power that these equipments bore signal marks of hurry and confusion. It was said that at Plymouth there was no adequate supply of powder - that the balls did not fit the guns that there were no handspikes or other small stores that even flints for the muskets were wanting. But most of these charges were strenuously denied on the part of Government; and it is difficult to discover the real truth amidst the conflict of respectable authorities. Thus we may observe the Duke of Richmond declare, in his place in Parliament, that he had himself gone down to examine Plymouth. There he owned that he had found collected nearly 5000 of landforces; but no more than thirty-six or thirtyeight invalids, as artillery-men, to mount the batteries and work two hundred guns. No sooner had the Duke sat down than the First Lord of the Admiralty rose, and with equal positiveness stated that at the time and place which his Grace had specified there had been upwards of 500 seamen on shore, well acquainted with the use of artillery, and quite ready to serve it if required.*

With the land-forces, it appears to have been less easy to find fault. A large encampment had some time since been formed on Cox Heath, in front of Maidstone, comprising bodies of Militia, drawn from many counties. There, for instance, stood arrayed the Suffolk Militia, with the Duke of Grafton at their head. It might be objected to these men, that they had little discipline and no experience. But beyond all question they were resolute and eager; and had the enemy landed, would have done their duty. Through all the southern counties there arose a military spirit. It was shown, not merely in set speeches or on solemn occasions, but in the common and often ludicrous use of military phrases. As some evidence and token of that fact, let us not disdain even the jests of the play-wrights. Thus, in one small piece, to which the Camp at Cox Heath

* Debate in the Lords on the Address, November 25. 1779. In corroboration of Lord Sandwich, see also the speech next day in the Commons of Admiral Lord Shuldham, who had commanded at Plymouth at the time in question.

gave both subject and title, I find "Sir Harry Bouquet" complain: "As I travelled down, the fellows at the turn"pikes demanded the counter-sign of my servants, instead "of the tickets! Then, when I got to Maidstone, I found "the very waiters had got a smattering of tactics; for inquiring what I could have for dinner, a drill-waiter, after "reviewing his bill of fare with the air of a Field Marshal "proposed an advanced party of soup and bouilli, to be fol"lowed by the main body of ham and chickens, flanked by "a fricassée, and with a corps-de-reserve of sweetmeats!"*

66

Neither in this passage, nor in any other of my history, do I offer any apology for inserting details, even the most trivial, if they portray the feelings, the temper, or the manners of the time. But a more solid proof of the public spirit at this juncture is afforded by the state of public credit. It appears that, in this month of July, when so large a force was ranged on the opposite shores when an invasion of our own was every day expected the funds were never more than one per cent. below their rate in the January preceding. Both private gentlemen and public bodies (foremost among the latter the East India Company) entered into large subscriptions for raising troops, giving bounties to seamen, or equipping privateers. It was acknowledged by the Opposition that the Militia then in arms did not fall short of 50,000, and that the regular troops of various kinds within the kingdom were almost as many.*** With truth might one of the Ministers declare that "the spirit of the "nation does not shrink from the increase of its difficulties:" With equal truth might he say that "the King's magnani"mity is not to be shaken by the nearness of danger."†

The Camp, act ii. scene 3. This Play, though a mere trifle, or in the French phrase, a pièce de circonstance, came from no less a pen than Sheridan's.

** The lowest price of the three per cent. Consols, in January, 1779, was 60; the lowest price in July, 1779, was 591. Ann. Regist., p. 250. On the 20th of August, Keppel writes to Rockingham: "Would your Lord"ship believe it? the Stocks are something better to-day!"

Speech of the Duke of Richmond in the House of Lords, November 25. 1779.

+ Lord George Germaine to Sir Henry Clinton, August 28. 1779.

His Majesty had determined, if the French should land, to put himself at the head of his armed subjects, animating them by his exertions and example.

On the other side the preparations for attack had been made upon a formidable scale. The French finances, till now on the verge of bankruptcy, had been brought to a more flourishing or, at least, more promising condition, since M. Necker, a rich and able banker from Geneva, had been named their Director-General. A French army, amounting probably to near 50,000 men, had been marched towards the Channel ports from Havre to St. Malo. Their advanced division was commanded by the Count de Rochambeau, and their main body by the Mareschal de Broglie; and their project for a landing pointed to our southern shores. Having left the port of Brest, the French fleet, under D'Orvilliers, effected a junction with the Spanish; the whole force, thus combined, amounting to no less than sixty-six sail of the line, with a train of frigates and small ships. Never, since the days of the Armada, had so great a fleet of foemen rode the British Channel. Against these sixty-six sail of the line, Sir Charles Hardy, the successor in command to Keppel, had not, with every exertion, been able to bring together more than thirty-eight. He could not prevent the enemy from insulting the British coast, nor from pursuing him, first near the Scilly Isles, and then towards the straits of the Channel. Nevertheless he appears to have disposed his inferior numbers to the best advantage. He lost only one ship, the Ardent, and that by the error of her captain, who ventured out too far, mistaking the hostile fleet for our own. Sir Charles having drawn the enemy from before Plymouth, succeeded likewise in covering Spithead; and being also, in some measure, favoured by the easterly wind, he gained that greatest of all objects in defensive warfare time. Both the French and Spanish ships had been too hastily equipped, and were not quite seaworthy. It was afterwards declared by Lord North, in the House of Commons, that had Sir Charles Hardy known then as well

as he did afterwards the internal state of their fleet, he would have wished and earnestly sought an engagement, notwithstanding his own inferiority of force.

Meanwhile there had arisen a violent dissension between the two allied Admirals. The Spaniard wished, without delay, to land the invading army on the British shores; the Frenchman thought it necessary, in the first place, to attack and defeat the British fleet. In the defective state of their own ships, the approaching equinoctial gales were dreaded; and a malignant distemper had broken out among the crews. Under these circumstances the Spanish commander declared, in a peremptory tone, to the French, that it had become necessary for him to relinquish the present enterprise, and return to the ports of his own country.* D'Orvilliers had no choice but to follow that example. He brought back, therefore, his own fleet into Brest, where, mortified at his recent failure, he resigned the command, and afterwards, it is said, withdrew for the remainder of his life into a convent.** Thus for the time did all danger of invasion pass away. Thus, when the House of Commons met again, might the Prime Minister of England describe as follows, not unaptly, the proceedings of our enemies in the last campaign: "They had fitted out a formidable fleet, "they appeared upon our coasts, they talked big, threatened "a great deal, did nothing, and retired. Their immense armaments were paraded to no purpose, and their millions "spent in vain."

At this trying time, the English commander, Sir Charles Hardy a good and gallant seaman, though a little past his prime, appears to have performed his duty well. It is painful to contrast his conduct with that of other Admirals,

*

Statement of Count Florida Blanca, as cited in Coxe's Kings of Spain, vol. v. p. 25. See also in my Appendix to this volume, an extract from the MS. Memoirs of the Duke of Grafton.

** Amedée Renée, Continuation de Sismondi (p. 122. ed. 1844), a work that cannot, however, be commended for accuracy. What will an English reader say to the following fact?"Il faut se rappeller que notre abaisse"ment à nous, était le but de la politique de Chatham. Il faut se rappeller "qu'il avait signé contre nous la terrible paix de 1763!"

not less personally brave, but who deemed that they fulfilled a superior obligation or an unavoidable necessity by seceding from service, and remaining on shore - there to do nothing, except indeed to cavil and find fault with whatever was done by others. Through the month of July we find Keppel, from his park of Bagshot, in his letters to Lord Rockingham, inveigh against "want of capacity in the chief "commander," namely, his successor, Sir Charles Hardy; and observe that, "perhaps at this moment it (the British "fleet) is bungling into action."* Was Lord North - if I may quote him once again was Lord North, I ask, far wrong when he compared Keppel himself to a gallant firstrate ship of war with all its sails set and streamers flying, but Keppel's party friends to barnacles that cluster beneath it, and that clog its progress? Better, surely, at such a crisis, even to "bungle into action" than to keep aloof from it!

The insult to the British coast by the combined fleets of France and Spain was less galling to the national pride than some much smaller transactions in the North. Paul Jones in his birth a Scotchman, in his feelings a bitter enemy to his native land, in his career and conduct a mere adventurer, but no doubt a bold and hardy seaman held at this period a commission in the American service. With his squadron of three ships and one armed brigantine, off the coast of Yorkshire, he attacked our Baltic fleet, convoyed by Captain Pearson in the Serapis, and Captain Piercy in the Scarborough. Both these ships he took, after a most desperate engagement; and though his own principal vessel, the Bonhomme Richard, which had been supplied by France, was so far damaged in the action that it sank two days afterwards, yet he carried his prizes safe into the ports of Holland. Paul Jones, with his remaining ships, next appeared in the Frith of Forth. Sir Walter Scott, then still a boy, was at Edinburgh on this occasion, and has vividly described the humiliation felt by the better spirits that the capital of Scotland * Life of Lord Keppel, vol. ii. p. 245. ed. 1842.