libertis. Aliter enim senatoris et parentis patronique, aliter extranei et humilis personæ, injuria æstimatur. Nonnunquam et locus vulneris atrocem injuriam facit, veluti si in oculo quis percussus fuerit. Parvi autem refert, utrum patri-familias, an filio-familias, talis injuria facta sit: nam et hæc atrox injuria æsti mabitur. one of mean condition, a parent from his child, or a patron from his freedman; for these cases demand a heavier punishment, than where an injury is done to a stranger, or a person of low degree. Also the part injured, may constitute an injury atrocious; as if a man should be wounded in his eye; but it is of little consequence whether such an injury be done to the father of a family, or to the son of a family; for such an injury will be considered as atrocious. De judicio civili et criminali. § X. In summâ sciendum est, de omni injuriâ eum, qui passus est, posse vel criminaliter agere, vel civiliter: et, si quidem civiliter agatur, æstimatione factâ, secundùm quod dictum est, pœna reo imponitur; sin autem criminaliter, officio judicis extraordinaria pœna reo irrogatur. Hoc videlicèt observando, quod Zenoniana constitutio introduxit, ut viri illustres, quique super eos sunt, et per procuratores possint actionem injuriarum criminaliter vel persequi vel suspicere, secundùm ejus tenorem, qui ex ipsâ manifestius apparet. Qui tenentur XI. Non solùm autem is injuriarum tenetur, qui fecit injuriam, id est, qui percussit; verùm ille quoque tenetur, qui dolo fecit injuriam, vel qui procuravit, ut cui mala pugno percuteretur. § 10. In fine, it must be observed concerning every injury, that the party injured may sue either criminally or civilly. If civilly, the damage must be estimated, and the penalty awarded as we have before noticed: but, if he sue criminally, it is the duty of the judge to inflict an extraordinari punishment upon the offender; observing the constitu tion of Zeno, which permits illustrious persons, and those who enjoy a superior title, either to pursue or de fend criminalty any action of injury by their proctors; but the tenor of this law will more fully apppear by a perusal of the ordinance itself injuriarum. 11. An action of injury lies not only against him, who hath done an injury, by giving a blow, &c. bus also against him, who by craft, où by persuasion hath caused the inju ry to be done. SI judex litem suam fecerit, non propriè ex maleficio obligatus vide tur: sed quia neque ex maleficio, neque ex contractu obligatus est, et utique peccasse aliquid intelligitur, licèt per imprudentiam, ideò videtur quasi ex maleficio teneri ; et, in quantum de câ re æquum religioni judicantis videbitur, pœnam custinebit. De dejectis vel effusis, § 1. Item is, cujus ex cœnaculo, vel proprio ipsius, vel conducto, vel in quo gratis habitat, dejectum effusumve aliquid est, ita ut alicui noçeret, quasi ex maleficio obligatus If a judge make a suit his own by giving an unjust determination, an action of mal-feasance will not properly lie against him: but, granting he is not subject to an action of malfeasance, or of contract, yet, as he hath certainly committed a fault, although not by design, but through imprudence and want of skill, he may be sued by an action of quasi-mal-feasance; and must suffer such penalty, as seems equitable to the conscience of a superior judge. et positis aut suspensis. 1. The occupier of a chamber, from whence any thing hath been thrown or spilt, whereby damage is done, is liable to an action of quasimal-feasance; and it is not material, intelligitur. Ideò autem non propriè ex maleficio obligatus intelligitur, quia plerumque ob alterius culpam tenetur, aut servi aut liberi. Cui similis est is, qui eà parte, quà vulgo iter fieri solet, id positum aut suspensum habet, quod potest, si ceciderit, alicui nocere; quo casu pœna decem aureorum constituta est. De eo verò, quod dejectum effusumve est, dupli, quantum damni datum sit, constituta est actio. Ob hominem verò liberum occisum, quinquaginta aureorum pœna constituitur. Si verò vivat, nocitumque ei esse dicatur, quantum ob eam rem æquum judici videtur, actio datur. Judex enim computare debet mercedes medicis præstitas, cæteraque impendia, quæ in curatione facta sunt; præterea operas, quibus caruit aut cariturus est, ob id, quod inutilis est factus. whether the chamber be his property; whether he rents it; or inhabits it gratis: and the reason, why such occupier is not suable for a direct mal-feasance, is, because he is generally sued for the fault of another. Any man is also subject to the same action, who hath hung or placed any thing in a public road, so as to endanger passengers by the fall of it; in which case, a penalty of ten aurei is appointed: but, when any thing hath been thrown or spilt, the action is always for double the actual damage. If a freeman be killed by accident, the penalty is fifty aurei; but, if he only receive some hurt, the quantum of the damage is at the discretion of the judge, who ought to take into account the fees of the physician and all other expences attendant upon the cure, over and above the time, which the patient hath lost in his illness, or may lose by being unable to pursue his business. De filio-familias, seorsum habitante à patre. II. Si filius-familias seorsum à patre habitaverit, et quid ex cœnaculo ejus dejectum effusumve fuerit, sivè quid positum suspensumve habuerit, cujus casus periculosus est, Juliano placuit, in patrem nullam esse actionem, sed cum ipso filio agendum esse. Quod et in filio-familias judice observandum est, qui item suam fecerit. § 2. If the son of a family live separate from his father, and any thing is either thrown, or spilt, from his apartment, or so hung, or placed, that the fall of it may be dangerous, it is the opinion of Julian, that no action will lie against the father, and that the son only can be sued The same rule of law is also to be observed, in regard to the son of a family, who hath given as a judge, an unjust decision. De damno aut furto, quod in navi, aut cauponâ, aut stabulo factum est. III. Item exercitor navis, aut cauponæ, aut stabuli, de damno aut furto, quod in navi, aut cauponâ, aut stabulo, factum erit, quasi ex maleficio teneri videtur; si modo ipsius nullum est maleficium, sed alicujus eorum, quorum opera navem, aut cauponam, aut stabulum, exercet. Cum enim neque ex maleficio, neque ex contractu, sit adversus eum constituta hic actio, et aliquatenus culpæ reus est, quod opera malorum hominum uteretur, ideò quasi ex maleficio teneri videtur. In his autem casibus in factum actio competit; quæ hæredi quidem datur, adversus hæredem autem non competit. § 3. The master of a ship, tavern, or inn, is liable to be sued for a quasimal-feasance, on account of every damage, or theft, done or committed in any of these places, by himself or his servants: for although no action, either of direct mal-feasance, or of contract, can be brought against the master, yet, as he has, in some measure, been guilty of a fault in employing dishonest persons as his servants, he is therefore subject to a suit for a quasi-mal-feasance. But, in all these cases, the action given is an action upon the fact, which may be brought in favour of an heir, but not against him. tur, summa divisio in duo genera deducitur: aut enim in rem sunt, aut in personam: namque agit unusquisque aut cum eo, qui ei obligatus est, vel ex contractu, vel ex maleficio; quo casu proditæ sunt actiones in personam, per quas intendit, adversarium ei dare aut fasere oportere, et aliis quibusdam modis: aut cum eo agit, qui nullo jure ei obligatus est, movet tamen alicui de aliquà re controversiam; quo casu prodita actiones in rem sunt: veluti si rem corporalem possideat quis, quam Titius suam esse affirmet, possessor autem, dominum ejus se esse, dicat; nam, si Titius suam esse intendat, in rem actio est. be divided into real and personal; for the plaintiff must sue the defendant, either because the defendant is obligated to him by contract, or hath been guilty of some mal-feasance ; and, in this case, the action must be personal, in which the plaintiff alledges, that his adversary is bound to give, or to do something for his benefit; or some other matter, as the occasion requires: or otherwise, the plaintiff must sue the defendant, on account of some corporeal thing, when there is no obligation; in which case the action must be real: as for example, if a man possess land, which Titius affirms to be his property, the other denying it, Titius must bring a real action for the recovery. De actione confessoriâ, et negatoriâ. § II. Æquè, si agat quis, jus sibi esse fundo fortè, vel ædibus utendi fruendi, vel per fundum vicini eundi agendi, vel ex fundo vicini aquam ducendi, in rem actio est. "Ejusdem generis est actio de jure prædiorum urbanorum; veluti, si quis agat, jus sibi esse altius ædes suas tollendi, prospiciendive, vel projiciendi aliquid, vel immittendi tignum in vicini ædes. Contra • quoque de usufructu, et de servitutibus prædiorum rusticorum, item prædiorum urbanorum, invicem quoque proditæ sunt actiones; ut si quis intendat, jus non esse adversario utendi fruendi, eundi agendi, aquamve ducendi ; item altius tollendi, prospiciendive, vel projici § 2. Also, if any man sue, alledging, that he has a right to the usufruct of a field, or house, or a right of driving his cattle, or of drawing water in the land of his neighbour, this is a real action. And an action relating to the rights of houses or city estates, which rights are called services, is also of the same kind; as when a man commences a suit, and alledges, that he has a right of prospect, a right to raise his house, a right of making a part of it project, or of laying the beams of his building upon his neighbour's walls. There are also actions different from these, which relate to usufructs, and the rights of country and city estates; as when the complainant alledges, that his |