di esse. Duo pluresve rei promittendi ita fiunt, Mævi, decem aureos dare spondes? et, Sei, eosdem decem aureos dare spondes? si respondeant singuli separatim, Spondeo. there will then be two obligations, and not two stipulators to one obligation. Two or more become obligors, if, after they have been thus interrogated, MAVIUS, do you promise to pay us ten AUREI! and, SEIUS, do you promise to pay us the same ten AUREI? they each of them answer separately, I do pro mise. De effectu hujusmodi stipulationum. I. Ex hujusmodi obligationibus et stipulationibus solidum singulis debetur, et promittentes singuli in solidum tenentur. In utrâque tamen obligatione una res vertitur ; et vel alter debitum accipiendo, vel alter solvendo, omnium perimit obligationem, et omnes liberat. § 1. By these stipulations and obligations the whole sum stipulated becomes due to each stipulator; and each obligor is bound for the whole. But as one and the same thing is due by each obligation, any one stipulator by receiving the debt, and any obligor by paying it, discharges the obligation of the rest, and frees all par ties. et de die et conditione. § 2. Where there are two obligors, the one may bind himself purely and simply, and the other may oblige himself only to make payment on a day certain, or upon condition: but neither the day certain, nor the condition, will secure the person, who is simply bound, from being sued for the payment of the whole. TITULUS DECIMUS-OCTAVUS. DE STIPULATIONIBUS SERVORUM. D. xlv. T. 3. An servus stipulari possit. SERVUS ex personâ domini jus stipulandi habet; sed et hæreditas in plerisque personæ defuncti vicem sustinet: ideòque, quod servus hæreditarius antè aditam hæreditatem stipulatur, acquirit hæreditati; ac per hoc etiam hæredi postea facto acquiritar. A slave obtains the liberty of stipulating from the person of his master ; but in many instances the inheritance represents the person of a master deceased: and therefore whatever an hereditary slave stipulates for, before the inheritance is entered upon, he acquires it for the inheritance; and of course for him, who afterwards becomes the heir. Cui acquirat. De personâ, cui stipulatur. De stipulatione impersonali. § I. Sivè autem domino, sivè sibi, sivè conservo, suo, sivè impersonalitèr servus stipuletur, domino acquirit. Idem juris est et in liberis, qui in potestate patris sunt, ex quibus causis acquirere possunt. § 1. A slave, let him stipulate how he will, for his master, for himself, for a fellow slave, or generally without naming any person, always acquires for his master. And the same obtains among children, who are under the power of their father, in regard to those things, which they can acquire for him.. De stipulatione facti. § II. Sed, cum factum in stipu- 2. But, when a fact or thing to latione continebitur, omnimodò per- be done is contained in a stipulation, sona stipulantis continetur; veluti, the person of the stipulator is solely si servus stipuletur, ut sibi ire, regarded; so that, if even a slave agere, liceat; ipse enim tantùm stipulate, that he should be permitprohiberi non debet, non etiam do- ted to pass through a field, and to minus ejus. drive beasts or a carriage through it, it is not the master, but the slave only, who is to be permitted to pass. De servo communi. III. Servus communis stipulando unicuique dominorum, pro portione dominii, acquirit; nisi jussu unius eorum, aut nominatim alicui eorum, stipulatus est; tunc enim soli ei acquiritur. Quod servus communis stipulatur, si alteri ex dominis acquiri non potest, solidum alteri acquiritur ; veluti si res, quam dari stipulatus est, unius domini sit. § 3. If a slave, who is in common to several masters, stipulate, he acquires a share for each master according to the proportion, which each has in the property of him. But if such slave should stipulate at the command of any particular master, or in his name, the thing stipulated will be acquired solely for that master. And, whatever a slave in common to two masters stipulates for, if part cannot be acquired for one master, the whole shall be acquired for the other; as when the thing stipulated already belongs to one of De judicialibus stipulationibus. I. Judiciales sunt duntaxat, quæ à mero judicis officio proficiscuntur; veluti de dolo cautio, vel de persequendo servo, qui in fugâ est, restituendove pretio. § 1. The judicial are those, which proceed merely from the office of the judge; as when security is ordered to be given against fraud, or for pursuing a slave, who hath fled, or for paying the price of him. I. At si quis rem, quæ in rerum naturâ non est, aut esse non potest, dari stipulatus fuerit, veluti Stichum, qui mortuus sit, quem vivere credebat, aut Hippocentaurum, qui esse non possit, inutilis erit stipulatio. De his, quæ non II. Idem juris est, si rem sacram aut religiosam, quam humani juris esse credebat, vel publicam, quæ usibus populi perpetuò exposita sit, ut forum, vel theatrum, vel liberum hominem, quem servum esse credebat, vel cujus commercium non habuerit, vel rem suam dari, quis stipuletur: nec in pendenti erit stipulatio ob id, quod publica res in privatam deduci, et ex libero servus fieri potest, et commercium adipisci stipulator potest; sed protinùs inutilis est. Item contrà, licèt initio utilitèr res in stipulatum deducta sit, si tamen postea in aliquam eorum causam, de 1. But, if a man hath stipu® lated that a thing shall be given, which does not, or cannot exist, as that Stichus, the slave, who is dead, but is thought to be living, or that a Centaur, who cannot exist, should be given to him, the stipulation is of no force. sunt in commercio. § 2. And the law is the same, if a thing sacred, which was deemed otherwise, is brought into stipula tion; or some thing of constant public use, as a forum or a theatre; or a free person, thought to be bond; or what cannot be acquired; or some thing which is already his own: nor shall any such stipulation continue in suspense, because a thing public may become private, a freeman may turn slave, a stipulator may become capable of acquiring, or because what now belongs to the stipulator may cease to be his; but every such stipulation shall be instantly void. And, on the contrary, although a L L |