shall not be entitled to retirement or retired pay. (Scc. 37a, National Defense Act, as amended June 4, 1920.)

8. Appointment of graduates of Reserve Officers' Training Corps as reserve officers. The President alone, under such regulations as he may prescribe, is hereby authorized to appoint as a reserve officer of the Army of the United States any graduate of the senior division of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps who shall have satisfactorily completed the further training provided for in section 47a of this act, or any graduate of the junior division who shall have satisfactorily completed the courses of military training prescribed for the senior division and the further training provided for in section 47a of this act, and shall have participated in such practical instruction subsequent to graduation as the Secretary of War shall prescribe, who shall have arrived at the age of 21 years and who shall agree, under oath in writing, to serve the United States in the capacity of a reserve officer of the Army of the United States during a period of at least five years from the date of his appointment as such reserve officer, unless sooner discharged by proper authority: Provided, That no reserve officer appointed pursuant to this act shall be entitled to retirement, or to retired pay, and shall be eligible for pension only for disability incurred in line of duty in active service or while serving with the Army pursuant to provisions of this act. (Sec. 47b, National Defense Act, as amended June 4, 1920.)

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9. Training camps.-The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to maintain, upon military reservations or elsewhere, schools or camps for the military instruction and training, with a view to their appointment as reserve officers or noncommissioned officers, of such warrant officers, enlisted men, and civilians as may be selected upon their own application; * * The Secretary of War is authorized further to prescribe the courses of theoretical and practical instruction to be pursued by persons attending the camps authorized by this section; to fix the periods during which such camps shall be maintained; to prescribe rules and regulation for the government thereof; and to employ thereat officers, warrant officers, and enlisted men of the Regular Army in such numbers and upon such duties as he may designate. (Sec. 47d, National Defense Act, as amended June 4, 1920.)

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10. Miscellaneous provisions.- * In time of war any officer of the Regular Army may be appointed to higher temporary rank with out vacating his permanent commission, such appointments in grades below that of brigadier general being made by the President alone, but all other appointments of officers in time of war shall be in the Officers' Reserve Corps.

Unless special assignment is made by the President under the provisions of the 119th article of war, all officers in the active service of the United States in any grade shall take rank according to date, which, in the case of an officer of the Regular Army, is that stated in his commission or letter of appointment, and, in the case of a reserve officer or an officer of the National Guard called into the service of the United States, shall precede that on which he is placed on active duty by a period equal to the total length of active service which he may have performed in the grade in which called or any higher grade. When dates of rank are the same, precedence shall be determined by length of active commissioned service in the Army. When length of such service is the same, officers of the Regular Army shall take rank among themselves according to their places on the promotion list, preceding réserve and National Guard officers of the same date of rank

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and length of service, who shall take rank among themselves according to age. (Sec. 127a, National Defense Act, as amended June 4, 1920.) 11. Air Service, flying cadets.-The Secretary of War is hereby authorized and directed to establish and maintain at one or more established flying schools courses of instruction for aviation students.

Aviation students shall be enlisted in or appointed to the grade of flying cadet, Air Service, which grade is hereby established: Provided, That the total number of flying cadets shall not at any time exceed 1,300. The base pay of a flying cadet shall be $75 per month, including extra pay for flying risk as provided by law. The ration allowance of a flying cadet shall not exceed $1 per day, and his other allowances shall be those of a private, first class, Air Service.

Upon completion of a course prescribed for flying cadets, each flying cadet, if he so desires, may be discharged and commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Officers' Reserve Corps: Provided, That the Secretary of War is authorized to discharge at any time any flying cadet whose discharge shall have been recommended by a board of not less than three officers. (Act of July 11, 1919.)

12. The Officers' Reserve Corps is established for the purpose of providing a reserve of officers available for military service when needed. It is not a separate component of the Army, but is the corps which furnishes the necessary reserve officers for assignment to all components of the Army of the United States. Its members will therefore normally be assigned or attached to authorized organizations of the Army of the United States in time of peace. The numbers of reserve officers assigned or attached to organizations of the Organized Reserves in time of peace will not be limited to the strict requirements of tables of organization, but will include the officers required for replacements and for the formation of such new and additional units as may be required after the initial mobilization. Appointment as a reserve officer is not, in any case, to be the mere conferring of a rank, but is made to fill an office in which service may be rendered. Appointments are not honorary or rewards for past service, but are based primarily upon the qualifications of the appointee to perform satisfactorily the duties of a particular office.

13. In view of the large number of reserve officers needed and the experience had in the World War in developing officer material, it is essential, in building up and maintaining the necessary number, that cognizance be taken of the widely different qualifications required for filling various offices. Good combat officers are difficult to obtain and should not be used for noncombatant duty if it can be avoided. Conversely, the required technical experts and specialists should be provided and utilized in their proper spheres. With this in mind reserve officers are divided into two general classes.

14. The two general classes of reserve officers are the following:

a. Officers for service with troops.-This class includes all officers directly concerned with the tactical handling of troops. As there is no vocation in civil life that fully fits any individual for the tactical handling of troops, officers appointed for this class of service must be qualified by military training and experience. They must also be prepared, after appointment, to devote a reasonable amount of time to military instruction and preparation for combat duty, and to the performance of the peace time duties pertaining to the organizations to which they may be assigned. All officers of Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Coast Artillery are in this class. Officers of other branches of the service are in this class only in case of

appointment for duty directly concerned with the tactical handling of troops.

b. Officers for special service.-This class includes officers not concerned with the tactical handling of troops, and, in general, includes those officers whose duties in the Army are along the lines of a profession or occupation in civil life. As their work in civil life, to a great extent, fits such officers for their contemplated service in the Army, they may be appointed largely on their professional or occupational standing and experience. After appointment they should be prepared, in general, to devote such time to military instruction as will enable them to know how their special qualifications fit into and can be best utilized in the military service, and to the performance of the peace time duties of the organizations to which they may be assigned.

15. For duty with troops military knowledge, leadership, tactical ability, and physical endurance are necessary in addition to the qualities of moral fitness and general education required for all officers. It is not to be expected that new appointees be wholly proficient in all the military details of their offices. The standard for initial appointment is that the appointee should have the requisite basic qualifications as hereafter defined in these regulations and sufficient ability to perfect himself in the duties of the grade and branch of the service to which appointed. In his subsequent service with his organization and during periods of active service for training his progress will be verified, as well as his probable qualification for promotion.

16. For special service the duties involve a limited knowledge of organization and the care and use of troops. The special service, however, will be along the lines of civil professions or occupations. The primary requisites, in addition to the fundamental qualities of moral fitness and general education, are satisfactory knowledge of and standing in some profession or occupation, with ability to adapt such knowledge to the requirements of military service.

17. In making appointments, the class of duty for which appointment is desired will be given due consideration. Applicants, in submitting applications, and examining boards, in conducting examinations, will be guided by the general principles stated herein,

18. There are three general methods of determining the qualifications of an applicant for appointment:

(a) Examination of his record;

(b) Attendance at a course of instruction;

(c) Personal examination.

The first method applies primarily to persons who have served as officers during the World War and from whose records qualification for appointment may be determined. The second method applies to persons qualifying at training camps, to Reserve Officers' Training Corps students, flying cadets, etc. The third method applies to all persons not covered by the first and second methods.

19. The law confers certain eligibility for appointment on persons who served as officers during the World War. Such appointments can generally be made from an examination of records, but as tinie elapses records of World War service become less reliable and valuable as evidence of fitness for appointment. Individuals change, as do also the requirements of the military service. Some instruction and training are necessary to keep persons who have served in the Army qualified for service in a future emergency. World War records can not be accepted for an indefinite time as

evidence of qualifications for appointment. Furthermore, after the Officers' Reserve Corps has reached its required strength, vacancies in grades above the lowest should be filled by promotion, rather than by making new appointments. Prompt mobilization in an emergency requires that officers be already enrolled and does not permit of the delay incident to reviewing past records and ascertaining the physical and other fitness of applicants for appointment. World War veterans are needed and their services are urgently desired without delay to assist in the organization and development of the Army of the United States under the provisions of the amended National Defense Act. From a consideration of all factors it has been deemed expedient to place a time limit, until November 11, 1923 (five years after the termination of hostilities), upon the appointment of former officers by an examination of their records alone. After that date World War service will receive due consideration, but will not, of itself, be accepted as evidence of qualification for appointment, and additional demonstration of qualification by examination will be required. The time limit placed is reasonable and allows ample time for former officers, who so desire, to become members of the Officers' Reserve Corps.

20. The National Defense Act permits officers of the National Guard to hold commissions in the Officers' Reserve Corps. Such dual commissions are desirable, with the understanding that the individual is not thereby placed in the status of a reservist in two capacities. National Guard offcers, when appointed in the Officers' Reserve Corps, remain assigned to and receive their training with the National Guard and, in the event of an emergency, will be drafted into Federal service with that component of the Army. When drafted into Federal service, National Guard officers stand discharged from the Militia and, incidentally, of their commissions in the National Guard; and in order that they may be continued as commissioned officers in the military service of the United States, in time of war, they must be given appointments in the Officers' Reserve Corps, if such National Guard officers do not at the time of their being so discharged already hold commissions in the Officers' Reserve Corps. Under the National Defense Act all commissions in time of war, other than those in the Regular Army, must be in the Officers' Reserve Corps. The granting of reserve commissions to National Guard officers in time of peace is thus merely a timely anticipation of action that would be necessary in the event of a draft into Federal service. Through such reserve commissions National Guard officers also have enlarged opportunities for training with other components of the Army of the United States. So far as the law permits the reserve commission will be in the same grade and branch as the National Guard commission. If, for any reason, the reserve commission can not legally be given in the same grade and branch as the National Guard commission, its issue will be deferred and appropriate adjustment made as soon as circumstances permit.

21. One means by which warrant officers and enlisted men of the Regu lar Army and National Guard may secure appointment in the Officers' Reserve Corps is by qualification at training camps. Many will not have an opportunity to attend these camps, as the funds available and the facili ties of the camps will be needed primarily for the development of civilian candidates. Consequently, an opportunity is provided for warrant officers and enlisted men, while serving with their organizations, to be given courses of instruction and training that will fit them for reserve commissions, such courses terminating in an examination for appointment.