De fructuariis et bonâ fide possessis. IV. De iis autem servis, in quibus tantummodò usumfructum habetis ita placuit, ut, quicquid ex rë vestrâ, vel ex operis suís, acquirunt, id vobis adjiciatur; quod verò extra eas causas consecuti sunt, id ad dominum proprietatis pertineat. Itaque, si is servus hæres institutus sit, legatumve quid ei, aut donatum fuerit, non usufructua rio, sed domino proprietatis acquiritur. 4. As to slaves, of whom you have the usufruct only, it hath seemed right, that, whatever they earn by eans of your goods, or by their own work and labour, appertains to you: but whatever they earn by other means, belongs to the proprietor : therefore, if a slave be made heir, or legatee, or donee, the inheritance, legacy, or gift, will not be acquired for the usufructuary master, but for the proprietor. Continuatio. SV. Idem placet et de eo, qui â vobis bona fide possidetur, sive is liber sit, sive alienus servus: quod enim placuit de usufructuario, idem placet et de bona fidei possessore. Itaque, quod extra istas duas causas acquiritur, id vel ad ipsum pertinet, si liber est, vel ad dominum, si servus est. Sed bonæ fidei possessor, cum usuceperit servum, (quia eo modo dominus fit,) ex omnibus causis per eum sibi acquirere potest. Fructuarius verò usucapere non potest: primùm quia non possidet, sed habet jus utendi, fruendi: deindè, quia scit, servum alienum esse. Non solum autem proprietas per eos servos, in quibus usumfructum habetis, vel quos bonâ fide possidetis, aut per liberam personam, quæ bonâ fide vobis servit, vobis acquiritur, sed etiam possessio. Loquimur autem in utriusque personâ secundum distinctionem, quam proximè exposui § 5. The same rule is observed as to the bonâ fide possessor of a slave, whether he be a free-man, or the slave of another: for the same law prevails respecting an usufructuary. master, and a bonâ fide possessor; therefore, whatever is acquired, otherwise than by the two causes abovementioned, either belongs to the person possessed, if he be free; or to the proprietor, if he be a slave. But a bonâ fide possessor, who hath gained a slave by usucaption or prescription, (inasmuch as he thus becomes the absolute proprietor,) can acquire by means of such slave, by all manner of ways. But an But an usufructuary master can not prescribe; first, because he can not be strictly said to possess, having only the power of using: and because he knows, the slave belongs to another. We nevertheless may acquire not only property, but also possession, by means of slaves, whom we possess bonâ fide, or by mus, id est, si quam possessionem ex re vestrâ vel ex suis operis, adepti fuerint. usufruct; and even by a free person, of whom we have bonâ fide possession. But, in saying this, we adhere to the distinction, before explained, and speak of those things only, of which a slave may acquire the possession, either through the goods of his master, or by his own industry. De reliquis seu extraneis personis. VI. Ex his itaque apparet, per liberos homines quos neque vestro juri subjectos habetis, neque bond fide possidetis, item per alienos servos, in quibus neque usumfructum habetis, neque possessionem justam, nullâ ex causâ vobis acquiri posse. Et hoc est, quod dicitur, per extraneam personam nihil acquiri posse; excepto eo, quod per liberam personam (velutì per procuratorem) placet non solùm scientibus, sed et ignorantibus, vobis acquiri possessionem, secundùm Divi Severi constitutionem ; et per hanc possessionem etiam dominium, si dominus fuerit, qui tradidit; vel usucapionem aut longi temporis præscriptionem, si dominus non sit. 6. Hence it appears that you can not acquire by means of free persons, not under your subjection, or possessed by you bonâ fide; nor by the slave of another, of whom you have neither the usufruct, nor the just possession. And this is meant, when it is said, that nothing can be acquired by means of a stranger; except indeed according to the constitution of the emperor Severus, that possession may be acquired for you by a free person, as by a proctor, not only with, but even without your knowledge; and, by this possession, the property may be gained, if the delivery were made by the proprietor; and an usucaption or prescription may be acquired, although the delivery were made by one, who was not the proprietor. Transitio. § VII. Hactenus tantispèr admonuisse sufficiat, quemadmodùm singule res vobis acquirantur: nam legatorum jus, quo et ipso singule res vobis acquiruntur, item fideicommissorum, ubi singulæ res vobis relinquuntur opportuniùs inferiore loco referemus. Videamus ita § 7. The observations already made, concerning the acquisition of things, may suffice for the present; for we shall treat more opportunely hereafter concerning the rights of le gacies and trusts. We now proceed to shew, how things may be acquired per universitatem, that is, wholly que nunc, quibus modis per universitatem res vobis acquirantur. Si cui ergò hæredes facti sitis, sive cujus bonorum possessionem petieritis, vel si quem adrogaveritis, vel si cujus bona, libertatum conservandarum causâ, vobis addicta fuerint, ejus res omnes, ad vos transeunt. Ac priùs de hæreditatibus dispiciamus, quarum duplex conditio est ; nam vel ex testamento, vel ab intestato, ad vos pertinent. Et priùs est, ut de his dispiciamus, quæ ex testamento vobis obveniunt; quâ in re necessarium est, initium de testamentis ordinandis exponere. and in gross by one single acquisition: for example; if you are nominated heir, or seek possession of the goods of another, or arrogate one as your son, or if goods are adjudged to you for preserving the liberty of slaves; in all these cases, the entire inheritance passes to you. Let us therefore inquire into inheritances, which are twofold; for they proceed either from a testacy, or an intestacy. And first of those, which come by testament; and herein it will be necessary to begin by explaining the manner of making testaments. TITULUS DECIMUS. DE TESTAMENTIS ORDINANDIS. D. xxviii. T. 1. C. vi. T. 23. Nov. 66. 119. Etymologia. TESTAMENTUM ex eo ap pellatur, quod testatio mentis sit. De antiquis modis §. I. Sed, ut nihil antiquitatis penitùs ignoretur, sciendum est, olim quidem duo genera testamentorum in usu fuisse ; quorum altero in pace et otio utebantur, quod calatis comitiis appellabant; altero, cum in prælium exituri essent, quod procinctum dicebatur. Accessit de A testament is so called from testatio; because it testifies the determination of the mind. testandi civilibus. § 1. But, lest ancient usage should be forgotten, it is necessary to observe, that formerly there were two kinds of testaments; one practiced in times of peace, and named calatis comitiis; because made in a full assembly of the people; and the other, when the people were going forth indè tertium genus testamentorum, quod dicebatur per æs et libram, scilicèt quod per emancipationem, id est, imaginariam quandam venditionem agebatur, quinque testibus et libripende, civibus Romanis puberibus, præsentibus, et eo, qui familiæ emptor dicebatur. Sed illa quidem priora duo genera testamentorum ex veteribus temporibus in desuetudinem abierunt: quod verò per æs et libram fiebat, licet diutiùs permanserit, attamen partim et hoc in usu esse desiit. to battle, and this was the procinc tum testamentum. A third species was afterwards added, called per æs et libram, being effected by emancipation; which was an alienation, made by an imaginary sale in the presence of five witnesses, and the libripens or balance-holder, all citizens of Rome, above the age of fourteen: and also in the presence of him, who was called the emptor familiæ, or purchaser. The two former kinds of testaments, have been disused for many ages; and that, which was made per æs et libram, although it continued longer in practice, hath now ceased in part to be observed. De antiquâ testandi ratione prætoriâ. § II. Sed prædicta quidem nomina testamentorum, ad jus civile referebantur: postèa verò ex edicto prætoris forma alia faciendorum testamentorum introducta est. Jure etenim honorario, nulla mancipatio desiderabatur, sed septem testium signa sufficiebant: cum jure civili, signa testium non essent necessaria. De conjunctione juris § III. Sed, cum paulatim, tam ex usu hominum, quam ex constitutionum emendationibus, cœpit in unam consonantiam jus civile et prætorium jungi, constitutum est, ut, uno eodemque tempore, quod jus civile quodammodo exigebat, septem testibus adhibitis, et subscriptione testium, quod ex constitntionibus inventum est, et ex edic 2. These three kinds of testament, originated from the civil law; but afterwards another kind was introduced by the honorary or prætorian edict; whereby the signature of seven witnesses was decreed sufficient to establish a will without any emancipation or imaginary sale; but this signature of witnesses, was not required by the civil law. civilis et prætorii. 3. When the civil and prætorian laws began to be blended partly by usage, and partly by the emendation of imperial constitutions, it became a rule, that all testaments should be made at one and the same time according to the civil law; that they should be sealed by seven witnesses according to the prætorian law, and that they should also be subscribed ૨ |