aetate Thucydides, subtiles, acuti, breves, sententiisque magis quam verbis abundantes: non potuisset accidere, ut unum genus esset omnium, nisi aliquem sibi proponerent ad imitandum. Consecuti sunt hos Critias, Theramenes, Lysias: multa Lysiae scripta sunt; non nulla Critiae; de Theramene audimus; omnes 5 etiam tum retinebant illum Pericli sucum, sed erant paulo uberiore 94 filo. Ecce tibi est exortus Isocrates, magister istorum omnium, cuius e ludo tamquam ex equo Troiano meri principes exierunt; sed eorum partim in pompa, partim in acie inlustres 1. sententiisque S. Ad. cum codd. mut. legebatur sententiis. omnium, incl. KS post Lamb.: habet Nonius, p. 344 M. P. 344 M. innumeri, codd. φασιν, εἶναι δεινότατος, may fairly be interpreted to imply that Demosthenes knew of no published speeches of his, though Buttmann ad loc. argues that he is simply adapting his language to the ignorance of his audience. Cp. the reff. in Westermann, Gesch. der Bereds. § 39. I, 2. For the style of Antiphon, the best representative of this stage in Attic prose, see Jebb's Attic Orators, i. pp. 18-44, and Introd. p. 30. For the reason why statesmen did not publish their speeches cp. Plat. Phaedr. 257 D oúvoσlá TOV καὶ αὐτὸς, ὅτι οἱ μέγιστον δυνάμενοί τε καὶ σεμνότατοι ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν αἰσχύ νονται λόγους τε γράφειν καὶ καταλεί πειν συγγράμματα ἑαυτῶν, δόξαν φοβούμενοι τοῦ ἔπειτα χρόνου, μὴ σοφισταὶ καλῶνται. 3. proponerent: the past impf. subj. is often thus used of a state or repeated action in the past, where the pluperfect might have been expected. Cp. Roby, § 1530; Madv. § 347 b. obs. 2. 5. Critiae; none now extant, except in fragmentary quotations collected by Bach (Lips. 1827): he seems to have written poetry, biography, and moλreía. Westerm. p. 58. audimus: for the tense cp. i. 60. 255 (note). 6. uberiore filo, ' of richer texture,' i. e. not so subtilis: filum is properly 'thread.' but is frequently used thus metaphorically: cp. iii. 26. 103, and Reid on de Am. 7. 25, aliud quoddam filum orationis tuae.' 7. Ecce tibi; 'then mark you,' a phrase of transition, calling attention to what is coming, as something important. The tibi is quite general, as in § 85, Tusc. iii. 19. 44 ecce tibi ex altera parte abs eodem poeta,' and is a dativus ethicus: cp. Roby, 7. magister istorum 8. meri: Nonius § 1150; Madv. § 248; Holden on de Off. iii. 21 83. magister istorum omnium can hardly be taken as a gloss in face of the authority of Nonius: istorum, 'those friends of yours,' refers to the writers mentioned just below: cp. § 95. 8. ex equo Troiano, a comparison used by Cicero also in Phil. ii. 13. 32 'me... tanquam in equum Troianum cum principibus includis?' pro Cael. 28. 67, and in a different connexion in Verr. iv. 23. 52; and pro Mur. 37. 78. meri principes, 'none but chieftains.' All MSS. have innumeri, but Nonius, p. 344, expressly reads meri. Ell. oddly asserts that Cicero does not use the word elsewhere, but it is quite common in the Epistles (e.g. ad Att. iv. 7. 1; ix. 13. 1; ib. 8) in exactly this sense, and furnishes another instance in which the language of the dialogues and the epistles differs from that of the speeches. Cp. note on i. § 247. 9. in pompa: Ern. well says (Clav. Cic. s. v.) ' pompa proprie est, quam nos hodie vocamus eine Prozession, einen Aufzug [a procession]: deinde quia illae pompae magnifice erant apparatae, propterea transfertur ad orationem generis demonstrativi, in qua omnibus ornamentis locus est, et quae imprimis ad ostentationem ingenii et eloquentiae pertinet et orationi forensi opponitur.' Cp. i. 18.81; ii. 83. 388; iii. 45. 117'scaenam pompamque,' and Or. 13. 42 'dulce igitur orationis genus et solutum et adfluens, sententiis argutum, verbis sonans est in illo epidictico genere, quod diximus proprium sophistarum, pompae quam pugnae aptius, gymnasiis et palaestrae dicatum, spretum et pulsum foro.' See also Reid on Lael. 26. So in Addison, All the pomps 97. of a Roman triumph.' For Prynne's in love esse voluerunt. Atque et illi, Theopompi, Ephori, Philisti, Nau- 23 cratae multique alii naturis differunt, voluntate autem similes sunt et inter sese et magistri; et ei, qui se ad causas contulerunt, ut Demosthenes, Hyperides, Lycurgus, Aeschines, Dinarchus 5 aliique complures, etsi inter se pares non fuerunt, tamen omnes sunt in eodem veritatis imitandae genere versati, quorum quamdiu mansit imitatio, tamdiu genus illud dicendi studiumque vixit ; posteaquam exstinctis his omnis eorum memoria sensim ob- 95 scurata est et evanuit, alia quaedam dicendi molliora ac remissiora 10 genera viguerunt. Inde Demochares, quem aiunt sororis filium fuisse Demostheni; tum Phalereus ille Demetrius omnium isto1. atque Aby. atqui K.P. Ell. 3. et inter se magistri: Aby: K [et] inter se [magistri]. 1. atque: so the good MSS. for the Vulgate itaque: Ell. needlessly corrected atqui and indeed' leads on to the statement of the reason why this fact was mentioned. Philisti: Ell. and Henrichsen follow Goeller in correcting Philisci, on the ground that Philistus was not a pupil of Isocrates, and was earlier than Theopompus and Ephorus. But Quint. x. i. 74 mentions Philistus between Theopompus and Ephorus: and Philiscus of Miletus wrote only speeches and a treatise on rhetoric. Cp. Mure, Hist. of Greek Lit. v. 503 (note), and Westermann, § 50, note 10. Naucrates of Erythrae wrote funeral For these plurals cp. i. 48. 211, and 2. voluntate, as in § 92. 6. genere veritatis imitandae, ' style of representation of real life' =ἐν μιμήσει τῆς ἀληθείας: cp. §§ 31, 34; i. 17. 77 (note); Brut. 18. 70' Canachi signa rigid. afeeble iora esse, quam ut imitentur veritatem. 41. 2. for suspecting either of these words. II. Demostheni: genitive: Roby, § 484: Phalereus ille Demetrius, a pupil in Caria DE ORATORE II. 249 rum mea sententia politissimus, aliique horum similes exstiterunt. Quae si volemus usque ad hoc tempus persequi, intellegemus, ut hodie Alabandensem illum Meneclem et eius fratrem Hieroclem, quos ego audivi, tota imitetur Asia, sic semper fuisse aliquem, 96 cuius se similis plerique esse vellent, Hanc igitur similitudinem 5 qui imitatione adsequi volet, cum exercitationibus crebris atque magnis tum scribendo maxime persequatur; quod si hic noster Sulpicius faceret, multo eius oratio esset pressior; in qua nunc interdum, ut in herbis rustici solent dicere in summa ubertate, 97 inest luxuries quaedam, quae stilo depascenda est.' Hic Sulpicius 10 'me quidem' inquit 'recte mones, idque mihi gratum est; sed ne te quidem, Antoni, multum scriptitasse arbitror.' Tum ille 'quasi vero' inquit 'non ea praecipiam aliis, quae mihi ipsi desint: sed 4. imitetur Aby, etc. imitatur K. of Theophrastus, the only eminent orator 3. Meneclem: Introd. p. 43. 7. magnis, 'extensive,' not, I think, as Sorof intentis. Cp. §. 119 'exercitationis maximae;' iii. 27. 105 maior est illa exercitatio;' in the face of these parallels Ell. brackets [atque magnis], 'cum intelligi non possint. Deberi puto inepto inepte explicaturo crebras!' This is gloss. hunting run mad. scribendo, i. 33. 150; 60. 257; Quintil. x. 3. I 'utilitatis etiam longe plurimum adfert stilus.' Lord Dufferin recently mentioned in public the practice of a friend, who before speaking on any important question would write out a speech seven or eight times, throwing each sheet, as he wrote it, into the fire. Similarly Lord Brougham wrote out repeatedly his more important speeches. 9. in herbis, 'in the case of,' i. q. 'de herbis.' Cp. de Off. i. 15. 46 atque haec in moribus' so much with regard to character (Holden), iii. 10. 41' in eo rege, and often. in summa ubertate, to be joined with the preceding words, not, as by Ell. with those which follow, when there is a very great productiveness.' Cp. Verg. Georg. i. 112 luxuriem segetum tenera depascit in herba.' Plin. xviii. 154 (Detlefsen) 'inter vitia segetum et luxuria est, cum oneratae fertilitate procumbunt:' ib. 161 ‘luxuria segetum castigatur dente pecoris in herba dumtaxat, et depastae quidem vel saepius nullam in spica iniuriam sentiunt.' 12. scriptitasse: 'written for the sake of practice,' as in § 51. The editors who quote pro Cluent. 50. 140 'hominem ingeniosum M. Antonium aiunt solitum esse dicere, idcirco se nullam unquam orationem scripsisse, ut si quid aliquando non opus esset ab se esse dictum, posset negare dixisse,' ignore the difference between writing for publication, or at any rate for private circulation, and writing for practice. quasi vero: Madv. § 444 obs. I: for the tense Holden on de Off. iii. 9.39. S tamen ne tabulas quidem conficere existimor: verum et in hoc ex re familiari mea et in illo ex eo, quod dico, quantulum id cumque est, quid faciam iudicari potest. Atque esse tamen 98 multos videmus, qui neminem imitentur et suapte natura, quod 5 velint, sine cuiusquam similitudine consequantur; quod et in vobis animadverti recte potest, Caesar et Cotta; quorum alter inusitatum nostris quidem oratoribus leporem quendam et salem, alter acutissimum et subtilissimum dicendi genus est consecutus ; - neque vero vester aequalis Curio, patre mea sententia vel elo10 quentissimo temporibus illis, quemquam mihi magno opere videtur imitari; qui tamen verborum gravitate et elegantia et copia suam quandam expressit quasi formam figuramque dicendi ; quod ego maxime iudicare potui in ea causa, quam ille contra me apud centumviros pro fratribus Cossis dixit; in qua nihil illi 15 defuit, quod non modo copiosus, sed etiam sapiens orator habere deberet. 4. multos incl. K post Bakium. 1. tabulas: cp. in Verr. i. 23. 60' audimus aliquem tabulas numquam confecisse, quae est opinio hominum de M. Antonio falsa: nam fecit diligentissime.' It was considered a great disgrace for a Roman paterfamilias not to keep his accounts carefully (Pseud.-Ascon. ad 1. c. Orell. p. 175; also in Bruns Fontes, p. 292, ed. 3; p. 318, ed. 4); and a creditor's accountbooks were admitted in law-courts, as evi lence of a debt, under some circumstances. Cp. Gaius, iii. 128-134 with Muirhead's or Poste's notes. in hoc, as to the latter charge:' it could be seen to be unjust, from the fact that his affairs were in no confusion. 2. quantulum id cumque, a tmesis (found here in Ab Lagg. 2. 36) rare, except with an inserted pronoun. The indic. is almost always used with such indefinite pronouns, as in i. 30. 135; cp. Kühner, ii. 787-8; for the apparent exception in iii. 16. 60 see note there. 5. et after a negative, where we should have but.' 6 et in vobis answers to 'neque vero -Curio' below. 6. alter, Introd. p. 24. 7. leporem, i. 5. 17 (note): alter, Introd. p. 19. 9. Curio, C. Scribonius, trib. pleb. in 90, consul in 76, proconsul in Macedonia 75-73; died in 53. His father was praetor in 121: of him Cicero says Brut. 32. 122 Curio fuit igitur eiusdem ex aetatis fere [i. e. as the Gracchi] sane patre... eloquentissimo: abl. qual.: cp. in Cat. i. 2. 4' clarissimo patre'=' the son of a most illustrious father:' Tusc. i. 55. 85 Metellus ille honoratis quattuor filiis: Nägelsb. § 52. 2; Roby, § 1232. 12. quasi because forma is used metaphorically for model:' cp. iii. 9. 31. 14. centumviros: i. 38. 173 (note). Nothing further is known of this particular case. cc. 24-26. In dealing with a particular case Antonius requires first, that the facts of the case should be thoroughly mastered, and states his own practice in this respect (§§ 99-103). Then the point at issue is at once perceived, which must come under one 24 Verum ut aliquando ad causas deducamus illum, quem consti-4 99 tuimus, et eas quidem, in quibus plusculum negotii est, iudiciorum atque litium-riserit aliquis fortasse hoc praeceptum; est enim non tam acutum quam necessarium magisque monitoris non fatui quam eruditi magistri-hoc ei primum praecipiemus, quas- 5 cumque causas erit tractaturus, ut eas diligenter penitusque 100 cognoscat. Hoc in ludo non praecipitur; faciles enim causae ad pueros deferuntur ;(lex peregrinum vetat in murum ascendere ;) ascendit; hostis reppulit: accusatur. Nihil est negotii eius modi causam cognoscere; recte igitur nihil de causa discenda 10 praecipiunt; [haec est enim in ludo causarum formula fere.] At vero in foro tabulae, testimonia, pacta, conventa, stipulationes, cognationes, adfinitates, decreta, responsa, vita denique eorum, qui in causa versantur, tota cognoscenda est; quarum rerum neglegentia plerasque causas et maxime privatas-sunt enim 15 101 multo saepe obscuriores-videmus amitti; ita non nulli, dum operam suam multam existimari volunt, ut toto foro volitare et a causa ad causam ire videantur, causas dicunt incognitas; in quo est illa quidem magna offensio vel neglegentiae, susceptis I. constituimus codd. instituimus, correxit Ern. II. [haec est ... fere]: incl. Bakius, KSP. of three heads, as to fact, or nature, or definition. These three heads are separately discussed (§§ 104–113). I. aliquando= 'tandem aliquando,' as often in Cicero: cp. § 274; Tusc. Disp. i. 1 (Kühner), Kritz on Sall. Jug. 72. 1. quem constituimus: 'whom we are setting up,' sc. ante oculos, i. e. whose portrait we are painting. As the whole of this passage treats of the institutio oratoria, it is an easy, but needless correction to read with Ern. Kayser and Sorof 'instituimus.' We may notice however that the MSS. give 'constituta' for 'instituta' in Tusc. D. iv. 1. 3, where their reading cannot be defended. See Kühner ad loc. 2. iudiciorum atque litium: not (as Sorof) suits public and private, criminal and civil actions (cp. de. Off. i. 18. 59 'si lis in iudicio sit '): but rather trials and suits'; the iudicium being the method of deciding the lis, which had previously been discussed in iure. [For lit, the earlier stlit streit, cp. Vaniček, Et. W. p. 1152; Fick, Wtb3. i. 828.] 3. riserit, fut. perf. Roby, vol. ii. pp. ci-cvi. and § 1553. 8. lex, etc. Although exempli causa, or for a more passing reference verbi causa or gratia are not unknown to Cicero, he more frequently omits any such phrase, as here: exempli gratia (our e.g.) does not seem to have any authority earlier than Quintilian. This same illustration is quoted by Quintilian 12. tabulae 'documents 116. pacta, 'bargains;' cp. de Inv. ii. 22. 68 'pactum est quod inter aliquos convenit.' conventa, 'agreements:' but the phrase pactum conventum, expressing the same act from the point of view of the two parties to it, like our contract of letting and hiring,' is so common in legal language, that it is better to take the two together: cp. Gaius, iv. 116 'obligatio pacto convento non tollitur: sed placet debere me petentem per exceptionem pacti conventi repelli.' For stipulatio cp. note on i. 38. 174. 13. decreta magistratuum. responsa iurisconsultorum. 17. operam, 'practice.' 19. neglegentiae: arising from carelessness,' a gen. causae. |