Si neget alimenta decerni posse, vel tutelam redemerit.

§ X. Sed, si quis præsens negat propter inopiam alimenta posse decerni, si hoc per mendacium dicat, remittendum eum esse ad præfectum urbi puniendum placuit, sicut ille remittitur, qui datâ pecuniâ, ministerium tutelæ acquisierit, vel redemerit.

10. But if the tutor appearing, falsely avers, that the effects of his pupil are insufficient for an allowance, he shall be remitted to the præfect of the city, and punished in the same manner, as one who hath acquired a tutelage by bribery.

De liberto fraudulenter administrante. § XI. Libertus quoque, si fraudulenter tutelam filiorum vel nepotum patroni gessisse probetur, ad præfectum urbi remittitur puniendus.

Si suspectus satis offerat; XII. Novissimè autum sciendum est, eos, qui fraudulenter tuteJam administrant, etiamsi satis offerant, removendos esse à tutelâ ; quia satisdatio tutoris propositum malevolum non mutat, sed diutiùs grassandi in re familiari facultatem præstat. Suspectum etiam eum putamus, qui moribus talis est, ut suspectus sit. Enimverò tutor vel curator, quamvis pauper sit, fidelis tamen et diligens, removendus non est, quasi suspectus.

11. Also a freed-man, who is proved to have fraudulently administered the tutelage of the son, or grand-son of his patron, must be remitted to the præfect to be punished.

et quis dicatur suspectus.

§ 12. Lastly, they who unfaithfully administer their trust, must be removed from it, although they tender sufficient security. For giving security alters not the malevolent purpose of the tutor, but procures him a longer opportunity of defrauding the estate. We also deem every man suspected, whose immoralities give cause for it: but a tutor or curator who is faithful and diligent, can not be removed, as a suspected person, merely on account of poverty.

FINIS LIBRI PRIML

K

INSTITUTIONUM

LIBER SECUNDUS.

TITULUS PRIMUS.

DE RERUM DIVISIONE, ET ACQUIRENDO EARUM

DOMINIO.

D. 1. T. 8. C. xli. T. 1.

Continuatio et duplex rerum divisio.

SUPERIORE libro de jure personarum exposuimus; modò videamus de rebus ; quæ vel in nostro patrimonio, vel extrà patrimonium nostrum, habentur. Quædam enim naturali jure communia sunt omnium, quædam publica, quædam universitatis, quædam nullius, pleraque singulorum, quæ ex variis causis cuique acquiruntur, sicut ex subjectis apparebit.

We have treated of persons in the foregoing book; let us now inquire concerning things, which may be divided into such as are, and such as are not within our patrimony, for some things are in common by the law of nature; some are public; some universal; and some there are, to which no man can have a right. But most things are the property of individuals, by whom they are variously acquired, as will appear hereafter.

De aere, aquâ profluente, mari, littore, &c. § I. Et quidem naturali jure communia sunt omnium hæc, aer, aqua profluens, mare, et per hoc littora maris: nemo igitur ad littus maris accedere prohibetur ; prohibetur; dum tamen à villis et monumentis et ædificiis abstineat: quia non sunt juris gentium, sicut est mare.

§ 1. Things common to mankind by the law of nature, are the air, running water, the sea, and consequently the shores of the sea; по man therefore is prohibited from approaching any part of. the seashore, whilst he abstains from damaging farms, monuments, edifices, &c. which are not in common as the sea is

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§ 3. All that tract of land, over which the greatest winter flood extends itself, is the sea-shore.

J. De usu et proprietate riparum. § IV. Riparum quoque usus pub- 4. By the law of nations the use licus est jure gentium, sicut ipsius of the banks is as public as the rifluminis; itaque naves ad eas ap- vers; therefore all persons are ať pellere, funes arboribus ibi natis re- equal liberty to land their vessels, ligare, onus aliquod in his repo- unload them, and to fasten ropes to nere, cuilibet liberum est, sicut per trees upon the banks, as to navigate ipsum flumen navigare :sed pro- upon the river itself; still, the banks prietas earum illorum est, quorum of a river are the property of those aprædiis hærenta quà de causâ arbo-who possess the land adjoining; and res quoque in eisdem natæ eorun-therefore the trees which grow upon dem sunt. them, are also the property of the same persons.

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De usu et proprietate littorum.

V. Littorum quoque usus $5. The use of the sea-shore, as publicus est, et juris gentium, sicut et ipsius maris: et ob id cuilibet liberum est casam ibi ponere, in quam se recipiat, sicut retia siccare, et ex mari deducere; proprietas > autem eorum potest intelligi nullius esse: sed ejusdem juris esse, cujus, et mare, et, quæ subjacet mari, terra vel arena.

well as of the sea, is also public by the law of nations; and therefore any person may erect a cottage upon it, to which he may resort to dry his nets, and hawl them from the waters for the shores are not understood to be property in any man, but are compared to the sea itself, and to the sand or ground which is under the sea.

De rebus universitatis.

VI. Universitatis sunt, non

6. Theatres, ground appropri

singulorum, quæ in civitatibus sunt, ated for a race, or public exercise,

8. Things, which have been

AS VIII. Sacræ res sunt, quæ ritè per pontifices Deo consecratæ sunt; duly consecrated by the pontiffs, are veluti ædes sacræ, et donaria, quæ -sacred; as churches, chapels, and rite ad ministerium Dei dedicata moveables, properly dedicated to the sunt ; quæ etiam per nostram con- service of God: which we have stitutionem alienari et obligàri pro- forbidden by our constitution to be ahibuimus, exceptâ causâ redemp- liened or obligated, unless for the retionis captivorum. Si quis autem demption of captives. But, if a auctoritate suâ quasi sacrum sibi man should consecrate a building constituerit, sacrum non est, sed by his own authority, it would not profanum. Locus autem, in quo - thus be rendered sacred; but the ædes sacræ sunt ædificatæ, etiam, ground upon which a sacred edifice diruto ædificio, sacer adhuc manet, hath once been erected, will, accordut et Papinianus scripsit. ing to Papinian, continue to be sacred, although the edifice is destroyed.

De religiosis.

5 IX. Religiosum locum unusquisque sua voluntate facit, dum mortuum infert in locum suum: in communem autem locum purum, invito socio, inferre non licet: in commune verò sepulchrum etiam, invitis cæteris, licet inferre. Item, si alienus ususfructus est, proprietarium placet, nisi consentiente usufructuario, locum religiosum non facere. In alienum locum, consentiente domino, licèt inferre; et, licèt postea ratum non habuerit, quam

§ 9. Any man may at his will render his own place religious, by making it the repository of a dead body; yet, when two are joint possessors of ground, not before used for such a purpose, the one cannot make it religious without consent of the other. But, when there is a sepulchre in common, any joint possessor may use it, although the rest dissent. And, when there is a proprietor, and an usufructuary, of the same place, the proprietor, without the consent of