De captivitate et postliminio. V. Si ab hostibus captus fuerit parens, quamvis servus hostium fiat, tamen pendet jus liberorum, propter jus postliminii: quia hi, qui ab hostibus capti sunt, si reversi fuerint, omnia pristina jura recipiunt: idcircò reversus etiam liberos habebit in potestate : quia postliminium fingit eum, qui captus est, in civitate semper fuisse. Si verò ibi decesserit, exindè, ex quo captus est pater, filius sui juris fuisse videtur. Ipse quoque filius, neposve, si ab hostibus captus fuerit, similiter dicimus, propter jus postliminii, jus quoque potestatis parentis in suspenso esse. Dictum autem est postliminium â limine et post. Unde eum, qui ab hostibus captus est, et in fines nostros postea pervenit, postliminio reversum rectè dicimus. Nam limina sicut in domo finem quendam faciunt, sic et imperii finem esse limen veteres voluerunt. Hinc et limen dictum est, quasi finis quidam et terminus. Ab eo postliminium dictum est, quia ad idem limen revertebatur, quod amiserat. Sed et, qui captus victis hostibus recuperatur, postliminio rediisse existimatur. § 5. If a parent is taken prisoner, although he become a slave, he loses not his paternal power, which re-` mains in suspense by reason of a privilege granted to all prisoners, namely, the right of return: for captives, when they obtain their liberty, are repossessed of all their former rights, in which paternal power is of course included; and, at their return, they are supposed, by a fiction of law, never to have been absent. If a prisoner dies captive, the son's independence is reckoned from the commencement of his father's captivity. Also, if a son, or grand-son, becomes a prisoner, the power of the parent is said, for the reason before assigned, to be only in suspense. The term postliminium is derived from post and limen. We therefore aptly use" the expression reversus postliminio, when a person, who was a captive, returns within our own confines. De emancipatione, item de modis et effectibus ejusdem, § VI. Præterea, emancipatione quoque desinunt liberi in potestate parentum esse. Sed emancipatio antea quidem vel per antiquam legis observationem procedebat, quæ per imaginarias venditiones et intercedentes manumissiones celebraba § 6. Children also cease to be under the power of their parents by e-` mancipation. Emancipation was effected according to our ancient law, either by imaginary sales and intervening manumissions, or by imperial rescript; but it has been our care tur, vel ex imperiali rescripto. to reform these ceremonies by an ex Nostra autem providentiâ etiam hoc in meliùs per constitutionem reformavit; ut, fictione pristinâ explosâ, rectâ viâ ad competentes judices, vel magistratus, parentes intrent, et filios suos vel filias, vel nepotes vel neptes, ac deinceps, a suâ manu dimittant. Et tunc, ex edicto prætoris, in bonis ejusmodi filii vel filiæ, vel nepotis vel neptis qui quæve a parente manumissus vel manumissa fuerit, eadem jura præstantur parenti, quæ tribuuntur patrono in bonis liberti. Et præterea, si impubes sit filius, vel filia, vel cæteri, ipse parens ex manumissione tutelam ejus nansciscitur. Si alii emancipentur, alii § VII. Admonendi autem sumus, liberum arbitrium esse ei, qui filium, et ex eo nepotem, vel neptem, in potestate habet, filium quidem de potestate dimittere, nepotem verò vel neptem retinere : et, è converso, filium quidem in potestate retinere, nepotem verò vel neptem manumittere: vel omnes sui juris efficere. Eadem et de pronepote et pronepte dicta esse intelliguntur. press constitution, so that parents may now have immediate recourse. to the proper judge or magistrate, and emancipate their children, grand-children, &c. of both sexes. And also, by a prætorian edict, the parent is allowed to have the same right in the goods of those, whom he emancipates, as a patron has in the goods of his freed-man. And farther, if the children emancipated are within the age of puberty, the parent, by whom they were emancipated, obtains the right of wardship or tutelage, by the emancipation. retineantur in potestate. § 7. A parent having a son under his power, and by that son a grand-son or grand-daughter, may emancipate his son, and retain his grand-son or grand-daughter in subjection. He may also emancipate his grand-son or grand-daughter,and retain his son; or, he may make them all independent. And the same may be said of a great-grand-son, or a great-grand-daughter. De adoptione. §. VIII. Sed et, si pater filium, quem in potestate habet, avo, vel proavo naturali, secundum nostras constitutiones super his habitas, in adoptionem dederit, id est, si hoc ipsum actis intervenientibus apud competentem judicem manifestaverit, præsente eo, qui adoptatur, et § 8. If a father gives his son in adoption to the natural grand-father or great-grand-father of such son, adhering to our constitutions for that purpose enacted, which enjoin the parent to declare intention before a competent judge, in the presence of the person to be adopted, and also in the non contradicente, nec non eo præsente, qui adoptat, solvitur quidem jus potestatis patris naturalis; transit autem in hujusmodi parentem adoptivum; in cujus personâ et adoptionem esse plenissimam antea diximus. presence of the adoptor, then does the right of paternal power pass wholly from the natural father to the adoptive, in whose person, as we have before observed, adoption has its fullest extent. De nepote nato post filium emancipatum. 6 IX. Illud scire oportet, quod si nurus tua ex filio tuo conceperit, et filium tuum emancipaveris, vel in adoptionem dederis, prægnante nuru tuâ, nihilominus, quod ex eâ nascitur, in potestate tuâ nascitur. Quod si post emancipationem vel adoptionem conceptus fuerit, patris sui emancipati, vel avi adoptivi, potestati subjicitur. An parentes cogi possunt liberos § X. Et quidem neque naturales liberi, neque adoptivi, ullo penè modo possunt cogere parentes de potestate suâ eos dimittere. § 9. It is necessary to be known, that, if u son's wife hath conceived, and you afterwards emancipate that son or give him in adoption, his wife being pregnant, the child will be born under your paternal authority. But if the conception be subsequent to the emancipation or adoption, the child becomes subject at his birth, either to his emancipated father, or his adop tive grand-father. suos de potestate dimittere? 10. Children, either natural or adopted, can rarely compel their parents by any method to dismiss them from subjection. II. Tutores autem sunt, qui eam vim ac potestatem habent; exque ipsâ re nomen acceperunt. Itaque appellantur tutores, quasi tuitores atque defensores; sicut æditui dicuntur, qui ædes tuentur. § 2. Tutors are those, who have this authority and power; and they take their name from the nature of their office. For they are called tutors, quasi tuitores defenders; as those, who have the care of the sacred buildings, are called æditui, quod ædes tueantur. Quibus testamento tutor datur: et primum, de liberis in potestate. § III. Permissum est itaque parentibus liberis impuberibus, quos in potestate habent, testamento tutores dare et hoc in filios filiasque procedit omnimodó: nepotibus vero neptibusque ita demum parentes possunt testamento tutores dare, si post mortem eorum in potestatem patris sui non sunt recasuri. Itaque, si filius tuus, mortis tuæ tempore in potestate tuâ sit, nepotes ex eo non poterunt ex testamento tuo tutores habere, quamvis in potestate tuâ fuerint: scilicet, quia, mortuo te, in potestatem patris sui recasuri sunt. 3. Parents may assign tutors by testament to such of their children as are not arrived at puberty, and are under their power. And this privilege extends without exception over sons and daughters. But grand-fathers can only give tutors to their grand-children, when these cannot fall under the power of their father, after the death of their grandfather. Hence, if your son is in your power at the time of your death, your grand-children by that son can not receive tutors by your testament, although they were actually in your power; because at your decease they will become subject to their father. |