eo, quod metûs causâ factum sit; deque eá pecuniâ, quæ in hoc data sit, ut is, cui datur, calumniæ causâ negotium alicui faceret, vel non faceret. Item ex lege condictitiâ, nostra ex constitutione, oritur, in quadruplum condemnationem imponens iis executoribus litium, qui contra nostræ constitutionis normam à reis quicquam exegerint. for theft manifest, by an action for putting a man in fear, and by an action on account of maney, given to bring on a litigious suit against some third person, or on account of money given to desist from it. A condiction ex lege, for the quadruple value, arises also from our constitution against those officers of courts of justice, who demand any thing from the party defendant, contrary to the regulations of the said constitution. Subdivisio actionum in duplum. XXVI. Sed furti quidem nec manifesti actio et servi corrupti à cæteris, de quibus simul locuti su mus, eo differunt, quod hæ actiones omnimodo dupli sunt; at istæ, id est, damni injuriæ ex lege Aquilia et interdum depositi, inficiatione duplicantur; in confitentem autem in simplum dantur. Sed illa, quæ de iis competit, quæ relicta venerabilibus locis sunt, non solùm inficiatione duplicatur, sed etiam si distulerit relicti solutionem, usque quo jussu magistratuum conveniatur: in confitentem verò, antequam jussu magistratuum conveniatur, solventem, simpli redditur. § 26. But an action of theft not manifest, and an action on account of a slave corrupted, differ from the others, of which we have spoken, in that they always inforce a condemnation in double the value; but in an action, given by the law Aquilia for an injury done, and sometimes in an action of deposit, the double value may be exacted in case of denial; but if the defendant confesses, the single value only can be recovered. In an action brought for a legacy to pious uses, due to any holy place or society, the penalty is not only doubled by the denial of the defendant, but also by any delay of payment, which may be adjudged to have given a just cause for citing the defendant before a magistrate; but if the legacy be paid, before any citation issues at the command of the judge, the single value only can be required. Subdivisio actionum in quadruplum. $ XXVII. Item actio de eo, quod metûs causâ factum sit, à cæteris, de quibus simul locuti sumus, eo differt, quod ejus naturâ tacitè continetur, ut, qui judicis jussu ipsam rem actori restituat, absolvatur: quod in cæteris casibus non est ita, sed omnimodo quisque in quadruplum condemnatur; quod est et in furti manifesti actione. 27. An action for putting a man in fear, differs also from other actions in quadruplum, because it is tacitly implied in the nature of this action, that the party, who hath obeyed the command of the judge, in res toring the things taken, may be dismissed; for, in all other actions for the fourfold value, every man must be condemned to pay the full penalty, as in the action of theft manifest. Divisio quarta de actionibus bonæ fidei. XXVIII. Actionum autem quædam bonæ fidei sunt, quædam stricti juris. Bonæ fidei sunt hæ: ex empto, vendito; locato, conducto; negotiorum gestorum; mandati; depositi; pro socio; tutelæ ; commodati; pigneratitia; familiæ erciscundæ ; communi dividundo; præscriptis verbis, quæ de æstimato proponitur; et ea, quæ ex permutatione competit; et hæreditatis petitio. Quamvis enim usque adhuc incertum erat, inter bonæ fidei judicia connumeranda hæ reditatis petitio esset, an non; nostra tamen constitutio apertè, eam esse bonæ fidei, disposuit. De rei uxoriæ actione, in ex § XXIX. Fuerat antea et rei uxoriæ actio una ex bonæ fidei judiciis sed cum, pleniorem esse ex stipulatu actionem invenientes, omne jus, quod res uxoria antea ha § 28. The fourth division is into actions of good faith, and actions of strict right. Those of good faith are the following; viz. actions of buying and selling, letting and hireing; of affairs transacted, of mandate, deposit, partnership, tutelage, loan, mortgage; of the partition of an inheritance, or the division of any thing or things, which belong in common to several persons; also actions in prescribed words, which are either estimatory, or derived from commutation; and lastly the demand of an inheritance: for although it hath long been doubtful to what class this action belonged; our constitution hath clearly numbered it among actions of good faith. stipulata actionem transfusâ. § 29. The action rei uxoriæ for the recovery of a marriage portion, was formerly numbered among the actions of good faith; but when, upon finding the action of stipulation to bebat, cum multis divisionibus, in actionem ex stipulatu, quæ de dotibus exigendis proponitur, transtulerimus, merito rei uxoriæ actione sublata, ex stipulatu actio, quæ pro ea introducta est, naturam bonæ fidei judicii tantum in exactione dotis meruit, ut bonæ fidei sit; sed et tacitam ei dedimus hypothecam. Præferri autem aliis creditoribus in hypothecis tunc censuimus, cum ipsa mulier de dote suâ experiatur, cujus solius providentiâ hoc induxi mus. be more full and advantageous, we abrogated the action rei uxoriæ, and transferred all its effects, with the addition of many other powers, to the action of stipulation given to recover marriage portions, we then not only thought, that this action of stipulation, as far as it related to marriage portions, deserved to be numbered with actions of good faith, but we also added to it by implication, the effect of a mortgage: and we judged it proper, that women, in whose sole behalf we have thus ordained, should be preferred to all other creditors by mortgage, whenever they themselves sue for their marriage portions. De potestate judicis in judicio bonæ fidei, et de compensa tionibus. XXX. In bonæ fidei judiciis, libera potestas permitti videtur judici ex bono et æquo æstimandi, quantum actori restitui debeat. In quo et illud continetur, ut, si quid invicem præstare actorem oporteat, eo compensato, in reliquum is, cum quo actum est, debeat condemnari. Sed et in stricti juris judiciis ex rescripto divi Marci, opposita doli mali exceptione, compensatio inducebatur. Sed nostra constitutio casdem compensationes, quæ jure aperto nituntur, latius introduxit, ut actiones ipso jure minuant, sive in rem, sivè in personam, sivè alias quascunque; exceptâ solâ depositi actione, cui, aliquid compensationis nomine opponi, sanè iniquum esse credimus; ne, sub prætextu com 30. In all actions of good faith a full power is given to the judge of calculating, according to the rules of justice and equity, how much ought to be restored to the plaintiff; and of course, when the plaintiff is found to be indebted to the defendant in a less sum, it is in the power of the judge to allow a compensation, and to condemn the defendant in the payment of the difference; and, even in actions of strict right, the emperor Marcus introduced a compensation by opposing an exception of fraud: but we have extended compensations much farther by our constitution, when the debt of the defendant is evident; so that actions of strict right, real, personal, or of whatever kind may be diminished by compensation ¿ pensationis, depositarum rerum quis exactione defraudetur. cip. except only an action of deposit, aa gainst which we have not judged it proper to permit any compensation to be alledged, lest the pretence of www.compensation should give color and encouragement to fraud. De actionibus arbitrariis. § XXXI. Præterea, actiones quasdam arbitrarias, id est, ex arbitrio judicis pendentes, appellamus; in quibus nisi arbitrio judicis is, cum quo agitur, actori satisfaciat, veluti rem restituat, vel exhibeat, vel solvat, vel ex noxali causâ servuin dedat, condemnari debeat. Sed istæ actiones tam in rem, quam, in personam, inveniuntur; in rem; veluti Publiciana, Serviana de rebus coloni, quasi Serviana, quæ etiam hypothecaria vocatur: in personam; veluti quibus de eo agitur, -quod vi aut metûs causâ, aut dolo malo, factum est; item cum id, quod certo loco promissum est, petitur: ad exhibendum quoque actio ex arbitrio judicis pendet. In his enim actionibus, et cæteris similibus, permittitur judici ex bono et æquo, secundùm cujusque rei, de quâ actum est, naturam, æstimare, quemadmodum actori satisfieri oporteat. 31. Some actions moreover we call arbitrary, as depending upon the discretion of the judge; for, in these, if the party do not at the decree of the court, exhibit whatever is required, restore the thing in litigation, pay the value of it, or give up u slave in consequence of an action of malfeasance, he ought to be condemned. Of these arbitrary actions some are real and some personal: real, as the action Publiciana, Serviana, and quasi-Serviana, which is likewise called hypothecary: others are personal, as those, by which a suit is commenced on account of something done by force, fear or fraud; or on account of something, which was promised to be paid or restored in a certain place; and the action ad exhibendum, which was given to the intent, that something particular should be exhibited, is also of the same kind: in these and the like actions, the judge may determine, ac-cording to equity and the nature of the thing sued for, in what manner and proportion the plaintiff ought to receive satisfaction. Quinta divisio, de incerta quantitatis petitione. 6 XXXII. Curare autem debet 32. A judge ought, as much as judex, ut omninò, quantum possi- possible, so to frame his sentence, bile ei sit, certæ pecuniæ vel rei sententiam ferat; etiamsi de incertâ quantitate apud eum actum est. that it may be given for a thing or sum certain; although the claim, upon which the sentence is founded, may be for an incertain sum or quantity. De pluris petitione. 6 XXXIII. Si quis agens intentione 'suà plus complexus fuerit, quam ad eum pertineat, causâ cadebat, id est, rem amittebat; nec facilè in integrum restituebatur à prætore, nisi minor erat xxv annis; huic enim, sicut in aliis causis, causâ cognità, succurrebatur, si lapsus juventute fuerat; ita et in hac causâ succurri solitum erat. Sanè, si tam magna causa justi erroris interveniebat, ut etiam constantissimus quisque labi posset, etiam majori xxv annis succurrebatur; veluti si quis totum legatum petierit, post deinde prolati fuerint codicilli, quibus aut pars legati adempta sit, aut quibusdam aliis legata data sint; que efficiebant, ut plus petiisse videretur petitor, quam dodrantem; atque ideò lege Falcidiâ legata minuebantur. Plus autem quatuor modis petitur; re, tempore, loco, et causâ. Re, veluti si quis pro decem aureis, quæ ei debebantur, viginti petierit; aut si is, cujus ex parte res est, totam eam, vel majorem partem, suam esse intenderit. Tempore, veluti si quis ante diem vel ante conditionem petierit: qua enim ratione qui tardius solvit, quam solvere deberet, minus solvere intelligitur, eâdem ratione, qui præmaturè petit, plus petere vide ag § 33. Formerly, if a plaintiff claimed more than his due, he failed in his cause; that is, he lost his debt = nor was it easy for him to be reinstated by the prætor, unless he was under the age of 25 years: for in this, as well as in other cases, it was usual to aid minors, if it appeared that the error was owing to their youth; and if the error was such, that a skilful person might have been led into it, then even persons of full age might have been aided by the magistrate: for example, if a legatee had demanded his whole legacy, and codicils were afterwards (unexpectedly) produced, by which a part of it was revoked, or new legacies bequeathed to other persons, so that the plaintiff appeared to have demanded more than three fourths of his legacy; because it was subjecɛ to a diminution by the law falcidia; yet, in such case, the legatee would be relieved. A man may demand more than what is due to him in four several respects, viz. in respect to the thing itself; to time; to place; and to the cause. In respect to the thing; as when the plaintiff, instead of ten aurel, due to him, demands twenty: or if, when he owns but part of some particular thing, he claims the whole or a greater share |