deterrerent, libenter id, quod dixi, de illis oratoribus praedicarent, ut, si homines non eruditi summam essent prudentiam atque incredibilem eloquentiam consecuti, inanis omnis noster esse labor et stultum in nobis erudiendis patris nostri, optimi ac 5 prudentissimi viri, studium videretur: quos tum, ut pueri, refutare 2 domesticis testibus patre et C. Aculeone propinquo nostro et L. Cicerone patruo solebamus, quod de Crasso pater et Aculeo, quocum erat nostra matertera, quem Crassus dilexit ex omnibus plurimum, et patruus, qui cum Antonio in Ciliciam profectus 10 una decesserat, multa nobis de eius studio doctrinaque saepe narravit; cumque nos cum consobrinis nostris, Aculeonis filiis, et ea disceremus, quae Crasso placerent, et ab eis doctoribus,

tum, studioque discendi a pueritia incensum, usu tamen et domesticis praeceptis multo magis eruditum quam litteris.' This confirms discendi of the MSS. against the dicendi of the older editors, including Ernesti and Schütz.

doctrina, systematic instruction,' 'pursuit of learning:' as below, § 11: cp. i. 48. 208. It is more commonly used for the learning resulting from instruction: as in §§ 2, 15, etc.

2. prudentiam = opóvŋow, 'practical wisdom' de Off. i. 43. 153, and often in this book: rarely as in Tusc. i. 4. 7 of philosophy. It is often used of legal skill: e. g. de Sen. 9. 27.

4. patris nostri. Cicero refers to his father also in § 265, and in de Leg. iii. 1, 3 qui cum esset infirma valetudine, hic fere aetatem egit in litteris.' His tone is always one of great respect and affection, to which a much-misinterpreted phrase in one of his letters is not really an exception. Cp. Prof. Tyrrell's notes on ad Att. i 6.2 and i. 19. 10 (Correspondence of Cicero, vol. i. pp. xlv. 8. 106).

5. ut pueri, being but boys,' who can only fall back on the authority of their friends at home. Cp. Hor. Sat. i. 6. 79 with Heindorf's note, and Kühner on Tusc. i. 8. 15 Epicharmi, acuti nec insulsi hominis, ut Siculi, sententiam sequi,' who points out that the restrictive force of ut as in the last instance for a Sicilian' is quite different from the force which it has in expressions like that in the text, and in Tusc. i. 43. 104 'Diogenes... ut Cynicus, asperior.' Ellendt here quotes numerous instances of each force. For refutare, a frequentative from rt. fu=xv: cp. Corssen, i. p. 159, and note on § 203.

6. domesticis testibus dictis testium

domesticorum: cp. pro Mil. 18. 47 'iacent suis testibus.' For other instances of the abl. instrum. being used of persons cp. Roby, § 1220; Madvig, § 254, obs. 3. In such cases the noun always has some attribute.

8. For the phrase quocum erat of marriage cp. pro Quinct. 24. 77 Q. Roscio, cuius soror est cum P. Quinctio.' Lucius Cicero is only mentioned here: for his son Lucius, 'frater noster cognatione patruelis, amore germanus,' as Cicero calls him, cp. de Fin. v. i i.; ad Att. i. 5. I.

matertera, Helvia, the sister of Cicero's

mother.

9. in Ciliciam: cp. i. 18. 82: Introd. P. 13.

10. decesserat, the regular word for leaving a province for Rome, e. g. pro Planc. 26. 65. Cp. Drakenborch on Liv. xxviii. 28. 7; Kritz on Sall. Jug. 20. 1; Kühner on Tusc. ii. 25. 61; or Ellendt on Brut. i. I.

Al

II. consobrinis, here used in its strict sense for 'mother's sisters' sons:' the word has however sometimes the more extended meaning of our own cousin,' e g. de Off. i 17, 54 with Holden's note. though the derivation from soror is unquestionable, it is not clear how we ought to explain the b, for which cp. Schleicher, Comp. p. 256 (§ 157 c.); Corssen, Nachtr. 191 f. Brugman in Curtius' Studien, ix. 393. For Aculeo and his son Gaius Visellius Varro, see note on i. 43. 191. It is possible that Ellendt and Sorof are right in holding these filii to have been stepsons, but as there is no authority for the familia to which Aculeo belonged, and no evidence of an earlier marriage of Helvia, the question cannot be decided.

12. Crasso placerent, found favour

quibus ille uteretur, erudiremur, etiam illud saepe intelleximus, cum essemus eius domi, quod vel pueri sentire poteramus, illum et Graece sic loqui, nullam ut nosse aliam linguam videretur, et doctoribus nostris ea ponere in percontando eaque ipsum omni in sermone tractare, ut nihil esse ei novum, nihil inauditum 5 3 videretur. De Antonio vero, quamquam saepe ex humanissimo homine patruo nostro acceperamus, quem ad modum ille vel Athenis vel Rhodi se doctissimorum hominum sermonibus dedisset, tamen ipse adulescentulus, quantum illius ineuntis aetatis meae patiebatur pudor, multa ex eo saepe quaesivi. Non erit 10 profecto tibi, quod scribo, hoc novum; nam iam tum ex me audiebas mihi illum ex multis variisque sermonibus nullius rei, quae quidem esset in eis artibus, de quibus aliquid existimare 4 possem, rudem aut ignarum esse visum. Sed fuit hoc in utroque 2. cum essemus eius modi codd. quod frustra defendere conatus est Bak.: inclusit K. post Ell. domi P.S. post Gulielmum

with Crassus,' not as Pid. understanding 'ut disceremus.'

I. uteretur,' attended,' e. g. Staseas: see i. 22. 104.

2. cum essemus, not, as Sorof, 'whenever we were:' there are very few, if any, passages in Cicero, where cum is so used with the conj. (cp. Roby, § 1716, 1717, and note on i. 54. 232), but simply being, as we were.'

eius domi: the reading of the MSS. eius modi cannot be defended: in all the passages which Bake adduces, ut follows. But the correction domi is an easy one [so Hermann corrects κινήσω for νικήσω in Iph. Aul. 1249: cp. colorum for locorum in § 54]: in domo eius is more common, but cp. pro Cluent. 60. 165 huius domi est mortuus:' Phil. ii. 19.48 cuius domi.'

vel pueri: Cicero could not have been more than fourteen or fifteen years of age: Quintus was three or four years younger.

3. nullam: ut is usually put by Cicero after negatives and vix, and generally after any word which is to be brought into prominence: cp. Lael. 23. 87 congressus ut hominum fugiat ;'' ut nihil' (1. 5) is an instance of the less usual order. Madvig, § 465 b. obs.

4. ponere Ti0éval, ' to suggest subjects (0éσes): cp. i. 22. 102; 33. 149.

7. vel.. vel, alike.. and:' Roby, § 2220.

8. doctissimorum hominum at Athens Menedemus, Charmadas, and Mne

12. rei om. B2, inclusit K.

sarchus, at Rhodes Apollonius and Molon. Cp i. 18. 82; 19. 85; Introd. p. 45.

9 adulescentulus: Cicero was in his twentieth year when Antonius was murdered. With regard to the form adulEll. says [haec] scriptura semper in nonnullis, raro in optimis libris invenitur.' But this is correct only for the inferior. MSS. of this work. The evidence of the best MSS of Plautus and Terence bears out the rule of Caper (de Orthogr., p. 2243, 44 P.) 'adulescens nomen est: adolescens participium est.' For Plautus, cp. Ritschl, Proll. p. xcv 'adulescens, cuius vicariam adolescens formam vix unquam boni libri sine discrepantia agnoscunt.' Cp. i. 2. 4.

ineuntis aetatis, 'youth.' Halm on pro Leg. Man. i. I points out that ab ineunte aetate in Cicero always denotes 'from the beginning of my life as a citizen.' So on de Off. i. 34. 122, Holden notes 'inire aetatem dicitur ab iis annis, quibus pueritia finitur:' cp. ib. ii. 13. 44, and above, i. 21. 97. Cp. Liv. xlii. 34 'cum primum in aetatem veni, pater mihi uxorem dedit.'

13. in eis artibus, i. e. grammar and rhetoric. Ell. with most MSS. reads his, but the correction of Henrichsen is adopted by all other editors. The form is given by Pid. and Sorof is not so good for Cicero: cp. Ritschl, Proll. p. xcviii, and Kühner, i. p. 388. See however Neue Formenl. ii. 196.

14. fuit hoc... ut: cp. Madvig, § 374.

eorum, ut Crassus non tam existimari vellet non didicisse, quam illa despicere et nostrorum hominum in omni genere prudentiam Graecis anteferre; Antonius autem probabiliorem hoc populo orationem fore censebat suam, si omnino didicisse numquam 5 putaretur; atque ita se uterque graviorem fore, si alter contemnere, alter ne nosse quidem Graecos videretur; quorum 5 consilium quale fuerit, nihil sane ad hoc tempus; illud autem est huius institutae scriptionis ac temporis, neminem eloquentia non modo sine dicendi doctrina, sed ne sine omni quidem sapientia 10 florere umquam et praestare potuisse. Etenim ceterae fere artes 2 se ipsae per se tuentur singulae; bene dicere autem, quod est scienter et perite et ornate dicere, non habet definitam aliquam regionem, cuius terminis saepta teneatur: omnia, quaecumque in hominum disceptationem cadere possunt, bene sunt ei dicenda,

3. Graecis Graecorum prudentiae : cp. i. 4. 15 (note).

probabiliorem: i. 28. 129 (note).

hoc populo,' with a nation like ours :' cp. iii. 1. 2 'illo senatu:' de Leg. iii. 16. 37 'non quid hoc populo obtineri possit.' Roby, § 1242. Mr. Reid however suggests that 'populo' is more probably dative, and hoc' the ablative, anticipatory of the clause 'si... putaretur.'

6

4. censebat: for the slight anacoluthon involved in the change from the dependent to the independent structure, cp. Tusc. i. I. I non quia philosophia Graecis et litteris et doctoribus percipi non posset, sed meum semper iudicium fuit,' etc. Cp. Madvig, Excursus I on De Finibus. Mr. Reid on pro Arch. i. I notes Roman juries, like some English solicitors, looked on the literary barrister as unpractical: hence the faltering way in which Cicero owns to a knowledge of Greek literature in passages like pro Mur. 63. This is another instance of the way in which Cicero ascribes his own sentiments and practice to Crassus. Cp. note on i. 42. 190.

7. quale, i. e. how just or wise.

sane, certainly,' here simply intensive of nihil, as in Sall. Cat. 16. 5 Senatus nihil sane intentus:' ad Q. Fratr. i. 2. 37 'nihil sane esset, quod nos poeniteret.' Its force is either (1) as I admit,' or (2) as every one admits.'

ad hoc tempus, sc. pertinet, as in iii. 18.

66: : cp. in Pis. 28. 68 'recte an secus nihil ad nos: aut si ad nos, nihil ad hoc tempus.' illud, of what follows, 'this.' Madvig, § 485 b.

9. non modo, 'I will not say.' Madv. § 461 b.

10. praestare, 'excel,' rarely used thus absolutely; but cp. iii. 33, 135; Brut. 64. 230; de Fin. v. 14. 40: Cicero generally adds 'ceteris,' or some definite object in the dative (e. g. i. 44. 197): the construction with the acc. is found in Varro and often in Livy, but not in Cicero or Caesar. Roby, § 1121. Of course Cicero often has the acc. where the verb has the sense 'guarantee,' 'be responsible for' (below, §124), 'discharge' (§ 38), 'prove' (iii. 33, 134), etc.

II. se ipsae: Madvig, § 487 b: Mayor on Phil. ii, 118.

bene dicere: here only the three most important parts of oratory (inventio, dispositio, elocutio) are included. The definition is more complete in i. 11. 48; 15.64. Cp. Introd. p. 53. Translate with knowledge (of the subject-matter), skill (in arrangement), and elegance (of style).'

13. saepta not saeptum, as though bene dicendi ars had preceded. Cp. pro Mur. 13. 29 deinde vestra responsa atque decreta et evertuntur saepe dicendo et sine defensione oratoris firma esse non possunt. In qua (sc. arte dicendi) si satis profecissem, parcius de eius laude dicerem.' [Zumpt alters to quol. For the metaphor, cp. i. 61. 266: for the form saepire, i. 31. 142 (note).

14. cadere § 113 'quae in disceptationem et controversiam cadere pos sint.'

qui hoc se posse profitetur, aut eloquentiae nomen relinquendum 6 est. Qua re equidem et in nostra civitate et in ipsa Graecia, quae semper haec summa duxit, multos [et ingeniis et] magna laude dicendi sine summa rerum omnium scientia fuisse fateor; talem vero exsistere eloquentiam, qualis fuit in Crasso et Antonio, non cognitis rebus omnibus, quae ad tantam prudentiam pertinerent, tantamque dicendi copiam, quanta in illis fuit, non potuisse con7 firmo. Quo etiam feci libentius, ut eum sermonem, quem illi quondam inter se de his rebus habuissent, mandarem litteris, vel ut illa opinio, quae semper fuisset, tolleretur, alterum non doctissimum, alterum plane indoctum fuisse; vel ut ea, quae existimarem a summis oratoribus de eloquentia divinitus esse dicta, custodirem litteris, si ullo modo adsequi complectique potuissem; vel mehercule etiam ut laudem eorum iam prope 3 [et ingeniis et] suppositicia esse viderunt PK Ad. et ingeniis magnos et laude e conj. Ell.: alii alia temptaverunt. et ingeniis insignes et magna laude S.

I. aut, 'or else:' Madvig, § 436. eloquentiae nomen: cp. i. 26. 120 'impudentiae nomen effugere debemus.'

2. equidem. Cicero seems to have thought that this word was connected with ego, and never uses it except with the first person singular: cp. Madv. Opusc. i. 497: Ribbeck, Lat. Part. pp. 37 ff. But the word is compounded of the interjectional e- and quidem (not as Roby, § 531, suggests of et): cp. Corssen, ii2. 856f; and is sometimes, though rarely, used with other persons: cp. Sall. Cat. 52. 16 'quare vanum equidem hoc consilium est:' ib. 58. 4 scitis equidem milites.' Ritschl, Proll. lxxv-lxix rejected this construction from Plautus, and wrote 'non recurret opinor furca expulsum equidem,' but was afterwards convinced by Ribbeck's arguments and restored it in Trin. 352. 611: cp. Opusc. v. 335: Goetz on Epid. 603. See also Kühner, ii. 606-608. Gildersleeve on Pers. i. I 10.

We should more naturally have made the first clause subordinate to the second, not coordinate: though I admit . . . yet I maintain,' etc.

3. haec, i. e. studia, 'these pursuits.'

[et ingeniis et]: the MS. reading here is ungrammatical: the descriptive ablative cannot be used without a predicate (Roby, § 1230): hence some have conjectured the loss of an adjective (Kühner, 'ingeniis magnis,' Sorof, ingeniis insignes'), while Müller and Henr. read floruisse for fuisse. But the sentence runs much better without the bracketed words; they look like the marginal gloss of a reader who

had an unseasonable remembrance of Cicero's repeated assertion that natural abilities without extensive learning will not suffice for real eloquence. As Adler justly says, if Cicero had wished to express that view here he would certainly have written 'multos ingeniis insignes magna laude dicendi fuisse.' The objection made on the score of the plural ingeniis is not valid. Cicero sometimes uses the plural for the natural powers of several persons, though not of one: cp. note on § II.

6. pertinerent, 'contributed towards' or 'to produce.'

7. confirmo, rather more than 'affirm:' 'I maintain' my previous assertion.

8. Quo, etc. Hence I was the more desirous to commit to writing.' Roby, § 1700.

10. fuisset, plupf. conj. by a kind of attraction: cp. Acad. ii. 3. 9 cum eo Catulus et Lucullus nosque ipsi postridie venissemus, quam apud Catulum fuissemus.' The construction is analogous to that with the impf. conj. explained in Madvig, § 383 with obs. 1.

II. vel... vel shows that the various motives were regarded as singly adequate, and also as consistent with each other.

12. divinitus: i. 7. 28 (note).

13. si ullo modo: in iii. 4. 14 ff. Cicero admits that his report of the discourse of Crassus falls short of its actual eloquence. 14. potuissem, 'could succeed in attaining: possem,' would have implied only 'had the ability to attain :' cp. Roby, § 1454. 2.

senescentem, quantum ego possem, ab oblivione hominum atque a silentio vindicarem. Nam si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis 8 potuissent, minus hoc fortasse mihi esse putassem laborandum; sed cum alter non multum, quod quidem exstaret, et id ipsum 5 adulescens, alter nihil admodum scripti reliquisset, deberi hoc a me tantis hominum ingeniis putavi, ut, cum etiam nunc vivam illorum memoriam teneremus, hanc immortalem redderem, si possem; quod hoc etiam spe adgredior maiore ad probandum, 9 quia non de Ser. Galbae aut C. Carbonis eloquentia scribo 10 aliquid, in quo liceat mihi fingere, si quid velim, nullius memoria iam me refellente, sed edo haec eis cognoscenda, qui eos ipsos, de quibus loquor, saepe audierunt; ut duos summos viros eis, qui neutrum illorum viderint, eorum, quibus ambo illi oratores cogniti sint, vivorum et praesentium memoria teste commendemus.

1. senescentem, opposed to vigentem : cp. i. 58. 247 non vides veteres legesipsas sua vetustate consenuisse;' de Nat. Deor. ii. 19.49 'hiems senescens.' Nägelsb. Stil. p. 377.

2. ipsi suis. Madvig, § 487 b.

3. hoc... laborandum: the acc. of the neuter pronoun might have been used after laborare (Roby, § 1094): hence the construction with the gerundive.

4. alter: sc. Crassus.

non multum. Orat. 38. 132 'Sed Crassi perpauca sunt, nec ea iudiciorum :' his published speeches were political orations, especially the 'suasio legis Serviliae' and de colonia Narbonensi' (Introd. pp. 8-12; Brut. 43-4, 158-162). He had only published a few passages from his other speeches.

exstaret, because of 'putavi.'

5. adulescens: Crassus was in his twenty-second year at the time of the later of his two published speeches. There is a slight zeugma: we may supply 'scripsisset.'

nihil admodum. The exact meaning of this phrase has been much discussed. Ellendt in his note here argues for the meaning 'fere nihil,' on the ground that Antonius had left 'de ratione dicendi sane exilem libellum' (Brut. 44. 163: i. 21. 94): but Hand's argument (Tursell. i. 173 f.) is quite sound that this could give no just idea of his oratorical power. So in Brut. 9. 35, where Cicero says 'plane quidem perfectum et cui nihil admodum desit Demosthenem facile dixeris,' Ell. argues for the same force, because in Or. 29. 104, Cicero expresses himself as not

absolutely satisfied even with Demosthenes. But surely cui nihil admodum desit' is quite equivalent to ' plane perfectum.' In Brut 58. 210 Curio litterarum nihil admodum sciebat' the context shows that Curio was absolutely ignorant of litera

ture.

The same force must be given in Liv. xxiii. 29. 14 'equestris pugna nulla admodum fuit' (cp. 46. 10), xl. 59. 2 ‘armorum magnam vim transtulit, nullam pecuniam admodum.' Hence the attempted distinction between nihil admodum' and 'admodum nihil' must be abandoned, and we must translate here 'absolutely nothing,' not as Pid. almost as good as nothing.' Cp. also Müller on Seyffert's Lael. 4. 16. With adjectives it is admitted to make no difference whether admodum is prefixed or follows.

hoc, i. e. this tribute,' as in 1. 3, 'hoc' ='this task.' Nägelsb. Stil. p. 124. 8. quod . ad probandum. The construction here is slightly confused: 'ad probandum' is adapted to the preceding aggredior,' whereas we should have expected 'spe' to be followed by me probaturum.' We may suppose Cicero to have been influenced either by the common use of quod introductory' (cp. Madvig on de Fin. i. 67), or by ad quod probandum' aggredior is used of course with or without ad: cp. Brut. 37. 139 'imparatus semper aggredi ad dicendum videbatur' (Roby, § 1145). hoc, abl. anticipatory of quia . . . edo.' 9. Galbae: i. 10. 40. (note). Carbonis: ib. Introd. p. 8. 14. praesentium, 'still among us.'