huius modi disputationesque fugiebant; ac si tibi videntur, qui 20 temporis, qui loci, qui hominum rationem non habent, inepti, sicut debent videri, num tandem aut locus hic non idoneus videtur, in quo porticus haec ipsa, ubi nunc ambulamus, et 5 palaestra et tot locis sessiones gymnasiorum et Graecorum disputationum memoriam quodam modo commovent? aut num importunum tempus in tanto otio, quod et raro datur et nunc peroptato nobis datum est? aut homines ab hoc genere disputationis alieni, qui omnes ei sumus, ut sine his studiis vitam to nullam esse ducamus?' 'omnia ista' inquit Crassus 'ego alio 21 modo interpretor, qui primum palaestram et sedes et porticus etiam ipsos, Catule, Graecos exercitationis [et delectationis] colonnades

6. num importunum A cum codd. plur. legebatur inopportunum.
12. et delectationis . . . non disputationis om. codd. mut. omnes: incl. K.

nec tamen, which expresses the meaning,
but is not necessary: cp. § 62 'neque eam
reperio: Liv. iii. 55. I consulatus sine
ulla patrum iniuria, nec sine offensione
fuit.'

5. tot locis, an adjectival expression
qualifying sessiones; in Greek it would
have been preceded by the article. Nägels.
Stil. p. 22 and 203. Cp. iii. 3. 10 'C.
Carbonis eodem illo die mors,'' death on
that very day.'

sessiones, 'seats:' cp. de Fin. v. 1. 2 'Polemo cuius illa ipsa sessio fuit.'

gymnasiorum ad Graecorum disputationum. If Kayser were correct in supposing that A, B, b, and several Lagg. had ad not et, I should be inclined to bracket ad Gr. disp.,' not, as he does, 'gymn. ad Gr.' But Schneidewin's collation gives et in A, and Sorof says that the same is found in By, so that the text is probably sound, especially as ipsos in § 21 seems to point to a recent mention of the Greeks. There is no authority for Pid.'s Graecarum, which would mean ' discussions in the Greek language;' whereas we want here the discussions of the Greeks.'

6

the word in Sall. Jug. 3. 2' vi quidem regere patriam aut parentes . . . importunum est,' where Kritz notes significat autem periculum et molestiam habet; see other interpretations in his note.] So in Tac. Ann. xii. 12 Armeniam petunt id temporis importunam, quia hiemps occipiebat,' where however the word is doubtless coloured by its more usual meaning of 'savage, ruthless' cp. note on i. 53. 230. The word inopportunus does not occur till late Latin. Nägelsb. Stil. p. 307.

8. peroptato: Roby, § 1138. 9. vitam nullam = Biov où BITÓV (Plat. Apol. 38 A): cp. Lael. 6. 22 'qui potest esse vita vitalis, ut ait Ennius,' 23. 86, 'sine amicitia vitam esse nullam :' de Off. ii. 4. 15 sine quibus vita omnino nulla esse potuisset.'

10. alio modo interpretor, 'I look at differently.' So Lael. 5. 18 'eam sapientiam interpretantur 'they understand wisdom to be a thing,' etc. Cp. Curt. Princ. ii. 325.

II. qui primum, answered by 'otium antem,' in § 22, and 'quod addidisti tertium' in § 25.

12. exercitationis causa. It seems better here to follow the authority of A and the better MSS. and omitet delectationis' after exercitationis,' and 'non disputationis' after 'causa.' Adler's reasons for retaining the words are not strong, and his attempt to explain their loss does not agree with the facts of the MS. testimony. Exercitationis is here evidently physical exercise, as in de Nat. Deor. ii. 36 Corpora nostra motu et exercitatione recalescunt;' but this is by

causa [non disputationis] invenisse arbitror; nam et saeculis multis ante gymnasia inventa sunt, quam in eis philosophi garrire 4 coeperunt, et hoc ipso tempore, cum omnia gymnasia philosophi 2. teneant, tamen eorum auditores discum audire quam philosophum malunt; qui simul ut increpuit, in media oratione de maximis 5 rebus et gravissimis disputantem philosophum omnes unctionis causa relinquunt; ita levissimam delectationem gravissimae, ut 22 ipsi ferunt, utilitati anteponunt. Otium autem quod dicis esse, adsentior; verum otii fructus est non contentio animi, sed re6 laxatio: saepe ex socero meo audivi, cum is diceret socerum 10 suum Laelium semper fere cum Scipione solitum rusticari eosque incredibiliter repuerascere esse solitos, cum rus ex urbe tamquam e vinclis_evolavissent. Non audeo dicere de talibus viris, sed e tamen ita solet narrare Scaevola, conchas eos et umbilicos ad Caietam et ad Laurentum legere consuesse et ad omnem animi 15

no means the only force of the word: cp. i. 57. 243; iii. 24. 94; and Div. in Caec. 15. 47usu forensi et exercitatione tironem."

2. garrire, contemptuously of the 'chatter' of philosophers, as in de Nat. Deor. i. 39. 108 'tanta est impunitas garriendi.'

3. cum, followed by the conj. because, although it serves to explain 'tempore,' it has at the same time a concessive force, 'although the philosophers are in possession of.' A has timeant, a warning not to trust any MS. too blindly, and at the same time a valuable indication that its errors are likely to be those of a mechanical copyist, not of a tamperer with the text.

5. qui... increpuit, 'for as soon as its clink is heard.'

8. utilitati, 'advantage:' cp. i. 9. 36. 9. otii fructus est, 'the true way of enjoying leisure is not to strain the mind but to relax the strain.'

Io. socero: Q. Mucius Scaevola: Introd. p. 21-2.

II. semper fere = ἀεὶ ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν: cp. Reid on Lael. § 2.

rusticari: cp. Hor. Sat. ii. 1. 71 'quin ubi se a volgo et scaena in secreta remorant virtus Scipiadae et mitis sapientia Laeli, | nugari cum illo [Lucilio] et discincti ludere, donec | decoqueretur holus, soliti.'

12. rus ex urbe. Sorof notes that it is almost always Cicero's practice to bring together the local expressions, and to place first the words which denote the place to which movement is directed.

13. vinclis. So A: see note on i. 43.194.

con

14. umbilicos has been explained by
some to be a kind of sea-snail or sea-
cockle, by others as 'small pebbles.'
Valerius Maximus viii. 8. I (Halm) tells
this story, apparently after Cicero:
stat namque eos [Scipionem et Laelium]
Caietae et Laurenti uagos litoribus conch-
ulas et umbilicos lectitasse, idque se P.
Crassus ex socero suo Scaevola, qui gener
Laelii fuit, audisse saepe numero praedi-
cavit:' (of course P. Crassus is a slip of
memory for L. on the part of Val. Max.).
Now the inferior MSS. of Valerius for
umbilicos(cod. Bern. obulicos, corr. Pighius)
have calculos, which all editors before Halm
retain, whence it seems that the latter
was at all events the traditional explana-
tion.

15. Caietam ... Laurentum. Caiēta
-the modern Gaeta-on a remarkable
promontory forming the northern ex-
tremity of the large and beautiful bay of
Caieta. This bay 'early became a favour-
ite place of resort with the Romans, and
was studded with numerous villas. The
greater part of these were on its northern
shore, near Formiae; but the whole dis-
tance from thence to Caieta (about four
miles) was gradually occupied in this man-
ner, and many splendid villas arose on the
headland itself, and the adjoining isthmus.'
E. H. B. in Dict. Geog. Of Laurentum,
where Pliny had a villa, described at great
length in Ep. ii. 7, he writes Litus ornant
varietate gratissima, nunc continua, nunc
intermissa tecta villarum, quae praestant

remissionem ludumque descendere. Sic enim res sese habet, ut, 23 quem ad modum volucris videmus procreationis atque utilitatis suae causa effingere et constituere nidos, easdem autem, cum aliquid effecerint, levandi laboris sui causa passim ac libere 5 solutas opere volitare, sic nostri animi negotiis forensibus atque urbano opere defessi gestiant ac volitare cupiant vacui cura ac labore. Itaque illud ego, quod in causa Curiana Scaevolae dixi, 24 non dixi secus ac sentiebam: 'nam si,' inquam 'Scaevola, nullum erit testamentum recte factum, nisi quod tu scripseris, omnes ad 10 te cives cum tabulis veniemus, omnium testamenta tu scribes unus. Quid igitur?' inquam 'quando ages negotium publicum? quando amicorum? quando tuum? quando denique nihil ages?' tum illud addidi 'mihi enim liber esse non videtur, qui non aliquando nihil agit.' In qua permaneo, Catule, sententia meque, 15 cum huc veni, hoc ipsum nihil agere et plane cessare delectat. Nam, quod addidisti tertium, vos esse eos, qui vitam insuavem 25 sine his studiis putaretis, id me non modo non hortatur ad disputandum, sed etiam deterret. Nam ut C. Lucilius, homo doctus. et perurbanus, dicere solebat [ea, quae scriberet] neque se ab 20 indoctissimis neque a doctissimis legi velle, quod alteri nihil intellegerent, alteri plus fortasse quam ipse; de quo etiam scripsit

19. ea quae scriberet om. ABzb. incl. K.: habent Lagg. omnes.

multarum urbium faciem, sive mari, sive
ipso litore utare.' Cp. Burn's Rome and
the Campagna, p. 23. The former was
especially a summer, the latter a winter
retreat, at all events under the Empire.

I. ut... gestiant ac... cupiant. The
best MSS. have gestiunt ac...cupiunt, which
some have attempted to defend as an
anacoluthon; but such a construction
would be quite out of place here. Lam-
binus, followed by Or. Henr. and Bake,
struck out ut, but there is nothing to ex-
plain its insertion, if it be not genuine :
hence it is perhaps better to acquiesce in
the reading of the inferior MSS. with all
recent editors.

2. volucris (so A), the gen. plur. being volucrium as well as volucrum, though the former is rare. Cp. Neue ii.2 37-8. Keller (Rhein. Mus. 1866, pp. 242-3) shows that Vergil and Horace according to the best MSS. use volucres as subst., volucris, as adj.

5. negotiis forensibus atque urbano opere. The true order of the first two words, which gives the chiasmus of which Cicero is so fond, was restored by Ell.

from the best Lagg. and y: it is found also in A.

6. gestiant, exult.'

7. in causa Curiana: Introd. p. 11. 15. cum huc veni: Roby, § 1717. Madvig on de Fin. v. 15, 41.

hoc ipsum nihil agere; Roby, § 1355. 16. Nam, used in occupatio or 'anticipation' of an objection (as in i. §§ 18, 71 (note), 246, 254), generally with the suggestion that there is nothing much in it we may omit in translation: 'as for the third argument, which you threw in.'

18. homo doctus et perurbanus. Kayser quite needlessly brackets these words, which may be rendered though himself a learned and highly accomplished man: cp. i. 16. 72 (note).

19. [ea quae scriberet], omitted in A B b Erf. etc., and probably due only to a misunderstanding of the personal construction of legi: for which cp. Quint. x. 1. 96 Horatius fere solus legi dignus.' The earliest instance of this construction however seems to be Ovid's 'dumque legar' (Trist. v. 14. 5).

'Persium non curo legere,'-hic fuit enim, ut noramus, omnium fere nostrorum hominum doctissimus-'Laelium Decumum volo,' quem cognovimus virum bonum et non inlitteratum, sed nihil ad Persium; sic ego, si iam mihi disputandum sit de his nostris studiis, nolim equidem apud rusticos, sed multo minus apud 5 vos; malo enim non intellegi orationem meam quam reprehendi.' 7 Tum Caesar 'equidem,' inquit 'Catule, iam mihi videor navasse operam, quod huc venerim, nam haec ipsa recusatio disputationis disputatio quaedam fuit mihi quidem periucunda. Sed cur impedimus Antonium? cuius audio esse partis, ut de tota eloquentia 10 disserat, quemque iam dudum et Cotta et Sulpicius exspectat?' 27 ' ego vero' inquit Crassus neque Antonium verbum facere patiar b. noramus codd. omnes, nisi quod b habet non ignoramus, quod temere adripuit K: miro modo Lag. 36 volaterranus.

26

6

1. Persium non curo legere... Laelium Decumum volo, a trochaic tetrameter catalectic, probably from the 26th book of the Satires of Lucilius, which, as Lachmann and L. Mueller have shown, was the first of his published works. Plin Nat. Hist. Praef. §7, says 'praeterea est quaedam publica etiam eruditorum reiectio, utitur illa et M.Tullius extra omnem ingenii aleam positus, et (quod miremur) per advocatum defenditur: Nec doctissimis-Manium Persium haec legere nolo, Iunium Congum volo." quod si hoc Lucilius, qui primus condidit stili nasum, dicendum sibi putavit, Cicero mutuandum, praesertim cum de republica scriberet, quanto nos causatius ab aliquo iudice defendimus.' The praenomen Manius is evidently wrong here the name of Persius was Gaius. Mr. Munro (Journal of Philology, viii. 207-210) has made it highly probable that Pliny wrote Persium in error for some other name: and that the full quotation, as it appeared in the (lost) opening of Cicero's de Republica was 'Nec doctissimis scribuntur haec neque indoctissimis :

Persium non curo legere, Laelium Decumum volo:

Manium

6. reprehendi, 'disapproved.' So reprehensor is used for an adverse critic' in Acad. ii. 7: while existimator is a favourable or neutral critic.

7. navasse operam, 'to have spent my labour well: 'navare, from the primary notion 'to act energetically,' acquires the force of 'to carry out successfully:' e. g. Tac. Hist. iii. 25 bellum navare:' Brut. 81. 282 qui quia navarat miles operam imperatori, imperatorem se statim esse cupiebat.' So 'operam reipublicae navare,' 'to be of good service to the state.'

6

8. quod huc venerim, 'in coming here.' Roby, § 1740.

recusatio, not quite so strong as ' refusal :' recusare is to object to do a thing, rather than to refuse; recusatio is originally a legal term, being the rejoinder on a petitio, and may be rendered 'protest.' Cp. p. Caec. 28. 81 tu me ad verbum vocas; non ante veniam quam recusaro,' with the references in Jordan's note.

11. exspectat: cp. i. 62. 262: Madvig,

1

et ipse obmutescam, nisi prius a vobis impetraro '—' quidnam ?' inquit Catulus. Ut hic sitis hodie.' Tum, cum ille dubitaret, quod ad fratrem promiserat, 'ego' inquit Iulius 'pro utroque respondeo: sic faciemus; atque ista quidem condicione, vel ut 5 verbum nullum faceres, me teneres.' Hic Catulus adrisit et 28 simul, 'praecisa' inquit 'mihi quidem est dubitatio, quoniam neque domi imperaram et hic, apud quem eram futurus, sine mea sententia tam facile promisit.'

Tum omnes oculos in Antonium coniecerunt, et ille 'audite Io vero, audite,' inquit 'hominem enim audietis de schola atque a magistro et Graecis litteris eruditum, et eo quidem loquar confidentius, quod Catulus auditor accessit, cui non solum nos Latini sermonis, sed etiam Graeci ipsi solent suae linguae subtilitatem elegantiamque concedere. Sed quia tamen hoc totum, quidquid 20

§ 213 a. obs. Roby, § 1438, does not cover such cases as this, where the two subjects can hardly be said to form but one notion: cp. de Div. i. 39. 84 hac ratione et Chrysippus et Diogenes et Antipater utitur.' Here the three philosophers are represented as acting independently and not collectively. This principle explains also Brut. 8. 30; 11. 42; cp. below § 53. In Caes. B. Civ. i. 2 intercedit M. Antonius, Q. Cassius, tribuni plebis,' Cassius is thrown in as a kind of afterthought: M. Antonius vetoed the resolution of the senate, and so did Cassius.' There is a large collection of similar examples by C. F. W. Müller, in Seyffert's Laelius, p. 78.

1. impetraro: imitated by Tac. Dial. de Or. c. 16 aperiam, inquit, cogitationes meas, si illud a vobis ante impetravero.'

2. ut hic sitis hodie, 'that you spend the day here,' expressed elsewhere by cum or ad: ad Fam. iv. 13. 6 'qui me admodum diligunt, multumque mecum sunt: ad Att. x. 4. 8 'Curio ad me fuit sane diu.'

3. ad fratrem promiserat, 'he had engaged himself to his brother:' ad however is not used as in the passage just cited, but is suggested by the ellipse of some verb of motion; e. g. 'cenatum se iturum.' Cp. Plaut. Stich. iv. 2. 16' ad cenam hercle alio promisi foras;' de Fin. V. I. I 'itaque ad tempus ad Pisonem

omnes.

4. condicione (sic A): cp. i. 22.101 and Prof. Mayor in Journal of Philology, viii. 265-268. Sorof renders in fact, on the terms you offer, you would keep me here, even though you uttered no word of invi

tation,' assuming that Crassus has virtually made the offer that he will allow Antonius to speak, and perhaps say something himself, if they will stay to dinner. But it is very awkward to take 'verbum nullum faceres' in a different sense from ' verbum facere' just above: and indeed the words themselves would hardly bear Sorof's meaning. ‘Ista condicio' is the offer of a dinner. Hence Ell. who renders with the offer you make, you would keep me, though neither of you should utter a word about oratory,' is practically right. I had

7. neque domi imperaram, given no orders at home,' of course for dinner: the fuller form of the phrase is found in pro Rosc. Am. 21. 59 ' puerum ... cui cenam imperaret.'

sine mea sententia, without any expression of my opinion,' i. e. without having a word to say in the matter.

§§ 28-38. Antonius, after an ironical prelude, asserts that the art of oratory does not admit of scientific treatment. But he allows that some rules, resulting from observation and experience, may be given for the guidance of a speaker. He magnifies the office of an orator, and claims all good speaking, on whatever subject it may be, as coming within the sphere of oratory.

10. vero, by all means.'

de schola: cp. Or. 15. 47 'declamatorem de ludo.' Antonius is ridiculing throughout the self-confident airs of the Greek declaimers.