non sit, hoc cæteros onerat. Sed, si ab uno fidejussore creditor totum consecutus fuerit, hujus solius detrimentum erit, si is, pro quo fidejussit, solvendo non sit: et sibi imputare debet, cum potuerit juvari ex epistolâ Divi Hadriani, et desiderare, ut pro parte in se detur actio. the fide-jussors, at the time of the suit, is not solvent, the burden falls upon the rest. But, if a creditor obtain his whole demand from one of the fide-jussors, the whole toss shall be his, if the principal be insolvent: for such fide-jussor must blame himself, since under the rese cript of the emperor Adrian, he might have prayed, that no action should be given against him, for more than his share of the debt, aş surety. In quam summam obligatur fide-jussor. V. Fidejussores ita obligari non possunt, ut plus debeant, quam debet is, pro quo obligantur: nam eorum obligatio accessio est principalis obligationis; nec plus in accessione potest esse, quam in principali re; at ex diverso, ut minus debeant, obligari possunt. Itaque, si reus decem aureos promiserit, fidejussor in quinque rectè obligatur; contra verò obligari non potest. Item, si ille purè promiserit, fidejussor sub conditione promittere potest; contra verò non potest. Non solùm autem in quantitate, sed etiam in tempore, minus aut plus intelligitur: plus enim est statim aliquid dare, minus est post tempus dare.. § 5. Fide-jussors ought not to be bound in a greater sum, than the debtor owes; for their obligation is an accession to the principal obligation; and an accessary debt cannot be greater than the principal, though it may be less. Therefore, if the principal obligor promises ten aurei, the fide-jussor may be bound in five; but the fide-jussor cannot be bound in ten, when the principal obligor is bound only in five. Also, when the obligor promises simply, the surety may promise conditionally; but, if the surety is bound simply, when the principal is bound conditionally, the obligation is void. And the terms greater and less take place, not only in quantity but also in time; for an obligation to deliver a thing instantly is greater, than to deliver it after a time, De actione fidejussoris. VI. Si quid autem fidejussor pro reo solverit, ejus recuperandi causâ habet cum eo mandati judi cium. 6. If a fide-jussor hath been obliged to pay money for his principal, he may have an action of mandate to recover the sum paid. Si fidejussor græcè accipiatur. § VII. Græce etiam fidejussor ita accipitur, un misei meλsuw, λeyw. Sed et si dixerit, daw, sivè ß×λoμat, sed et, Onμ, pro eo erit, ac si dixerit, asya. § 7. A fide-jussor may thus bind himself even in greek; I answer or speak solemnly upon my faith. But, the expressions, I am willing, or I promise, would answer the same purpose. Si scriptum sit, aliquem fidejussisse. § VIII. In stipulationibus fidejussorum sciendum est, hoc generalitèr accipi, ut, quodcunque scriptum sit quasi actum, videatur etiam actum, Ideòque constat, si quis scripserit se fidejussisse, videzi omnia solemnitèr acta. § 8. It is a general rule in all fide-jussorial stipulations,that whatever is alledged in writing to have been done, is presumed to have been actually done: therefore, if a man in writing confesses, that he hath become a fide-jussor, it is also presumed, that the necessary forms were observed. ponere non potest: hoc enim sæpissimè constitutum est. Sic fit, ut et hodie, dum queri non potest, scripturâ obligetur; et ex eâ nascatur condictio, cessante scilicèt verborum obligatione. Multum autem tempus in hac exceptione antea quidem ex principalibus constitutionibus usque ad quinquennium procedebat: sed, ne creditores diutius possint suis pecuniis forsitan defraudari, per constitutionem nostram tempus coarctum est, ut, ultra biennii metas, hujusmodi exceptio minimè extendatur. as an exception after a long period, that the money was never advanced: and this limitation of time has frequently been prescribed by the constitutions. Hence, at this day, a man is bound by his written note, if he cannot legally bring an exception; and from this written contract arises ses an action called a condiction, when no verbal obligation can be proved. Formerly the imperial constitutions allowed a space of time, not less than five years, in which any man might bring an exception, pecuniæ non numeratæ, i. e. of money not advanced. But for the safety of creditors we have abridged this time, and ordained, that such an exception shall not lie after two years. TITULUS VIGESIMUS-TERTIUS. DE OBLIGATIONIBUS EX CONSENSU. Continuatio. CONSENSU fiunt obligationes in emptionibus, venditionibus, locationibus, conductionibus, societatibus, mandatis: ideò autem istis modis obligatio dicitur consensu contrahi, quia neque scripturà, neque præsentiâ, omnimodo opus est: ac nec dari quicquam necesse est, ut substantiam capiat obligatio; sed sufficit, eos, qui negotia gerunt, consentire: unde inter absentes quoque talia negotia contrahuntur, Obligations or contracts are made by consent in buying, selling, letting, hiring, partnerships and mandates. An obligation, thus entered into is said to be contracted by consent; because neither writing nor the presence of parties is absolutely requisite. Nor is delivery necessary to make the contract take effect; for it suffices, that the parties consent ; hence these contracts may be enter ed into by absent parties, by letters, veluti per epistolam vel per nuntiItem in his contractibus alter alteri obligatur in id, quod alterum alteri ex bono et æquo præstare oportet; cum alic qui in verborum obligationibus alius stipuletur, alius promittat. or messengers; and they are bound to each other mutually to do what is just and right; but generally in verbal contracts one party stipulates and the other promises. TITULUS VIGESIMUS-QUARTUS. DE EMPTIONE ET VENDITIONÉ. D. xviii. & xix. T. 1. C. iv. T. 38. & 40. De emptione purà. De pretii conventione, arrhis, et scripturâ. EMPTIO et venditio contrahi tur, simul atque de pretio convenerit, quamvis nondum pretium numeratum sit, ac ne arrha quidem data fuerit; nam, quod arrhæ nomine datur, argumentum est emptionis et venditionis contractæ. Sed hoc quidem de emptionibus et venditionibus, quæ sinè scripturâ consistunt, obtinere oportet; nam nihil à nobis in hujusmodi emptionibus et venditionibus innovatum est. In iis autem, quæ scripturâ conficiuntur, non aliter perfectam esse venditionem et emptionem constituimus, nisi et instrumenta emptionis fuerint conscripta, vel manu propriâ contrahentium, vel ab alio quidem scripta, à contrahentibus autem subscripta; et si per tabellionem fiunt, nisi et completiones acceperint, et fuerint partibus abso The contract of buying and selling is perfected as soon as the price is agreed upon, although it be not paid, nor even an earnest given; for earnest, does not constitute a contract, but serves only as proof of it. And this is the law respecting bargains and sales, not in writing; for herein we have made no innovation. But, where there is a written contract, we have ordained, that a bargain and sale shall not become ab solute, unless the instruments of sale are written by the contracting parties, or at least signed by them, if written by others; and if drawn by a public notary, unless executed and delivered complete in all their parts: for, if any thing be omitted, there is locus pœnitentiæ-room to retract; and either the buyer or seller may recede without penalty, if no earnest luta. Donec enim aliquid deest ex his, et pœnitentiæ locus est, et potest emptor vel venditor sinè pœnâ recedere ab emptioneet venditione. Ita tamen impunè recedere concedimus, nisi jam arrharum nomine aliquid fuerit datum; hoc enim subseeuto, sivè in scriptis, sivè sinè scriptis, venditio celebrata est, is, qui reeusat adimplere contractum, si quidem est emptor, perdit quod dedit; si verò venditor, duplum restituere compellitur.; licet super arrhis nihil expressum sit. Pretium autem constitui oportet; nam nulla emptio sinè pretio esse potest. has been given. But, if it has, then the buyer, whether the contract was written or unwritten, if he refuse to fulfil it, loses his earnest, and the seller, if he refuse, is compellable to restore double the value of the earnest, although no agreement of this kind was expressly made. But the price should be fixed; for, until then, there can be no purchase. De pretio certo, vel incerto, vel in arbitrium alienum § I. Sed et certum esse pretium debet: alioqui, si inter aliquos ita convenerit, ut, quanti Titius rem æstimaverit, tanti sit empta, inter veteres satis abundèque hoc dubitabatur, constaretne venditio, an non. Sed nostra decisio ita hoc constituit, ut, quoties sic composita sit venditio, quanti ille æstimaverit, sub hac conditione staret contractus, ut siquidem ille, qui nominatus est, pretium definierit, tunc omnimodo secundum ejus æstimationem et pretium persolvatur, et res tradatur, et venditio ad effectum perducatur; emptore quidem ex empto actione, venditore ex vendito agente. Sin autem ille, qui nominatus est, vel noluerit, vel non potuerit, pretium definire, tunc pro nihilo esse venditionem, quasi nullo pretio statuto. Quod jus, cum 1. The price, ought to be cers tain. And formerly, when it was covenanted, that a thing should be sold, at whatever price TITIUS should value it, the ancient lawyers much doubted, whether such a sale was good. But we have ordained, that when the sale is so made as that the price shall be fixed by a third person, it shall be valid under that condition; so that, if the nominee, or arbitrator, determine the price, it ought to be paid accordingly, the thing sold, delivered, and the sale perfected; otherwise the buyer may have an action ex empto, for the thing bought; and the seller an ac tion ex vendito, for the thing sold. But, if the arbitrator either refuse, or is unable to determine the price, the sale is null. And, as we have so enacted in relation to sales, it is not |