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TITULUS OCTAVUS.

DE HIS, QUI SUI VEL ALIENI JURIS SUNT.

D. 1. T. 6.

Altera divisio personarum.

SEQUITUR de jure personarum alia diviso; nam quædam personæ sui juris sunt, quædam alieno juri subjectæ. Rursus earum, quæ alieno juri subjectæ sunt, aliæ sunt in potestate parentum, aliæ in potestate dominorum. Videamus itaque de his, quæ alieno juri subjectæ sunt; nam, si cognoverimus, quænam istæ personæ sunt, simul intelligemus, quæ sui juris sunt; ac priùs inspiciamus de his, quæ in potestate dominorum sunt.

We now proceed to another divi sion of persons; for some are inde- ́ pendent, and some are subject to the power of others. Of those, who are subject to others, some are in the power of parents, others of their masters. Let us then inquire, who are in subjection to others; for, when we shall ascertain these, we shall at the same time discover, who are independent. And first of those, who are in the power of masters,

De jure gentium in servos.

I. In potestate itaque domino- 1. All slaves are in the powrum sunt servi, quæ quidem potes- er of their masters, a power deritas juris gentium est; nam apud ved from the law of nations: for omnes peræque gentes animadver- it is observable among all nations, tere possumus, dominis in servos that masters have always had the vitæ necisque potestatem fuisse : et, power of life and death over their quodcunque per servum acquiri- slaves, and that whatever the slave actur, id domino acquiri. quires, is acquired for the master.

De jure civium Ronianorum in servos. II. Sec hoc tempore nullis hominibus, qui sub imperio nostro sunt, licet, sine causâ legibus cognitâ, in servos suos supra modum sævire. Nam, ex constitutione divi Antonini, qui sine causâ servum suum occiderit, non minus puniri jubetur, quam si alienum servum occiderit. Sed et major asperitas

§ 2. All our subjects are now forbidden to inflict any extraordinary punishment upon their slaves, without legal cause. For, by a constitution of Antoninus, whoever causelessly kills his own slave, is to be punished equally as if he had killed the slave of another. The too greas severity of masters is also restrained

dominorum, ejusdem principis constitutione, coercetur: nam Antoninus, consultus à quibusdam præsidibus provinciarum de his servis, qui ad ædem sacram vel statuam principum confugiunt, præcepit, ut, si intolerabilis videatur sævitia dominorum, cogantur servos suos bonis conditionibus vendere, ut pretium dominis daretur; et rectè: expedit enim reipublicæ, ne sua re quis, male utatur. Cujus rescripti, ad Ælium Martianum missi, verba sunt hæc. Dominorum quidem potestatem in servos illibatam esse oportet, nec cuiquam hominum jus suum detrahi. Sed et dominorum interest, ne auxilium contra sævitiam, vel famem, vel intolerabilem injuriam, denegetur iis, qui juste deprecantur. Ideoque cognosce de querelis eorum, qui ex familia Julii Sabini ad sacram statuam confugerunt; et, si vel durius habitos, quam æquum est, vel infami injuria affectos esse, cognoveris, venire jube; ita ut in potestatem domini non revertantur: quod si meæ constitutionį, fraudem fecerit, sciat, me hoc admissum adversus se severius executurum.

by another constitution of Antoninus who being consulted by certain governors of provinces concerning laves, who take sanctuary either in temples, or at the statues of the emperors, Ordained, that if the severity of masters should appear excessive, they might be compelled to make sale of their slaves upon equitable terms, so that the masters might re ceive the value; and properly; inasmuch as it is for the public good, that no one should be permitted to misuse even his own property. The words of this rescript, sent to Ælius Martianus, are these.-The power of masters over their slaves ought to be protected: nor ought any man to be deprived of his just right. But it is for the interest of all masters, that relief against cruelties, the denial of sustenance, or any other insufferable injury, should be grant ed to those who justly implore it. Therefore look into the complaints made by the family of Julius Sabinus, whose slaves took sanctuary at the sacred statue; and, if proof be made that they have been too hardly treated, or greatly injured, order them to be forthwith sold, so that they be no longer subject to their former master: and, if Julius Sabinus attempt to evade our constitution, let him know, that I shall put it in force against him with more severity.

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TITULUS DECIMUS.

DE NUPTIIS.

D. xxiii. T. 2. C. v. T. 4. Nov. 74.

Qui possunt nuptias contrahere.

JUSTAS autem nuptias inter se cives Romani contrahunt, qui secúndum præcepta legum coeunt, masculi quidem puberes, fœminæ autem viri potentes; sive patres familiarum sint ; sive filii familiarum; dum tamen, si filii familiarum sint, consensum habeant parentum, quorum in potestate sunt: nam, hoc fieri debere, et civilis et naturalis ratio suadet, in tantum, ut jussus parentis præcedere debeat. Unde quæsitum est, an furiosi filia nubere, aut furiosi filius uxorem ducere, possit? Cumque super filio variabatur, nostra processit decisio, quá permissum est ad exemplum filice furiosi, filium quoque furiosi posse, et sine patris interventu, matrimonium sibi copulare, secundùm datum ex nostrà constitutione modum.

The citizens of Rome contract valid matrimony, when they follow the precepte of the law; males, when they arrive at puberty, and females, when they attain to a marriageable age. The males, whether patres familiarum, fathers of a family, or filii familiarum, sons of a family; but, if they are sons of a family, they must first obtain the consent of the parents, under whose power they are. For reason, both natural and civil, convinces us, that the consent of parents should precede marriage; hence arose the question, whether the son of a madman could contract matrimony? But opinions being various, we decided that the son, as well as the daughter of a madman, may marry without intervention of the father, provided the rules of our constitution are observed.

De cognatis, ac primum de

Quæ uxores duci possunt vel non. parentibus et liberis.

§ I. Ergo non omnes nobis uxores ducere licet: nam à quarundam nuptiis abstinendum est: inter eas enim personas, quæ parentum liberorumve locum inter se obtinent, contrahi nuptiæ non possunt; veluti interpatrem et filiam, vel avum et neptem, vel matrem et filium, vel a

§ 1. We may not marry any wòman; for with some, marriage is forbidden. Matrimony must not be contracted between parents and their children, as between a father and daughter, a grandfather and his grand-daughter, a mother and her son, a grand-mother and her grand

viam et nepotem, et usque in infinitum et, si tales personæ inter se coierent, nefarias atque incestas nuptias contraxisse dicuntur: et hæc adeò vera sunt, ut, quamvis per adoptionem parentum liberorumve loco sibi esse cœperint, nonpossunt inter se matrimonio jungi; in tantum, ut etiam, dissoluta adoptione, idem juris maneat. Itaque eam, quæ tibi per adoptionem filia vel neptis esse ceperit, non poteris uxorem ducere, quamvis eam emancipaveris.

son; and so on (in a right line) in infinitum. And, if such persons cohabit, they are truly said to have contracted a criminal and incestuous marriage; inasmuch as those, who only hold the place of parents and children by adoption, cannot intermarry; and the same law remains even after the adoption is dissolved. You cannot therefore take to wife one who hath been either your adopted daughter or granddaughter, although you may have emancipated her.

De fratribus et sororibus.

§ II. Inter eas quoque personas, quæ ex transverso gradu cognationis junguntur, est quædam similis observatio, sed non tanta. Sanè enim inter fratrem sororemqme nuptiæ prohibitæ sunt, sive ab eodem patre eâdemque matre nati fuerint, sive ab altero eorum. Sed, si qua per adoptionem soror tibi esse cœperit, quamdiu quidem constat adoptio, sanè inter te et eam nuptiæ consistere non possunt; cum vero per emancipationem adoptio sit dissoluta, poteris eam uxorem ducere: sed et si tu emancipatus fueris, nihil est impedimento nuptiis. Et ideo constat, si quis generum adoptare velit, debere eum antea filiam suam emancipare: et si quis, velit nurum adoptare, debere eum antea filium suum emancipare.

§ 2. Matrimony is also prohibited between collaterals, but not so extensively. A brother and sister are forbidden to marry, whether they are the children of the same father and mother, or of either. And, if a woman becomes your sister by adoption, so long as that subsists, no marriage may be contracted between you. But, when the adoption is destroyed by emancipation, you may take her to wife. Also, if you should be emancipated, there will then remain no impediment, although your sister by adoption is not so. if a man would adopt his son-in-law, he should first emancipate his daughter, and whoever would adopt his daughter-in-law, should previously emancipate his son,

De fratris et sororis filia vel nepte. III. Fratris verò vel sororis filiam uxorem ducere non licet: sed

Hence

§ 3. It is unlawful to marry the daughter or grand-daughter of

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