wits.' I do not see any insuperable objection to the reading of all good MSS. usum rerum, if you are thoroughly familiar with practice in dealing with subjects.' The lexicons vary as to the pres. ind. assigned to this form. Forcellini has only percalleo. White refers percalluerat in one passage of Gellius to percalleo, in two others to per callesco, though there is not the slightest difference of meaning: L. and S. give the same passage under both verbs! As a fact no other part of the verb seems to occur except the plupf. ind. Occalesco does occur in Plautus.

II. atque: we should rather say 'but:' cp. § 74ac potius.'

12. incidet, fall into your hands,' like game which is prevented from escaping by nets.

tria: i.e. φύσις, ἐπιστήμη, μελέτη (Plat. Phaedr. p. 269 D): §§ 162, 232, and

often.

14. primas, sc. partes: cp. Or. 5. 18 (primas tribuere); 9. 29 (deferre); 41. 141 (tenere); Brut. 21. 84 (deferre); 49. 183 (ferre),' Pid.

15. ex tarditate, where it is dull to

148 tarditate incitat; diligentia, inquam, quae cum omnibus in rebus tum in causis defendendis plurimum valet. Haec praecipue colenda est est nobis; haec semper adhibenda; haec nihil est quod non adsequatur: causa ut penitus, quod initio dixi, nota sit, diligentia est; ut adversarium attente audiamus atque ut eius 5 non solum sententias, sed etiam verba omnia excipiamus, voltus denique perspiciamus omnis, qui sensus animi plerumque in149 dicant, diligentia est; id tamen dissimulanter facere, ne sibi ille aliquid proficere videatur, prudentia est; deinde ut in eis locis, quos proponam paulo post, pervolvatur animus, ut penitus insinuet 10 in causam, ut sit cura et cogitatione intentus, diligentia est; ut his rebus adhibeat tamquam lumen aliquod memoriam, ut 150 vocem, ut viris, diligentia est. Inter ingenium quidem et dili

gentiam perpaulum loci reliquum est arti: ars demonstrat tantum, ubi quaeras, atque ubi sit illud, quod studeas invenire; 15 reliqua sunt in cura, attentione animi, cogitatione, vigilantia, adsiduitate, labore; complectar uno verbo, quo saepe iam usi sumus, diligentia; qua una virtute omnes virtutes reliquae con151 tinentur. Nam orationis quidem copia videmus ut abundent philosophi, qui, ut opinor-sed tu haec, Catule, melius-nulla 20 dant praecepta dicendi nec idcirco minus, quaecumque res proposita est, suscipiunt, de qua copiose et abundanter loquantur.'

8. id tamen . . . • prudentia est incl. K. 13. diligentia est om. K cum codd. mut. paululum P (cf. § 234).

12. ut his rebus . . . viris incl. K. 14. perpaulum codd. opt. KS. per18. [virtute omnes] incl. K. omnes om. S om. codd. mutil.

start with :' ex denoting change, as in de Rep. i. 45. 69' ut existat ex rege dominus, ex optimatibus factio, ex populo turba et confusio.' Sorof, objecting to the construction 'incitat ex,' brackets 'ex tarditate' as due to a copyist who did not understand 'etiam incitat,' but, I think, needlessly.

8. id tamen... prudentia est. Sorof and Pid. seem to me right in declining to follow most editors from Schuetz to Kayser, in regarding this as an interpolation. I do not find it as absurd as Ellendt does, to have a caution thrown in, while the speaker is praising diligentia.

9. proficere videatur, 'lest your opponent should feel that he has made a hit,' which will encourage him to develope the same line of argument. Hence it does matter (against Ell.) 'quid proficere videatur' and not only 'quid proficiat.'

10. paulo post, § 162 ff.
pervolvatur in, 'busy itself with.'
insinuet: i. 20. 90 (note).

6

13. diligentia est, added by Ernesti, whom most recent editors follow: the inferior MSS. have filled up the lacuna, which exists in all those of the better class, by the feeble insertion haec magna sunt.' To adhibeat' we must understand as the subject 'a man,' by a kind of zeugma from animus.' Seyff. Lael. p. 76, gives similar exx. For the effect of painstaking practice in developing memory, voice, and physical strength cp. i. 34. 156 ff.

15. tantum, 'only this.'

16. attentione animi: not elsewhere used by Cicero in this sense.

18. continentur, ' are based,' not 'contained.' Cp. note on i. 2. 5. 20. melius: sc. scis.

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