De ignorantiâ testatoris. 6 X. Non esse autem admittendam excusationem ejus, qui hoc solo utitur, quod ignotus patri pupillorum sit, Divi fratres rescripse runt. 10. The divine brothers have enacted by their rescript, that the pretence of being unknown to the father of a pupil is not of itself a suffi cient excuse. De inimicitiis cum patre pupilli vel adulti. 6 XI. Inimicitiæ, quas quis cum patre pupillorum vel adultorum exercuit, si capitales fuerunt, nec reconciliatio intervenit, à tutelâ vel curâ solent excusare. § 11. A capital enmity, against the father of a pupil or adult, unreconciled, is usually considered as an excuse from tutelage or curatorship. De status controversiâ à patre pupilli illatâ. § XII. Item is, qui status controversiam à pupillorum patre passus est, excusatur à tutelâ. § 12. Also he, whose condition hath been controverted by the father of the pupil, is excused from the tutelage. De ætate. § XIII. Item major septuaginta annis à tutelâ et curà se potest excusare. Minores autem viginti quinque annis olim quidem excusabantur: nostra autem constitutione prohibentur ad tutelam vel curam adspirare adeò ut nec excusatione opus sit. Quâ constitutione cavetur, ut nec pupillus ad legitimam tutelam vocetur, nec adultus: cum sit incivile, eos, qui alieno auxilio in rebus suis administrandis egere noscuntur, et ab aliis reguntur, aliorum tutelam vel curam subire. 13. Persons above seventy years of age, may be excused from tutelage and curation. Also minors were formerly excusable; but, by our constitution, they are now prohibited from aspiring to these trusts; so that excuses are become unnecessary. By the same constitution, neither pupils, nor adults, shall be called even to a legal tutelage. For it is absurd that persons, who are themselves governed, and need assistance in the administration of their own affairs, should be admitted, either as tutors or curators, to manage the affairs of others. De militiâ. XIV. Idem et in milite obser vadum est, ut nec volens ad tutelæ person, although willing, can be ad 14. Note also, that no military onus admittatur. mitted tutor or curator. De grammaticis, rhetoribus, et medicis. XV. Item Romæ grammatici, rhetores, et medici, et qui in patriâ suá has artes exercent, et intra numerum sunt, à tutela et curà habent vacationem. De tempore et modo § XVI. Qui autem se vult excusare, si plures habeat excusationes, et de quibusdam non probaverit, aliis uti, intra tempora constituta, non prohibetur. Qui autem excusare se volunt, non appellant, sed intra quinquaginta dies continuos, ex quo cognoverint se tutores vel curatores datos, se excusare debent, cujuscunque generis sint; id est, qualitercunque dati fuerint tutores, si intra centesimum lapidem sint ab eo loco, ubi tutores dati sunt. Si vero ultra centesimum lapidem habitant, dinumeratione factâ viginti millium diurnorum, et amplius triginta dierum; qui tamen, ut Scævola dicebat, sic debent computari, ne minus sint, quam quinquaginta dies, 9 $15. At Rome, grammarians, rhetoricians, and physicians, and they who exercise such professions in their own country, within the number authorised, are exempted from tutelage and curation. proponendi excusationes. 16. He who can allege many excuses, and hath failed in his proof of some, is not prohibited from assigning others within the time prescribed. But tutors and curators of whatever kind, whether legal, testamentary, or dative, (if desirous to excuse themselves) ought not to prefer an appeal from their appointment; but they should exhibit their excuses before the proper magistrate, within fifty days after they are certified of their nomination, if they are within an hundred miles from the place of nomination. But, if they are distant more than an hundred miles, they are allowed a day for every twenty miles, and thirty days besides; which, taken together, ought never, according to Scævola, to make a less number of days than fifty. De excusatione pro parte patrimonii. XVII. Datus autem tutor ad universum patrimonium datus esse creditur. § 17. When a tutor is appointed, he is considered as having the care of the whole patrimony of his pupil. De tutelæ gestione. § XVIII. Qui tutelam alicujus gessit, invitus curator ejusdem ficri non compellitur; in tantum ut, licet pater-familias, qui testamento tutorem dedit, adjecerit se eundem 18. A tutor of a minor, can not be compelled to become his curator: and, by the rescript of the emperors Severus and Antoninus, although the father of a family should, by testa Qui suspecti fieri possunt. § II. Ostendimus, qui possunt de suspecto cognoscere; nunc videamus, qui suspecti fieri possint: et possunt quidem omnes tutores fieri suspecti, sive sint testamentarii, sive non sint, sed alterius generis tutores. Quare etsi legitimus fuerit tutor, accusari poterit. Quid si patronus? Adhuc idem erit dicendum: dummodo meminerimus, famæ patroni parcendum esse, licet ut suspectus remotus fuerit. § 2. We have shewn what magistrates may take cognisance of suspected persons: let us now inquire, what persons may become suspected. And all tutors may become so, whether testamentary, or other. For even a legal tutor may be accused; so may a patron: but we must remember, that, as such, his reputation must be spared, although he be removed from his trust, as a suspected person. Qui possunt suspectos postulare. § III. Consequens est, ut videamus, qui possint suspectos postulare. Et sciendum est, quasi publicam esse hanc accusationem; hoc est, omnibus patere. Quinimo mulieres admittuntur ex rescripto divorum Severi et Antonini; sed hæ solæ, quæ, pietatis necessitudine ductæ, ad hoc procedunt: ut puta mater, nutrix quoque et avia: potest et soror. Sed et, si qua alia mulier fuerit, quam prætor propensâ pietate intellexerit, sexûs verecundiam non egredientem, sed pietate productam, non sustinere injuriam pupillorum, admittet eam ad accusationem. §3. Let us then inquire, by whom suspected persons may be accused. Now an accusation of this sort is of a public nature, and open to all. For, by a rescript of the emperors Severus and Antoninus, even women are admitted to be accusers; yet such only, as are induced by their duty, or by their relation to the minor; thus a mother, a nurse, or a grand-mother, or a sister, may become accusers. But the prætor can at discretion admit any woman, who acting with becoming modesty, but impatient of wrongs offered to pupils, appears to have no other motive, than to relieve the injured. An pubes vel impubes. IV. Impuberes non possunt tutores suos suspectos postulare: puberes autem curatores suos ex consilio necessariorum suspectos possunt arguere: et ita Divi Severus et Antoninus rescripserunt. 4. No pupil can bring an accusation of suspicion against his tutor; but adults, by the rescript of Severus and Antoninus, are permitted, when they act by advice of persons related to them, to accuse their curators. (Prochein ami.) Quibus modis cognitio finitur. VIII. Sed, si suspecti cognitio suscepta fuerit, posteaque tutor vel curator decesserit, extinguitur suspecti cognitio. Si tutor copiam § IX. Si quis tutor copiam sui non faciat, ut alimenta pupillo decernantur, cavetur epistolâ divorum Severi et Antonini, ut in possessionem bonorum ejus pupillus mittatur; et, quæ morâ deteriora futura sunt, dato curatore, distrahi jubentur: ergo, ut suspectus, removeri poterit, qui non præstat alimenta. § 8. If a suspected tutor or curator should die, pending the accusation, the cognisance of it is extinguished. sui non faciat. 9. If a tutor fails to appear, to avoid a decree of maintenance for his pupil, it is provided by the constitution of Severus and Antoninus, that the pupil shall be put into the possession of his tutor's effects; and that, a curator being appointed, those things, which are perishable, may be sold: and a tutor, not affording maintenance to his pupil, may be removed, as suspected. |