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ΚΕΦ. Γ.

Περι διαδοχης των ἐκ πλαγιές καλοντων.

και

CAP. III.

De successione ex latere venientium.

Ει τοίνυν ὁ τελεύτησας μηδε κατιονίας μη- Si igitur defunctus neque descendenδε άνιονίας καταλειψης πρώτης προς την tes neque ascendentes reliquerit, priκληρονομίαν καλέμεν τις άδελφες και mos ad hæreditatem vocamus fratres τας ἀδελφας τες ἐκ τὸ αὐτε παῖρος et sorores ex eodem patre et ex eadem της αύτης μήρος τεχθέντας, ως και μελα matre natos, quos etiam cum patribus των πατέρων προς την κληρονομίαν έκα- ad hæreditatem vocavimus. His autem λεσαμεν. Τελων δε μη ὑποίων, ἐν δεύτερα non existentibus, in secundo ordine ilτάξει έκεινες τες άδελφος προς την κληρο- los fratres ad hæreditatem vocamus, νομίαν καλεμεν, οἱ τινες ἐξ ἑνος γονέως συ- qui ex uno parente conjuncti sunt deνα πλονται τῷ τελευ]ησαν]ι, είτε δια το πα- functo, sive per patrem solum, sive per Προς μονς, είτε δια της μήτρας Ει δε τα matrem. Si autem defuncto fratres fuτελευ]ησαντι ἀδελφοι ὑποίησαν, και έτερα erint, et alterius fratris aut sororis przἀδελφε ἡ ἀδελφης προτελευτησαντων παίδες, mortuorum filii, vocabuntur ad hærediκληθήσονται προς την κληρονομίαν έτοι μετα tatem isti cum de patre et matre thiis, των προς πατρος και προς μητρος θείων άρ- masculis et feminis: et, quanticunque ξένων τε και θηλειών και, όσοι δηποτε ἐν fuerint, tantam ex hæreditate percipiώσι, τοσεῖον ἐκ της κληρονομίας λήψονται με - ent portionem, quantam eorum parens όσον ὁ αὐτων γονευς έμελλε λαμβανειν, futurus esset accipere, si superstes es3ος, εἰ ἐπέζησεν. Οθεν ἀκολυθον ἔσιν, ἵνα, εἰ τυ set. Unde consequens est, ut, si forte χον ὁ προτελευτησας ἀδελφος, ὁ οἱ παιδες præmortuus frater, cujus filii vivunt, περίεισι, δι έκαλεσε γονέως τῳ νυν τελευτη- per utrumque parentem nunc defuncταντι προσωπω συνηπλετο, οι δε περιοντες tæ personæ jungebatur, superstites auάδελφοι δια τε πατρα μονε τυχον, ή της tem fratres per patrem solum forsan μητρο, αὐτῷ συνηπίοντο, προτιμηθωσιν οἱ aut matrem ei jungebantur, præponanτοτε παίδες των ίδιων θείων, εἰ και τριτο tur istius filii propriis thiis, licet in terεἰσι βαθμό, είτε προς πατρος είτε προ μη- tio sint gradu, (sive a patre sive a maτραν είησαν οἱ θείοι, και είτε άρρενες είτε tre sint thii, et sive masculi sive femiθηλείαι, ὥσπερ ὁ αὐτων γονευς προετιματο, næ,) sicut eorum parens præponeretur, εἰ περιην. Και ἐκ τῶν ἐναντιων, εἰ ὁ μεν πε- si viveret. Et ex diverso, siquidem suρίων άδελφος ἐξ ἑκαλερο γονέας συναπολλαι perstes frater ex utroque parente conτῷ τελευτησαντι, ο δε προτελευτησας δι ενος jungitur defuncto, præmortuus autem γονέως συνήπτετο, τες τότε παίδας ἐκ της per unum parentem jungebatur, hujus κληρονομιας ἀποκλειομεν, ὥσπερ καὶ αὐτος, flios ab hæreditate excludimus, sicut εἰ περιην, ἐξεκλειείο. Το δε τοιδίου προνομια ipse, si viveret, ab hæreditate excludeον ἐν ταύξῃ τῇ ταξει της συγγένειας μονοις batur. Hujusmodi vero privilegium in παρέχομεν τοις των αδελφων, αρρενων ή θη- hoc ordine cognationis solis præbemus λείων, υίοις ή θυγατράσιν, ἵνα εἰς τα fratrum masculorum et fœminarum fiδιων γονέων δικαια ὑπεισελθωσιν έδενε δε liis aut filiabus, ut in suorum parentum

των

399

ἄλλῳ παντελως προσώπως ἐκ ταυτης της τάξεως ἐρχομεν, τόλο το δίκαιον συγχωξεμεν. Αλλα και αύτοις τοις των άδελΦων παιτι τοτε ταύτην την εὐεργεσιαν παρεχομεν, ότε μέλα των ίδιων κρίνονται θείων, αρρενων τε και θηλείων, είτε προς παρος είτε προς μητρος είεν. Ει δε μετα των άδελφων τα τελευτησαντος και άνουλες, ώς ήδη προειπομεν, προς την κληρονομίαν καλείται, ἔδενι τροπο προς την ἐξ αδιαθετη διαδοχην

τες τὰ ἀδελφε ή της αδελφής παίδας και λείσθαι συγχωρεμεν· ἐδε εἰ ἐξ ἑκατέρα γoveως ὁ αὐτων πάλης ή μητηρ συνήπτείο το τε τε. λεύλη ανι. Οπότε τοινυν τοις τα άδελφε και της άδελφης παισι τοιείο προνόμιον δεδωκα.

μεν.

ένα τον

των γονέων ὑπεισιονες τοπον, μονοι τρις όλες βαθμό, μέλα των ἐκ δεντερό βαθμό προς την κληρονομίαν καλωαι· ἔκεινο προδηλον ἐσιν, ότι των θείων τα τελευΘησαύλος ἀρρενων τε και θηλείων, είτε παρος είτε προς μήρος είησαν, πρόμωνται, εἰ και έκεινοι τριτον όμοιως συγγένειας βαθμον έχοιεν.

προς

Εἰ δε μήτε ἀδελφος, μήτε παιδας αδελφων, ὡς εἰρηκαμεν, ὁ τελεύτησας καλαλείψει, πανίας της ἐφεξῆς ἐκ πλαγις συγγενεις προς την κληρονομίαν καλεμεν, κατα την ένος έκας» βαθμό προτιμησιν, ἵνα οἱ ἐγ[ύτεροι τῷ βαθ. μῳ αὐτοι των λοιπων προτιμώνται· εἰ δε πολλοι τε αὐτε βαθμό εὑρεθωσι, κατα τον των προσωπων ἀριθμον μεταξυ αυτων ἡ κληρονομια διαιρεθησεται όπερ in capita οἱ ημετεροι

λέγεσι νομοί.

jura succedant; nulli enim alii omnino personæ, ex hoc ordine venienti, hoc jus largimur. Sed et ipsis fratrum filiis tunc hoc beneficium conferimus, quando cum propriis judicantur thiis,masculis et fœminis, sive paterni sive materni sint. Si autem cum fratribus defuncti etiam ascendentes, (sicut jam diximus) ad hæreditatem vocantur, nullo modo ad successionem ab intestato fratris aut sororis filios vocari permittimus; neque si ex utroque parente eorum pater aut mater defuncto jungebatur. Quandoquidem igitur fratris et sororis filiis tale privilegium dedimus, ut, in propriorum parentum succedentes locum, soli in tertio constituti gradu, cum iis, qui in secundo gradu sunt, ad hæreditatem vocentur; illud palam est, quia thiis defuncti masculis et fœminis, sive a patre sive a matre, præponuntur, si etiam ilii tertium cognationis similiter obuineant gradum. Si vero neque fratres, neque filios fratrum, sicut diximus, defunctus reliquerit, omnes deinceps a latere cognatos ad hæreditatem vocamus, secundum uniuscujusque gradus prærogativam, ut viciniores gradu ipse reliquis præponantur. Si autem plurimi ejusdem gradus inveniantur, secundum personarum numerum inter eos hæreditas dividatur; quod in capita nostra leges appellant.

CHAPTER III.

Of the succession of collaterals.

If a man leaves neither descendants nor ascendants at the time of his death, we first call his brothers and sisters of the whole blood, whom we have also called to inherit with the fathers of deceased persons.

But, when there are no brothers of the whole blood with the deceased, we call those, who are either by the same father only, or by the same mother. And, if the deceased leaves brothers and also nephews by a deceased brother or sister, these nephews shall be called to succeed with their uncles and aunts of the whole

blood to the deceased; but, however numerous these nephews are, they shall be entitled only to that share, which their parent would have taken, if alive. From whence it follows, that, if a man dies and is survived by the children of a deceased brother of the whole blood, and also by brothers of the half blood, then his nephews, [that is, the children of his brother, by the whole blood,] are to be preferred to their uncles and aunts; for, although such nephews are themselves in the third degree, yet they are preferred, as their parent would have been, if living. And, on the contrary, if a man dies, and is survived by a brother of the whole blood, and by children of a brother of the half blood deceased, these nephews are excluded, as their father would have been, if he had lived. But among collaterals we allow the privilege of representation to the sons and daughters of brothers and sisters, and no farther; and we grant it only to brothers and sisters' children, when they concur with their uncles or aunts, paternal or maternal: for, when ascendants are called to inherit, we by no means permit the children of a deceased brother or sister to share in the succession; although the father or mother was of the whole blood with the deceased brother But we have so far allowed the right of representation to brothers and sisters' children, that, being only in the third degree, they are called to inherit with those, who are in the second; and this is evident, because brothers and sisters' children are preferred to the uncles and aunts of the deceased, paternal as well as maternal; although they are all in the third degree of cognation.

But, if a deceased person leaves neither brothers nor brothers' children, we then call all the other collaterals according to the prerogative of their respective degrees, preferring the nearer to the more remote; and, if many are found in th same degree, the inheritance must be divided according to the number of persons; and our laws distinguish this manner of dividing an inheritance by calling it a division in capita.

Igwlus wgos The goveμav. Primos ad hæreditatem vocamus.] We must here observe in relation to the distinction between the whole blood and the half blood, that in England the rules of law are different, according to the nature of the estate, which is to be taken; for, in case of lands the whole blood is always preferred, and the half blood is no blood inheritable by descent. 1 Co inst. 14 a. But, in respect to personal estate, the law has not always been fixed and certain; inasmuch as the statute of the 23d of Car. II. [for the better settlement of the estates of intestates] takes no notice of this distinction between the whole blood and the half blood, but directs, that distribution shall be made among all those, who are in equal degree of kindred to the intestate But, it being certain, that brothers and sisters of the half blood are in the same degree with brothers and sisters of the whole blood, it hath been the general opinion, that brothers and sisters of the half blood were entitled, by virtue of

the statute, to an equal share of the intestate's estate, with the brothers and sisters of the whole blood, although there are several precedents of judgments given, since the sta tute, allowing the half blood to have but an half s are. But the law in this respect has been fully settled ever since the decree of the house of 1 rds in the case of Watts and others versus Crooke, upon an appeal from a decree in chancery, which had been given in favour of the half blood, and was affirmed by the house. Vid. Showers's Cases in Par. 108, and Strahan's Domat. 685. 2 Mod 204. Harris. Οὐδενι τροπω.

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Nullo modo] "Sancimus, ut, "si quis moriens relinquat ascendentium aliquem et fratres, qui possint cum parenti"bus voceri, et alterius præmortui fratris fi"lios, cum ascendentibus et fratribus vocen"tur etiam præmortui fratris filii, et tantam "accipiant portionem, quantum eorum futu"rus erat pater accipiere, si vixisset." Vid. Nov. cxxvii. cap. 1. Harris.

END OF THE INSTITUTES.

NOTES

AND

REFERENCES.

PROEMIUM, OR PREFACE.

DE CONFIRMATIONE INSTITUTIONUM.... Page 1.

THIS amounts to an imperial constitution, giving a Sanction, to this compilation by Tribonian and his associates.

In nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi. This is elsewhere used, as in the second and third confirmations of the digests, in the confirmation of the code, and of several of the novels. In nomine Domini nostri Jesu Christi, ad omnia consilia omnesque actus semper progredimur. Cod. 1. 27. 2. pr. Hence the usual solemn form of beginning last wills and testaments, IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. That the ancient Romans, seldom entered on a business of importance sine consilio deorum et ope invocata, I am aware; but I suspect this practice, was rather of Christian origin: 3 Coloss. 17. "Whatever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God, and the father by him." See Dr. Taylor's observations on the proemium of the Institutes, Elem. Civ. Law. qto. 28. This form of testamentary introduction, cannot be necessary, unless under some precise and positive institution; of which I know none in the English or American law. I refer to Taylor, (loc. cit.) for a full dissertation on the titles assumed by the emperor, of which the following is a concise account.

Emperor. Imperator. Originally conferred on victorious generals, but first assumed as an imperial title by Augustus Cæsar.

Cæsar. A name that belonged to the family of Julius Cæsar as a Cognomen ; and adopted by the emperors from Augustus to Nero. It was hen given to the next in succession (destinati imperio) who were denominated nobilissimi Cæsares: it was reassumed by the emperors, on the removal of the government from Rome to Byzantium.

Flavius. Borrowed from the Vespasian family, and retained by many of the emperors after Vespasian; it was then dropt for some time, and reassumed by the fourth predecessor of Justinian.

Justinian. The proper name of the emperor.

Allemanicus, Geticus, &c. From the nations he claimed to have sub

dued.

Pius. A sir-name or agnomen, first imagined for Tiberius, the heir of Augustus, but not assumed. It was afterwards used by Antoninus and his successors.

Felix. A name which Sylla first took to himself after the death of the younger Marius: among the emperors, first assumed by Commodus.

Triumphator. From having triumphed in consequence of victories over the Persians and Vandals. Victor and Triumphator, were titles commonly assumed from the time of Constantine the Great. Justinian was also often in camp, saluted CALLINICUS by acclamation: a greek title of the same import as victorious. Triumphator, was never given for the recovery of territory, but only when there was accession by conquest. So Q. Fulvius and L. Opimius were denied a triumph, because they only recovered Capua, and Fragellæ. 2 Val. Max. 8. 4.

Augustus. A question arose in the senate, (anno urb. cond. 727) whether the title Romulus, or Augustus, should be conferred on Octavian. From 63 Dion. Cassius, it should seem, he would have preferred the former title, but on the motion of Munatius Plancus, the name Augustus was preferred; and adopted by his successors. Though it was also assumed by several of the imperial family (as by Germanicus) who were not emperors. After the time of Diocletian, it was changed into Semper Augustus.

De usu Armorum et legum. Imperiam Majestatem. Majestas, during the time of the republic, meant somewhat like the modern phrase, the majesty of the people: implying the ultimate source of political power. It was afterwards applied to delegated authority, as that of prætors, judges, &c. Then to parental authority when it included the power of life and death: Majestas Patria. xxxiv. Livy. 2. has majestas matronarum: Pliny ix. 60 majestas pueritia. When the people by the

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