est

set, sive artificium sive studium dicendi, nisi accessit os, nullum potest esse, docebo vos, discipuli, id quod ipse non didici, quid 30 de omni genere sentiam.' Hic posteaquam adriserunt, 'res mihi videtur esse' inquit 'facultate praeclara, arte mediocris; ars enim earum rerum est, quae sciuntur; oratoris autem omnis 5 actio opinionibus, non scientia, continetur; nam et apud eos dicimus, qui nesciunt, et ea dicimus, quae nescimus ipsi; itaque et illi alias aliud eisdem de rebus et sentiunt et iudicant et nos contrarias saepe causas dicimus, non modo ut Crassus contra me dicat aliquando aut ego contra Crassum, cum alterutri necesse 10 sit falsum dicere, sed etiam ut uterque nostrum eadem de re alias aliud defendat, cum plus uno verum esse non possit. Ut igitur in eius modi re, quae mendacio nixa sit, quae ad scientiam non saepe perveniat, quae opiniones hominum et saepe errores 8 aucupetur, ita dicam, si causam putatis esse, cur audiatis. 'Nos 15 31 vero et valde quidem' Catulus inquit 'putamus atque eo magis, quod nulla mihi ostentatione videris esse usurus; exorsus es enim non gloriose; magis a veritate, ut tu putas, quam a nescio

2. id om. B. incl. K: habent A Lagg. opt. 3. genere ABby: genere dicendi
Ell. S. [dicendi] P. 13. quae ad scientiam non saepe perveniat incl. K. Ell.

1. artificium, in Cic. quite equivalent to ars 'system;' studium, 'pursuit,' i. 21. 96.

os, i. 38. 175 (note).

2. quod ipse non didici, i. 48. 208.
quid sentiam, i. 21. 98.

4. facultate,' in the capacity,' which
it requires so Arist. Rhet. i. 2 defines
rhetoric as δύναμις περὶ ἕκαστον τοῦ θεω-
ρῆσαι τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον πιθανόν, not as a
Téxvn. Cp. the definition in i. 20. 92, and
the discussion in i. §§ 102-109. Sorof
well points out the ambiguity which arises
from the twofold force of ars.

6. actio oratoris, 'the activity of the Orator ' = πᾶσα πρᾶξις ῥήτορος. There is no reason with Bake to alter the word.

continetur, 'is limited by,' or 'is restricted to.'

9. contra me dicat: Introd. p. 13.

Io. alterutri appears to be the only form used in the dative, though alterius utrius is found in the genitive. Cp. Plin. Ep. vii. 20. 6, and Neue Formenl. ii. 257.

II. alias aliud defendat: instances of this were frequent enough in Cicero's own experience among the most striking were his defence of Scamander, coupled with his subsequent defence of Cluentius, and his speeches for Gabinius and Vatinius,

against whom he had delivered and
published speeches previously. Cp. Quint.
xi. I. 73-4.

12. ut... ita dicam, 'I will speak with
the limitations necessary in the case of a
subject which,' etc.

13. mendacio nixa sit:
cp. Plat.
Phaedr. 26ο Ε. ἡ ῥητορικὴ ψεύδεται καὶ
οὐκ ἔστι τέχνη, ἀλλ ̓ ἄτεχνος τριβή.

quae ad scientiam non saepe per-
veniat, bracketed by Ell. Cum latine
dici non possint, nisi de eo qui scientiae
cupidus est;' but pervenire is often enough
used of things, both in its literal and in
its applied meaning: hence there is no
objection to the words, and they are really
needed after actio opinionibus non
scientia continetur.'

15. aucupetur, 'lays traps for.' Nägelsb. Stil. p. 392. The metaphor (from fowling) is very common in Cicero. Cp. Orat. 19. 63 in eo ipso, quod delectationem aliquam dicendo aucupentur.'

18. a veritate, starting from the real facts of the case:' for this use of veritas cp. i. 17. 77 (note).

a nescio qua dignitate, from any supposed high value:' a is omitted here by the best Lagg. and A, but can hardly be spared. See p. 61 (note). Pid. explains Q

qua dignitate.' 'Ut igitur de ipso genere sum confessus,' inquit 32 Antonius 'artem esse non maximam, sic illud adfirmo, praecepta posse quaedam dari peracuta ad pertractandos animos hominum et ad excipiendas eorum voluntates. Huius rei scientiam si quis 5 volet magnam quandam artem esse dicere, non repugnabo; etenim cum plerique temere ac nulla ratione causas in foro dicant, non nulli autem propter exercitationem aut propter consuetudinem aliquam callidius id faciant, non est dubium quin, si quis animadverterit, quid sit, qua re alii melius quam alii dicant, o id possit notare: ergo id qui toto in genere fecerit, is si non 33 plane artem, at quasi artem quandam invenerit. Atque utinam, ut mihi illa videor videre in foro atque in causis, item nunc, quem ad modum ea reperirentur, possem vobis exquirere! Sed de me yidero; nunc hoc propono, quod mihi persuasi, quamvis 15 ars non sit, tamen nihil esse perfecto oratore praeclarius; nam ut usum dicendi omittam, qui in omni pacata et libera civitate 13. exquirere: codd. meliores omnes: legebatur exponere.

'excessive, so high or so indefinite that it cannot be more closely described.' I think this is to push the force of the expression too far.

1. ut, 'while:' cp. Lael. 4. 14 'ut nihil boni est in morte, sic certe nihil mali.'

de ipso genere, ' on the general question.' The force of ars still remains ambiguous; for, as Sorof notices, he has not asserted or attempted to make good his proposition at all as bearing on the theory of the art, but only on its practical side.

3. ad pertractandos animos hominum,' for playing upon the feelings' cp. i. 51. 222 ‘ita sensus mentisque hominum pertractat '-orator.

4. ad excipiendas voluntates: i. e. for the captatio benevolentiae: Introd. p. 54. The metaphor is again taken from hunting, excipere being the technical term used of the hunter who lies in wait for game driven out of thickets by the beaters: cp. Hor. Od. iii. 12. 10 celer alto latitantem fruticeto excipere aprum,' with Orelli's note.

5. magnam quandam, 'a really important: cp. i. 3. 12 (note).

6. temere sine consilio, 'carelessly.' nulla ratione, 'with no method.' Cp. Ar. Rhet. i. I τῶν μὲν οὖν πολλῶν οἱ μὲν εἰκῇ ταῦτα ὁρῶσιν, οἱ δὲ διὰ συνήθειαν ἀπὸ ἕξεως· ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀμφοτέρως ἐνδέχεται, δῆλον

ὅτι εἴη ἂν αὐτὰ καὶ ὁδοποιεῖν. δι ̓ ὃ γὰρ ἐπιτυγχάνουσιν οἵ τε διὰ συνήθειαν καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου, τὴν αἰτίαν θεωρεῖν ἐνδέχεται· τὸ δὲ τοιοῦτον ἤδη πάντες ὁμολογήσαιεν τέχνης ἔργον εἶναι. Cp. also i. 23. 109. Dr. Hugo Jentsch, De Aristotele Ciceronis in Rhetorica Auctore' (Guben, 1874), attempts to prove that Cicero's knowledge of Ars Rhetoric was limited to i. cc. 1-3, and iii. c. 8. He succeeds in showing many differences in their points of view, and conclusions; but divergence is not identical with ignorance.

10. toto in genere, over the whole subject' of rhetoric, not merely in some one of its subdivisions; notice how this differs from de omni genere in § 29.

12. videor videre: a play upon words of which Cicero is fond, e. g. de Fin. v. 2. 4 Carneadis, quem videre videor.'

13. reperirentur, attracted into the tense of possem (Roby, § 1510), which is not only better supported than the old reading possim, but better in itself: it suits the modesty of the tone of Antonius to express his wish in the form which indicates that he regarded it as unattainable. Madvig § 361, obs. I.

14. de me videro, 'I will look to myself hereafter,' a formula by which the consideration of a question is postponed for the time, cp. Roby, § 1593; Madvig, § 340, obs. 4.

dominatur, tanta oblectatio est in ipsa facultate dicendi, ut nihil hominum aut auribus aut mentibus iucundius percipi possit. 34 Qui enim cantus moderata oratione dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen artificiosa verborum conclusione aptius? qui actor 2 ? imitanda quam orator suscipienda veritate iucundior? quid autem 5 subtilius quam crebrae acutaeque sententiae? quid admirabilius quam res splendore inlustrata verborum? quid plenius quam omni genere rerum cumulata oratio? neque ulla non propria oratoris res est, quae quidem ornate dici graviterque debet. 9 Huius est in dando consilio de maximis rebus cum dignitate 10 explicata sententia; eiusdem et languentis populi incitatio et effrenati moderatio; eadem facultate et fraus hominum ad per

35

niciem et integritas ad salutem vocatur. Quis cohortari ad virtutem ardentius, quis a vitiis acrius revocare, quis vituperare

The

I. dominatur: cp. i. 8. 30. thought expresses rather what Cicero held ought to be the case, than what experience proves to be true. Of recent English statesmen some have been as conspicuous for the absence of any great oratorical powers as others for their presence.

$34. Adler (Programm: Halle, 1868) justly calls attention to the exquisite balance and finish of this eulogium of oratory: 'laus, qua dicendi artem Antonius ornat, ipsa artificiosissima est.'

3. moderata, 'well-balanced,' in which due regard is paid to the rhythm and euphony of the successive clauses. Cp. Orat. 53. 178 itaque et longiora et breviora iudicat [animus] et perfecta ac moderata semper expectat. The old reading moderata [or -tae] orationis pronuntiatione,' expelled first by Ell., is evidently due only to an explanatory gloss on oratione, which here denotes the delivery of a speech. cantus = 'music.'

4. artificiosa, 'artistic.'

verborum conclusione 'period,' iii. 44. 174. Brut. 8. 33 'Ante hunc [Isocrates] enim verborum quasi structura et quaedam ad numerum conclusio nulla erat.'

aptius, 'more symmetrical,' 'wellrounded.' Cp. Or. 44. 149 'ut comprehensio [i. q. conclusio] numerose et apte cadat;' 50. 168 genus illud tertium explicetur quale sit, numerosae et aptae orationis;' numerosus and aptus often go together so as to be almost synonymous.

5. suscipienda veritate, 'undertaking the charge of some case in real life:' the somewhat strained expression is due

9. quae quidem, 'provided that it :' in such restrictive clauses we find both the ind. and the conj.: cp. pro Mil. I. 3 reliqua vero multitudo, quae quidem est civium, tota nostra est,' pro Sest. 67. 140.

II. sententia, not in a technical sense, but simply opinion.' Cicero keeps in view here the three main genera of eloquence: (1) genus deliberativum, (a) in the senate, (b) in the contio; (2) g. iudiciale; (3) g. demonstrativum, which includes panegyrics, exhortations, censures, consolations, etc. Introd. p. 52. History was added by some, and Cicero inclines to agree with them (Or. 11. 37; 61. 207). Hence historia vero.'

6

13. Quis ... consolando? Nägelsb.. Stil. p. 472, quotes this as an example of a skilfully constructed period, with chiasmus

вале

improbos asperius, quis laudare bonos ornatius, quis cupiditatem vehementius frangere accusando potest? quis maerorem levare mitius consolando? historia vero testis temporum, lux veritatis, 36 vita memoriae, magistra vitae, nuntia vetustatis, qua voce alia 5 nisi oratoris immortalitati commendatur? nam si qua est ars alia, quae verborum aut faciendorum aut legendorum scientiam profiteatur; aut si quisquam dicitur nisi orator formare orationem eamque variare et distinguere quasi quibusdam verborum sententiarumque insignibus; aut si via ulla nisi ab hac una arte 10 traditur aut argumentorum aut sententiarum aut denique discriptionis atque ordinis, fateamur aut hoc, quod haec ars profiteatur, alienum esse aut cum alia aliqua arte esse commune : 37 sed si in hac una est ea ratio atque doctrina, non, si qui aliarum artium bene locuti sunt, eo minus id est huius unius proprium; 6. verborum aut legendorum ABby Lagg. 4. 32. verborum aut faciendorum aut legendorum KS.: aut faciendorum aut deligendorum P. (A). cum codicibus nonnullis. 13. sed si P (A). S. at si K. et si codd. (sed Aby communes. et).

in the first two clauses, anaphora in the next two, and a mixed structure in the last two.

2. accusando, 'by inveighing against fit: cp. i 58. 246.

5. nam refers back to 'neque ulla non propria oratoris res est.' This is true because no other art shares the orator's skill either in the creation and choice of words, or in moulding and adorning his style. or in the production of proofs and general reflexions, or in the due arrangement of the various parts of his speech. The first two clauses deal with two aspects (a narrower and a more general one) of elocutio, the third with inventio, the fourth with dispositio.

6

legendorum: so all the codd. mutili; and the use of legere to choose 'is quite Ciceronian cp. iii. 37. 150, and de Fin. iv. 15. 40 omnia. quae leget quaeque reiciet; hence Pid. has no reason for accepting deligendorum from the inferior MSS.

7. si quisquam: Madvig, § 494 b. 8. distinguere, 'give it brilliancy: by the insignia, 'gems,' a less usual term for the technical phrase 'lumina orationis :' hence the apologetic 'quasi quibusdam'

=

'by what we may perhaps call.' The Greek term is σχήματα: hence insignia can hardly be a translation. Cp. Brut. 17. 69 ornari orationem Graeci putant, si verborum immutationibus utuntur quos appellant Tрóπous, et sententiarum orationisque formis, quae vocant oxhμara.' Or. 25. 83 illam concinnitatem, quae verborum collocationem illuminat eis luminibus, quae Graeci quasi aliquos gestus orationis σχήματα appellant. The σχήματα were divided into (1) the σχήματα λέξεως (lumina verborum); (2) σχήματα diavoías (lumina sententiarum); (3) oxńματα τῶν ὑποθέσεων (lumina orationis). Cp. iii. 53. 202-54. 208, and Or. 39. 134-138.

9. via, method,' i. 4. 14.

10. discriptionis, not descriptionis as the MSS. have here, followed by Kayser (not by Pid. or Sorof): see note on i. 13. 58, and Bücheler, Rhein. Mus. xiii. 598. 12. alienum esse, belongs really to some other art.'

sed ut orator de eis rebus, quae ceterarum artium sunt, si modo eas cognovit, ut heri Crassus dicebat, optime potest dicere, sic ceterarum artium homines ornatius illa sua dicunt, si quid ab hac 38 arte didicerunt, neque [enim] si de rusticis rebus agricola quispiam aut etiam, id quod multi, medicus de morbis aut si de 5 pingendo pictor aliquis diserte scripserit aut dixerit, idcirco illius artis putanda est eloquentia; in qua quia vis magna est in hominum ingeniis, eo multi etiam sine doctrina aliquid omnium generum atque artium consequuntur; sed, quid cuiusque sit proprium, etsi ex eo iudicari potest, cum videris, quid quaeque 10 doceat, tamen hoc certius esse nihil potest, quam quod omnes artes aliae sine eloquentia suum munus praestare possunt, orator sine ea nomen obtinere suum non potest; ut ceteri, si diserti sint, aliquid ab hoc habeant, hic, nisi domesticis se instruxerit 10 copiis, aliunde dicendi copiam petere non possit.' Tum Catulus 15 39 'etsi,' inquit Antoni, minime impediendus est interpellatione iste cursus orationis tuae, patiere tamen mihique ignosces;

non

2. cognovit Aby: vulgatum cognorit unus L. 4. 10. quid quaeque doceat corr. K: codd. doceant, nisi quod in Aby legitur quidque: unde mavult Adler quid quique (sc. artifices) doceant. II. quam quod omnes codd.: quod omnes Madvig. (Advers.

ii. 185).

Catullus and Crassus (§§ 39-40) Antonius proceeds to discuss the proper sphere of rhetoric. He excludes the usual genus demonstrativum, as needing no special precepts. (§§ 43-50); and also history, the mention of which gives occasion for a rapid survey of the chief Greek historians (§§ 51-58). Caesar praises his knowledge of Greek literature, to which Antonius replies that it is confined to the historians and orators (§§ 59-61). He then goes on to show that no rules are given by the rhetoricians for writing history, nor for other branches of literary activity which require to be handled with eloquence (§§ 61– 64). The same is the case with the discussion of abstract propositions, which some assign to the orator; but rules for these are really needless; any one who has mastered the more difficult problems of his art, will need no directions how to deal with the easier ones (§§ 65-70). He reasserts in reply to a doubt expressed by Catulus, that forensic oratory is really the most difficult of all (§§ 71-73).

17. cursus, ' flow.'

non enim, etc. Trin. 705 Nón enim possum quín exclamem euge, eúge, Lysitelés: máλ: fácile palmam habés: hic