Divisio juris in immutabile et mutable. XI. Sed naturalia quidem jura, quæ apud omnes gentes peræque observantur, divinâ quadam providentia constituta, semper firma atque immutabilia permanent. Ea $11. The laws of nature, observed by all nations, inasmuch as they cre the appointment of divine providence, remain fixed and immutable. But the laws, which every city has cnacted 'Servi et mancipii etymologia. III. Servi autem ex eo appellati sunt, quod imperatores captivos vendere, ac per hoc servare, nec occidere solent; qui etiam mancipia dicti sunt; eo, quod ab hostibus manu capiantur. 3. Slaves are denominated servi, from the practice of our generals to sell their captives, and thus preserve, (servare) and not slay them. Slaves are also called mancipia in that they are taken from the enemy by hand (manucapti.) Quibus modis servi constituuntur. § IV. Servi autem aut nascuntur, aut fiunt. Nascuntur ex ancillis nostris fiunt aut jure gentium, id est, ex captivitate; aut jure civili, cum liber homo, major viginti annis, ad pretium participandum sese venundari passus est. 4. Slaves are born such, or become so. They are born such of bond-women: they become so either by the law of nations, that is, by captivity; or by the civil law; as when a free person, above the age of twenty, suffers himself to be sold, for the sakę of sharing the price given for him. De liberorum et servorum divisione.. V. In servorum conditione nulla est differentia; in liberis autem multæ aut enim sunt ingenui, aut libertini. § 5. In the condition of slaves there is no diversity; but among free persons, there are many; thus, some are ingenui, or Freemen; others li bertini or Freed Men. Sed et, si quis ex matre nascitur liberâ, patre verò servo, ingenuus nihilominus nascitur: quemadmodum, qui ex matre libera et incerto patre natus est: quoniam vulgò conceptus est. Sufficit autem, liberam fuisse matrem eo tempore, quo nascitur, licet ancilla conceperit: et, è contrario, si libera conceperit, deinde ancilla facta pariat, placuit eum, qui nascitur, liberum nasci : quia non debet calamitas matris ei nocere, qui in ventre est. Ex his illud quæsitum est, si ancilla prægnans manumissa sit, deinde ancilla postea facta pepererit, liberum an servum pariat? Et Martianus probat, liberum nasci: sufficit enim ei, qui in utero est, liberam matrem vel medio tempore habuisse, ut liber nascatur; quod et verum est. mother, altho' the futher be a slave, or unknown, is free: notwithstanding he was conceived discreditably. And if the mother is free at the time of the birth, although a bond-woman when she conceived, the infant will be free. Also if a woman, free at conception, becomes a slave and is delivered, her child, is nevertheless free born; for the misfortune of the mother ought not to prejudice her unborn infant. It has been a question, whether the child of a woman, who is made free during pregnancy, but becomes bond before delivery, would be free born? Martianus proves the affirmative; for, he deems it sufficient to the unborn child, if the mother hath been free at any time between conception and delivery; and this is true. De erronea ingenui manumissione. § I. Cum autem ingenuus aliquis natus sit, non officit ei, in servitute fuisse, et postea manumis sum esse: sæpissimè enim constitutum est, natalibus non officere manumissionem. § 1. It will not injure a man born free to have been in servitude, and afterwards manumitted: for it hath been often settled that manu mission shall not prejudice free birth, TITULUS QUINTUS. DE LIBERTINIS. Definitio et origo libertinorum et manumissionis. LIBERTINI sunt, qui ex justâ Freed men are those, who have servitute manuníissi sunt. Manumissio autem est de manu datio: been manumitted from just servitude. Manumission, manu-datio, implies quamdiu aliquis in servitute est, manui et potestati suppositus est : ct manumissus liberatur à domini porestate: quæ res a jure gentium oriinem sumpsit ; utpote cum jure na rali omnes liberi nascerentur; : esset nota manumissio, cum serus esset incognita. Sed, postquam jure ...rvitus ingenuitatem .vasit, secutum est beneficium manumissionis: et, cum uno com. muni nomine omnes homines appellarentur, jure gentium tria hominum genera esse cœperunt : liberi ; et his contrarium, servi; et tertium genus, libertini ; qui desierant esse servi the giving of liberty; for whoever is in servitude, is subject to the hand and power of another; but whoever is manumitted, is free from both. Manumission took its rise from the law of nations; for all men by the law of nature are born free ; nor was manumission heard of while servitude was unknown. But when servitude, under sanction of the law of nations, invaded liberty, the benefit of manumission became then a consequence. For all men at first were denominated by one common appellation, 'till, by the law of nations, they began to be divided into three classes, viz. into liberi, or freemen, servi, or slaves, and libertini, freed men who have ceased to be slaves. Quibus modis manumittatur. § I. Multis autem modis manumissio procedit: aut enim ex sacris constitutionibus in sacrosanctis ecclesiis, aut vindictâ, aut inter ami cos, aut per epistolam, aut per testamentum, aut per aliam quamliber ultimam voluntatem. Sed et aliis multis modis libertas servo competere potest, qui tam ex veteribus, quam ex nostris constitutionibus, introducti sunt. Ubi et quando § II. Servi vero à dominis semper manumitti solent, adeo ut vel in manumittantur; veluti cum prætor, aut præses, aut proconsul, in balneum, vel in theatrum transitu eunt. 1. Manumission is effected by various ways; either in the face of the church, according to the imperial constitutions, or by the vindicta, or in the presence of friends, or by let ter, or by testament, or by any other last will. Liberty may also be con ferred upon a slave by diverse other methods, some of which were introduced by former laws, and others by our own. manumitti potest. 2. Slaves may be manumitted by their masters at any time; even on the way, as while the prætor, the governor of a province, or the proconsul is going to the baths, or to the theatre. |