CHAPTER IX Education in the Sixteenth Century. Froude, History of England, I, 53-55. Green, History of the English People, II, 85, 286. Traill, III, 85-98, 228-230. Harrison, England, ch. XXV. Ascham, The Schoolmaster, account of Lady Jane Grey (Arber Reprint). Sir Francis Drake. Corbett, Drake. Froude, English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century, 68, 105-140, 174-200, 224-237. Raleigh, Last Fight of the Revenge (Arber Reprint). Barnes, Drake and his Yeomen (Macmillan). CHAPTER X Attack on the Five Members. Green, History of the English People, III, 212-214. Gardiner, S. R., History of England, 1603–1642, X, 128-151. Clarendon, Characters and Episodes of the Great Rebellion, 88-94. The Agreement of the People and the Constitution of the United States. Gardiner, S. R., History of the Great Civil War, III, ch. LV. Text of Agreement, Gardiner, III. Appendix. In final form, Gardiner, Constitutional Documents, p. 270; Old South Leaflets, No. 26. United States Constitution, Old South Leaflets, No. 1. Montrose. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War. See Index under Montrose. Morris, M., Montrose. Clarendon, Characters and Episodes, 78, 79, 236-241. Scott, The Legend of Montrose. CHAPTER XI Dryden and the Whigs. Green, History of the English People, III, 442-448. Traill, IV, 430-432, 436. Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel. Trial of the Seven Bishops. Macaulay, History of England, II, ch. VIII. Hale, Fall of the Stuarts, 119–122 (Epoch Series). CHAPTER XII Political Corruption in the Eighteenth Century. May, Constitutional History of England, I, 333–390 (Longmans). Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century, II, 45-63; III, 367-371 (Cabinet ed.). Trevelyan, American Revolution, 210–227. Walpole, S., Electorate and Legislature, 78-85 (Citizen Series, Macmillan). Mulock, John Halifax, 276–286. Power of the Press. Traill, IV, 322, 383, 597; V, 351-353. Lecky, II, 50; III, 441-489. Macaulay, History of England. Representative British Orations, III. CHAPTER XIII See Wakeman, Fox. Adams, Bright, III. See Index. Chatham. Macaulay, Essays on Chatham, Lecky, I, 381-404. Adams, Representative British Orations, I. Political Orations (Camelot Series). The East India Company. Payne, History of European Colonies, 57, 61, 140, 144. Gibbins, British Commerce and Colonies, 8, 9, 65– 79. Lecky, IV, 262–286; V, 227-239. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, ch. XXXVI. CHAPTER XIV Battle of Trafalgar. Bright, III, 1265. Russell, Clark, Pictures from the Life of Nelson, ch. XI. Mahan, The Life of Nelson, II, chs. XXII, XXIII. Daniel O'Connell. Bright, III and IV. See Index under O'Connell. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, ch. XII. Lawless, Ireland, ch. LV (Nations). Nineteenth Century Review, January, 1889. Article by Gladstone. Wagner, Modern Political Ora tions. The Queen in the Constitution. Taswell-Langmead, English Constitutional History, 703-711. May, Constitutional History, I, 154– 166. Fonblanque, How We are Governed, Letter II. Bagehot, The English Constitution, ch. III (Appleton). CHAPTER XV Child Labor and Lord Shaftesbury. Taylor, W. C., The Factory System and the Factory Acts, 35-49, 123-125. Gibbins, Industrial History of England, 178-186. Walpole, S., History of England, III, 199– 208. Hodder, Life of Shaftesbury, II. Mor Repeal of the Corn Laws. Bright, IV. See Index under Corn Laws. CHAPTER XVI Government of Canada. Payne, History of European Colonies, ch. XI. McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, chs. III, LV. Roberts, A History of Canada, chs. XVIII-XXII (Boston, Lamson). Bourinot, Canada, chs. XXII, XXIV, XXV (Nations). Imperial Federation. Parkin, G. R., Imperial Federation (Macmillan). Smith, Goldwin, Essays on Questions of the Day (Macmillan). Contemporary Review, January and April, 1870. Century, 15: 187. North American Review, 157: 485. Nineteenth Century Review, 30: 480, 490, 509. CHAPTER I PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRITISH ISLES Books for Consultation Strabo, Geography, Bk. IV, ch. V. Gildas's Works, Pt. III. Alfred's description of Britain, Introduction to Orosius. Cunningham, Outlines of English Industrial History, ch. II. The British Isles. The home of the English people is a group of islands, some five thousand in number, lying off the west coast of Europe. They look on the map like icebergs floating away from a huge old glacier. Most of them are mere ledges of rock, lifting a few acres of grassland beyond reach of the waves. Some are so bare that they only serve as haunts for sea-birds, many are picturesque and romantic, but Great Britain and Ireland alone are of sufficient size to play any considerable part in the national history. The area of the British Isles is one hundred and twenty thousand square miles, about 45 part of the land surface of the globe. In extent they are somewhat larger than New England, somewhat less than Japan. This seems too small a country to exercise a great influence in the world, yet the English government controls to-day nearly one-fourth of the earth's area. The population of the British Empire is ten times that of the British Isles. Nineteenth-century Englishmen boast, and with good reason, that the sun never sets on her Majesty's dominions. How 1 Staffa and Iona, Holy Isle, and the Isle of Wight have furnished refuge to persecuted saints and kings. can we account for this extraordinary national development? Much is doubtless due to certain inherent qualities in the English people, but much is the result of environment. We must ascertain, first of all, what in the physical make-up of the British Isles has contributed to the success of the English race. Relation to Europe. - The most apparent fact regarding these islands is that they lie within easy reach of Europe. The intervening body of water is nowhere of great depth, three hundred feet in the English Channel and seventy feet in the North Sea, while at the Straits of Dover the crossing is but twenty miles. The British Isles, geologists tell us, were originally part of the Continent. What is now the bed of the North Sea was once low-lying plain, over which animals now extinct and prehistoric men made their way. At no time has communication been impossible, but it is always attended by hazard. The rudest boat can cross the Channel in calm weather without harm, but these are tempestuous seas, and such storms may rise as put a manof-war in peril. Several times in English history this " wall" has been an effective defence against attack. The great Spanish Armada was dashed in pieces on the Irish coast, and the all-conquering Napoleon failed to effect an invasion of England. In the early centuries of its history, Britain was frequently overrun and subjugated by continental peoples, but the Norman conquerors may be said to have announced England's Monroe doctrine in the eleventh century. Thenceforward the British Isles were not open to colonization. ocean Accessible from the Continent, yet easily independent of it, the English have enjoyed the rare privilege of a free and natural race development. Unhampered by foreign interference, they have dealt with the several problems of political, social, and religious life under conditions comparatively simple, and have arrived at results which, though not perhaps ideal or of universal application, are at least admirably suited to the national character. On the other |