84

partem et superare mendosum est; tum verborum omnium
definitiones, in quibus neque abesse quicquam decet neque
redundare. Sed hoc si in iure civili, si etiam in parvis aut 20
mediocribus rebus doctiores adsequi possunt, non idem sentio
5 tanta hac in re tamque immensa posse fieri; sin autem qui
arbitrantur, deducendi sunt ad eos, qui haec docent; omnia iam
explicata et perpolita adsequentur; sunt enim innumerabiles de
his rebus libri neque abditi neque obscuri: sed videant quid
velint; ad ludendumne an ad pugnandum arma sint sumpturi;
10 aliud enim pugna et acies, aliud ludus campusque noster de-
analsiderat; ac tamen ars ipsa ludicra armorum et gladiatori et militi
sport
prodest aliquid; sed animus acer et praesens et acutus idem
atque versutus invictos viros efficit [non difficilius arte coniuncta].
Qua re ego tibi oratorem sic iam instituam, si potuero, ut quid 85
15 efficere possit ante perspiciam: sit enim mihi tinctus litteris;
audierit aliquid, legerit, ista ipsa praecepta acceperit; temptabo
II. ac tamen S cum AB. attamen KP.
14. si potuero PS cum AB: si

potero K cum Lagg. optimis.

chosen here
'deesse:' cp.

I. superare = superesse,
to avoid assonance with
Kritz on Sall. Cat. 20. II.
2. abesse, 'be lacking,' i. 11. 48 (note).
5. qui, from quis, indefinite.

7. adsequentur, 'find,' in a slightly
different sense from 'adsequi'='accom-
plish,' just above. Cp. Mayor on de Nat.
D. i. 5. 12 'secutum-sequantur.'

8. neque abditi neque obscuri,
'they are not difficult either to discover
or to understand.'

9. ad ludendum: i. 18. 81.

10. campus Martius: cp. § 253, 287.
Cp. de Off. i. 29. 104' suppeditent autem et
campus noster et studia venandi honesta
exempla ludendi.' For the exercises of
the Campus cp. Hor. Od. i. 8. 3; iii. 7.
25; Sat. ii. I. 8; Ep. i. 18. 54. The
favourite exercise was ball-playing (cp.
Marquardt, Privatalt. ii. 421 ff.): but the
reference is here perhaps rather to military

exercises.

II. ac tamen: i. 32. 148 (note): so
Ab here.

ars ludicra i. 32. 147 (note).

12. aliquid is somewhat emphatic here:
'is of some service.' Cp. Kühner's exx.
ii. 464. Pid. quotes Val. Max. ii. 3. 2
'armorum tractandorum meditatio a P.
Rutilio consule militibus est tradita :
virtutemque arti et rursus artem virtuti
miscuit, ut illa impetu huius fortior, haec
illius scientia cautior fieret.' For the

6

training of soldiers cp. Marquardt, v.
547-8.

13. [non difficilius arte coniuncta] is
evidently a feeble addition of a copyist.
It is the bold, ready and quick-sighted
spirit, which is at the same time well-
practised, that makes men invincible.'

§§ 85-89. Antonius lays down as the
first requisite for the pursuit of oratory,
certain natural endowments and capacity,
illustrating his remarks by the case of Sul-
picius.

14. sic... ut: for this restrictive 'sic,'
for which ita' is more common, cp.
Kühner, ii. 822; Roby, § 1704.

si potuero, if I find I am able,' fut.
perf. because the posse must necessarily
precede the instituere. Cp. Brut. 5. 21
'ego vero, inquam, si potuero, faciam
vobis satis.'

15. tinctus litteris,' with some know-
ledge of literature,' as Ell. rightly says
'nec levissime nec accuratissime litteris
imbutus:' a thorough knowledge of lite
rature Graecos et umbraticos decebat.'
Antonius is here repeating the precept of
§ 72. So in Brut. 58. 211 'illam [Lae-
liam] patris elegantia tinctam vidimus':
'not without some share of his father's
elegance of language.' The word is
not quite synonymous with 'imbutus.'
See note on § 162.

16. ista ipsa praecepta, i. e. of the
ordinary rhetoric of the schools.

videbitur esse, obsecrabo; tantum ego in excellenti oratore et

quid deceat, quid voce, quid viribus, quiď spiritu, quid lingua efficere possit. Si intellegam posse ad summos perveniré, non solum hortabor, ut elaboret, sed etiam, si vir quoque bonus mihi ubje f eodem bono viro pono esse ornamenti universae civitati; sin 5 word, videbitur, cum omnia summa fecerit, tamen ad mediocris oratores esse venturus, permittam ipsi quid velit; molestus magno opere non ero; sin plane abhorrebit et erit absurdus, ut se contineat 86 aut ad aliud studium transferat, admonebo; nam neque is, qui optime potest, deserendus ullo modo est a cohortatione nostra 10 neque is, qui aliquid potest, deterrendus: quod alterum divinitatis c mihi cuiusdam videtur, alterum, vel non facere quod non optime possis, vel facere quod non pessime facias, humanitatis, tertium vero illud, clamare contra quam deceat et quam possit, hominis est, ut tu, Catule, de quodam clamatore dixisti, stultitiae suae 15 87 quam plurimos testis domestico praeconio conligentis. \De hoc

houest bo

spiritu, § 73 (note).
3. elaboret:

5. 18 (note).

vir bonus. Kühner, ii. 1070 (after Beier, ad de Off. i. 7. 20) lays down the rule that vir bonus is a worthy man, a good honest fellow, one who discharges the ordinary duties of life aright (de Öff. i. 10. 31; 14. 41), while bonus vir is a really good man (ib. ii. 17. 58; 20. 69, etc.), though it falls back into the ordinary meaning if another adjective is coupled with it (de Off. ii. 12. 42' ab uno iusto et bono viro'). Cp. un brave homme and un homme brave, etc. But I am by no man-means sure that this canon will always hold good. We cannot say more than that the position of the adjective before the substantive gives it more emphasis. Bonus vir' is used ironically in de Off. ii. 1. 2; iii. 9. 39, and often elsewhere. Perhaps Antonius had in his mind here especially the political meaning of the expression, of sound political principles; but we need not so limit its force. Cp. Cato's definition of an orator' vir bonus dicendi peritus,' in his treatise De Oratore;' and Ar. Rhet. i. 2. 4; ii. 1. 5.

4. excellenti: MSS. 'excellente;' but see note on i. 61. 259.

6. cum omnia summa fecerit :

8. plane abhorrebit, is quite unfit.'
absurdus, out of place:' primarily
'out of tune.' Cp.' vox absona et ab-
surda,' iii. II. 41; si absurde canat, qui
se haberi velit musicum.' Tusc. ii. 5. 12:
Kritz on Sall. Cat. 3. 1. So Liv. xxx. 44.
6 'vestrae istae absurdae atque abhorrentes
('out of place') lacrimae;' ib. xxvii. 37.
13 (Weissenborn).

9. ad aliud studium: i. 29. 130.
II. alterum: sc. optime posse.
divinitatis, a proof of excellence
almost superhuman (cp. § 298).
13. possis. Roby, § 1544

humanitatis, comes within the range
of ordinary human action; i. e. is quite
natural and allowable to a man, who is
therefore not to be prevented from choos-
ing either alternative.

14. possit, sc. homo, easily supplied from the following hominis.' The more usual' possis' is found here in some inferior MSS. and is retained by Ern.

15. clamatore; restored by Ell. from all the good MSS. for declamatore, which is out of place here. Cp. iii. 21. 81; Brut. 49. 182 'ego tamen ita de uno quoque dicam ut intellegi possit, quem existimem clamatorem, quem oratorem fuisse.'

16. domestico praeconio, by crying his own wares' (§ 38): cp. Hor. A. P.

igitur, qui erit talis, ut cohortandus adiuvandusque sit, ita loquamur, ut ei tradamus ea dumtaxat, quae nos usus docuit, ut nobis ducibus veniat eo, quo sine duce ipsi pervenimus, quoniam meliora docere non possumus. Atque ut a familiari nostro 21 5 exordiar, hunc ego, Catule, Sulpicium primum in causa parvula 88 adulescentulum audivi voce et forma et motu corporis et reliquis rebus aptis ad hoc munus, de quo quaerimus, oratione autem celeri et concitata, quod erat ingenii, et verbis effervescentibus et paulo nimium redundantibus, quod erat aetatis. Non sum 10 aspernatus; volo enim se efferat in adulescente fecunditas; nam sicut facilius in vitibus revocantur ea, quae sese nimium profuderunt, quam, si nihil valet materies, nova sarmenta cultura excitantur, item volo esse in adulescente, unde aliquid amputem ; non enim potest in eo esse sucus diuturnus, quod nimis celeriter 15 est maturitatem adsecutum. Vidi statim indolem neque dimisi 89 tempus et eum sum cohortatus, ut forum sibi ludum putaret esse ad discendum, magistrum autem, quem vellet, eligeret; me quidem si audiret, L. Crassum: quod iste adripuit et ita sese facturum confirmavit atque etiam addidit, gratiae scilicet causa,

419 ut praeco, ad merces turbam qui cogit emendas:' praecon- is contracted from praevŏcon- : Corssen, i'. 316; ii2.684. Cp. praedes for praevides.

5. hunc ego: 'ego' is not emphatic, but only serves to bring out hunc, with Cicero's usual love for the accumulation of prepositions.

6. voce, etc. Introd. p. 19.

8. effervescentibus: so Cicero says of his own speech for Sex. Roscius (Or. 30. 107) 'quantis illa clamoribus adulescentuli diximus, quae nequaquam satis defervisse post aliquanto sentire coepimus,' and shortly afterwards 'ipsa illa iuvenilis redundantia.' Cp. Brut. 91. 316 'is (Molo) dedit operam ut nimis redundantes nos et superfluentes iuvenili quadam dicendi impunitate et licentia reprimeret et quasi extra ripas diffluentes coerceret.'

10. se efferat, should run riot:' cp. § 342. So iẞpice is used of plants in Theophrastus. So corrigere is used of the vine-dresser.

II. revocantur, are checked.'
profuderunt, 'have shot out.'

12. materies,' the wood,' i.e. the stock. sarmenta, 'shoots,' properly cuttings:' 'virgulae abscissae sarmenta: Sarpere enim antiqui pro purgare ponebant. Festus, P. 322, Müll. Cp. Reid on Cat. Mai. § 52.

13. unde, i. e. some redundancy from which. Cp. Quintil. ii. 4. 6 'facile remedium est ubertati; sterilis nullo labore vincuntur,' with the context.

14. sucus-not 'succus,' which has no good authority here. Cp. Ribbeck on Verg. Ecl. iii. 6; Keller on Hor. Od. iii. 3 35 (Epileg. p. 197)—'sap.' Donat. 'humor in corpore quo abundant bene valentes ;' on Ter. Eun. ii. 3. 27 'corpus suci plenum.'

15. dimisi, let slip.' Key in 'Proceedings of the Philological Society,' 1855, pp. 1-15, shows well how the compounds of mitto usually have the force of let go,' not 'send,' a force which of course is very often that of 'mitto' itself; e. g. Plaut. Truc. iv. 2. 43 'mittin' me intro?''will you let me go in ?'

16. ludum ad discendum. Cicero says of himself (Brut. 90. 311) 'Tum primum [i. e. after his study under Molon at Rhodes, and diligent practice at Rome] nos ad causas et privatas et publicas adire coepimus, non ut in foro disceremus, quod plerique fecerunt, sed ut, quantum nos efficere potuissemus, docti in forum veniremus.'

19. gratiae scilicet causa, ' of course purely out of courtesy.'

he abiall be a model
in mutation

me quoque sibi magistrum futurum. Vix annus intercesserat ab hoc sermone cohortationis meae, cum iste accusavit C. Norbanum, defendente me: non est credibile quid interesse mihi sit visum inter eum, qui tum erat et qui anno ante fuerat. Omnino in illud genus eum Crassi magnificum atque praeclarum natura ipsa 5 ducebat, sed ea non satis proficere potuisset, nisi eodem studio atque imitatione intendisset atque ita dicere consuesset, ut tota 22 mente Crassum atque omni animo intueretur. Ergo hoc sit 90 primum in praeceptis meis, ut demonstremus, quem imitetur [atque ita, ut, quae maxime excellent in eo, quem imitabitur, 10 ea diligentissime persequatur]; tum accedat exercitatio, qua illum, quem delegerit, imitando effingat atque exprimat, non ut multos imitatores saepe cognovi, qui aut ea, quae facilia sunt, aut etiam illa, quae insignia ac paene vitiosa, consectantur 91 imitando: nihil est facilius, quam amictum imitari alicuius aut 15 statum aut motum; si vero etiam vitiosi aliquid est, id sumere et in eo ambitiosum esse non magnum est, ut ille, qui nunc etiam, amissa voce, furit in re publica, Fufius, nervos in dicendo rants

17. ambitiosum Lachmann

12. non ut multos... persequatur: desunt in ABby etc.
(Lucret., p. 30); mox idem probabit.

2. C. Norbanum: Introd. p. 14. 4. illud genus Crassi, 'the style of Crassus.'

5. eum is out of its natural place, being attracted towards the illud.

6. ea: abl. sc. 'natura.'

eodem'in eundem Crassum.' Roby,

$ 1113

intendisset: for this intransitive construction cp. i. 30. 135; for intueor with acc. cp. i. 2. 6.

cc. 22-23. The first rule Antonius gives is for the careful imitation of some good model by means of constant practice (§§ 91, 92), which leads to a digression on the various schools of oratory in Greece (§§ 92-95). He adds the advice that this practice should be conducted largely by means of writing (§§ 96, 97); and qualifies his previous remarks by noticing that some men of original powers can dispense with the imitation of a model (§ 98).

10. [atque... persequatur]. Kayser and Sorof after Schuetz bracket these words, as manifestly foisted in from § 92.

12. effingat atque exprimat, 'may reproduce exactly:' v did dvoîv, exprimat being, as usual, the word which retains

less of the figurative force. Cp. Or. i. 3 'Si eum oratorem quem quaeris expressero:' expressa of precise resemblance is often opposed to adumbrata. Cp. Madv. on de Fin. v. 22. 62. Strictly adumbrare denotes sketching in outline, exprimere plastic modelling.

15. amictum, i. e. the way in which a man wore his toga: Roman orators often paid the greatest attention to the graceful arrangement of its folds. Cp. Quintil. xi. 3. 131, 137 ff.

The

17. ambitiosum, the conjecture of Lachmann for vitiosum of the inferior MSS. (the codd. mutili omit non ut multos... persequatur). If we suppose the genuine word to have been corrupted, this conjecture is a very happy one. only question is whether the original word may not have been wholly lost, the eye of the copyist having fallen upon vitiosi by accident. Adler ingeniously reads vitio similem esse: in eo ambitiosum esse, 'to plume oneself upon this.'

18. Fufius prosecuted M'. Aquilius de rebus repetundis after his administration of Sicily, where he had put down the servile war, B.C. 98. Cic. de Off. ii. 14. 50, places this among his instances of justifiable

C. Fimbriae, quos tamen habuit ille, non adsequitur, oris pravitatem et verborum latitudinem imitatur; sed tamen ille nec deligere scivit, cuius potissimum similis esset, et in eo ipso, quem delegerat, imitari etiam vitia voluit; qui autem ita faciet, ut 92 5 oportet, primum vigilet necesse est in deligendo; deinde, quem probarit, in eo, quae maxime excellent, ea diligentissime persequatur. Quid enim causae censetis esse, cur aetates extulerint singulae singula prope genera dicendi? quod non tam facile in nostris oratoribus possumus iudicare, quia scripta, ex quibus 10 iudicium fieri posset, non multa sane reliquerunt, quam in Graecis, ex quorum scriptis, cuiusque aetatis quae dicendi ratio voluntasque fuerit, intellegi potest. Antiquissimi fere sunt, quo- 93 rum quidem scripta constent, Pericles atque Alcibiades et eadem 6. probarit Ad. S. probavit KP. etc. prosecutions in accusando etiam M'. Aquilio L. Fufii cognita industria est.' Cp. pro Flacco, 39. 98; Brut. 62. 222 'multum ab his aberat L. Fufius, tamen ex accusatione M'. Aquilii diligentiae fructum ceperit.' But Antonius had defended Aquilius (Introd. p. 14), and so was no unprejudiced judge. There is no reason for hesitating (with Ellendt) to identify the man here spoken of with the prosecutor of Aquilius. Nothing else is known of his political action: the story told of him in i. 39. 179 goes to show that he was a shameless unprincipled fellow. His style of speaking is severely criticised in iii. 13. 50.

C. Flavius Fimbria, the colleague of Marius in his second consulship, B.C. 104. Cic. de Off. iii. 19. 77, calls him consularis, to distinguish him from his better-known namesake (possibly his son), who was lieutenant to L. Flaccus in the war against Sulla. The latter murdered Flaccus B.C. 85, and the next year committed suicide, when deserted by his soldiers (Mommsen, iii. 306-7, 311). The former perished in the riots of Cinna. Cic. (Brut. 34. 129) says of him 'habitus est sane, ut ita dicam, lutulentus, asper, maledicus: genere toto paullo fervidior atque commotior, diligentior tamen et virtute animi atque vita bonus auctor in senatu.' The other Fimbria was noted for his vehement style of speaking: qui omnia magna voce dicens, verborum sane bonorum cursu quodam incitato, ita furebat tamen, ut mirarere tam alias res agere populum ut esset insano inter disertos locus.' From this Asinius Pollio coined the verb fimbriare, Quint. viii. 3. 32.

8. singula om. K (nescio qua incuria).

I. tamen: i. 47. 205 (note).

oris pravitatem, 'his wry mouths.'

2. verborum latitudinem, 'broad pronunciation = πλατειασμός, vasta et rustica verborum pronuntiatio,' iii. 11. 42.

sed tamen, i. e. in spite of the real vigour of Fimbria.

6. probarit. So Sorof for probavit of all (the inferior) MSS. Lachmann, ad Lucr. p. 30, had conjectured probabit, the force of which is not quite so good here.

7. extulerint. Sorof proposes tulerint, which is more common in the sense of 'bear, produce:' but cp. Brut. 4. 16 'ager cum multos annos quievit, uberiores efferre fruges solet:' so de Rep. ii. 4. 9 'id quod agri efferant:' hence the alteration is not justified.

II. ratio voluntasque, style and character' voluntas is literally the purpose, hence the tendency or spirit.

6

13. constent, are recognised' as genuine. Similarly in Brut. 7. 27, Cicero speaks of Pericles cuius scripta quaedam feruntur: Quintilian, iii. 1. 14, recognises them to be spurious, equidem non reperio quidquam tanta eloquentiae fama dignum, ideoque minus miror esse, qui nihil ab eo scriptum putent, haec autem quae feruntur, ab aliis esse composita.' Nothing is now extant ascribed either to Pericles or Alcibiades, and we have no other reference to any writings of Alcibiades; but Helbig has assigned to him (on very insufficient grounds) the authorship of the pseudo-Xenophontean treatise De reditibus Atheniensium.' The words of Demosthenes, Mid. p. 561, λέγειν ἐδόκει πάντων, ὥς