locum habebat, quæ Italicæ fuerant, et alienationes inhibebat, quæ invitâ muliere fiebant, hypothecas autem earum rerum etiam volente eâ utrique remedium imposuimus, ut etiam in eas res, quæ in provinciali solo positæ sunt, interdicta sit alienatio vel obligatio, ut neutrum eorum neque consentientibus mulieribus procedat: ne sexûs muliebris fragilitas, in perniciem substantiæ earum convertatur. ted in Italy, and although it inhibits the husband to mortgage such possessions, even with the consent of his wife, yet it permits him, with her consent to alienate, we have provided a remedy for both cases; so that now, no husband can alien or mortgage, even with consent of his wife, any property provincial, or Italian, obtained with her, as a marriage portion; lest the frailty of women should occasion the ruin of their for tunes. De creditore, qui, licet non sit dominus, tamen alienare pignus potest. § I. Contrà autem creditor pignus, ex pactione, quamvis ejus ea res non sit, alienare potest. Sed hoc forsitan ideò videtur fieri, quod voluntate debitoris intelligitur pignus alienari, qui ab initio contractûs pactus est, ut liceret creditcri pignus vendere, si pecunia fon solvatur. Sed, ne creditores jus suum persequi impedirentur, neque debitores temerè suarum rerum do minium amittere viderentur, nostrà constitutione consultum est, et certus modus impositus est, per quem, pignorum distractio possit procedere; cujus tenore utrique parti, creditorum et debitorum satis abundèque provisum est. 1. But a creditor, may by compact alien a pledge, although not his own property; yet this seems no otherwise allowable, than because the pledge is understood to be aliened by consent of the debtor, who covenanted at the commencement of the contract, that the creditor might sell the pledge, if the loan was not repaid. But, lest creditors should be impeded from prosecuting their just claims, and debtors too hastily deprived of their property, it is provided for in our ordinance, and a certain method appointed, by which the sale of pledges may be made: and, ample care hath been taken, in respect both of creditors and debtors. De pupillo, qui, licet dominus, non tamen siné tutoris auctoritate alienare potest. § II. Nunc admonendi sumus, neque pupillum, neque pupillam, ullam rem sinè tutoris auctoritate alienare posse: ideòque, si mutu P § 2. It must now be observed, that no pupil, male or female, can alien any thing without the authority of a tutor and therefore, if a pupil, am pecuniam sine tutoris auctori tate alicui dederit, non contrahit obligationem: quia pecuniam non facit accipientis: ideòque vindicari nummi possunt, sicubi extant. Sed, si nummi, quos mutuo minor dederit, ab eo, qui accepit, bonâ fide consumpti sunt, condici possunt: si malâ fide, ad exhibendum de his agi potest. without such authority lend money to any man, the pupil acquires no obli gation: for he cannot vest in the receiver the property of the money, which may be claimed by vindication, if it still exist. But if money, lent by a minor, be consumed by the· borrower, bonâ fide, (i. e. believing the tender was of full age) it may be recovered from such borrower by condiction; if malá fide, an action ad exhibendum will lie against him. Continuatio. § III. At ex contrario omnes res pupillo et pupillæ sinè tutoris auctoritate rectè dari possunt: ideòque, si debitor pupillo solvat, necessaria est debitori tutoris auctoritas; alioqui non liberabitur. Sed Sed hoc etiam evidentissima ratione statutum est in constitutione, quam ad Cæsarienses advocatos ex suggestione Triboniani, viri eminentissimi, quæstoris sacri palatii nostri, promulgavimus: quâ dispositum est, ita licere tutori vel curatori debitorem pupillarem solvere, aut priùs judicialis sententia sinè omni damno celebrata, hoc permittat: quo subsecuto, si et judex pronunciaverit, et debitor solverit, sequatur hujusmodi solutionem plenissima securitas. Sin autem alitèr quam disposuimus, solutio facta fuerit, pecuniam autem salvam habeat pupillus, aut ex eâ locupletior sit, et adhuc eandem pecuniæ summam petat, per exceptionem doli mali poterit submoveri. Quod 3. On the contrary, proper ty may be transferred to pupils, male or female, without the authority of their tutors: yet, if a debtor make pay. ment to a pupil, he should be warranted by the authority of the tutor, otherwise he will not be acquitted of the debt: and this, for an evident reason; was ordained by a constitution, which we promulged to the advocates of Cesarea, at the sugges tion of that most eminent man Tribonian, the questor of our sacred pa lace: whereby it is enacted, that the debtor of a minor may pay over to the tutor or curator, under a judi, cial decree, permitting the payment previously obtained without expense to the minor: for, when the debt is paid under the decree of a judge, it is attended with the fullest security. But, although money hath been paid to a pupil, otherwise than we have ordained, yet, if he be really enriched by the payment, and hath preserved the money, and should after wards require, that it should be repaid, he might be barred by an exception of fraud. But, if the pupil hath squandered the money, or lost it by theft or violence, an excep- tion of fraud will be of no benefit to the debtor, who will be compelled to make a second payment; because the first was made inconsiderately without the authority of the tutor, and not according to our ordinance. Pupils may not pay money without the authority of their tutors; it does not vest as the property of the receiver: for without such authority, a pupil can alien nothing. venerat, (exceptis videlicèt castrensibus peculiis,) hoc parentibus suis acquirebant sine ullâ distinctione : et hoc ita parentum fiebat, ut etiam esset iis licentia quod per unum vel unam eorum acquisitum esset, alii filio, vel extraneo donare, vel vendere, vel, quocumque modo voluerant, applicare: quod nobis inhumanum visum est: et generali constitutione emissâ, et liberis pepercimus, et parentibus honorem debitum reservavimus: sancitum etenim à nobis est, ut, si quid ex re for the parents without any distinction, if we except the peculium castrense and this so absolutely, that what was acquired by one child, the parent might have given to another, or to a stranger ; or sold it, or applied it in what manner he thought proper: this seemed to be inhuman; and we have therefore, by a general constitution, mitigated the law as it respects children, and at the same time, supported that honour, which is due to parents; having ordained, that, if any thing accrue to the son Pre-patris ei obveniat, hoc secundùm by means of the father's fortune, antiquam observationem totum parenti acquiratur: Quæ enim invidia est, quod ex patris occasione profectum est, hoc ad eum reverti? Quod autem ex aliâ causâ sibi filiusfamilias acquisivit, hujus usum fructum patri quidem acquirat, dominium autem apud eum remaneat: ne, quod ei suis laboribus vel prosperâ fortunâ accesserit, hoc, in alium perveniens, luctuosum ei procedat. the whole shall be acquired for the father, according to ancient practice: (for can it be unjust, that the wealth, which the son hath obtained, by means of the father, should revert to the father?) but that the acquisitions of the son by any other means, shall remain in the son; and that the father shall be entitled only to the usufruct of such acquisition ; lest that, which hath accrued to a man from his labour or good fortune, being transferred to another, should affect him as a hardship. tià parte defraudaretur; et, quod honoris ei ex emancipatione additum erat, quod sui juris effectus esset, hoc per rerum diminutionem decresceret. Ideòque statuimus, ut parens pro tertià parte dominii, quam retinere poterat, dimidiam non dominii rerum, sed ususfructûs, retineat. Ita etenim res intactæ apud filium remanebunt, et pater ampliore summâ fruetur, pro tertiâ, dimidia potiturus. his property, and that the honour, which he had obtained by becoming independent, should be decreused by the diminution of his estate: we have therefore decreed, that the parent instead of the third part of the property, which he formerly might have retained, shall now be entitled to an half-share, not of the property, but of the usufruct; so that the property will remain intire to the son, and the father will enjoy a greater share; namely, half instead of a third part. De servis nostris. § III. Item vobis acquiritur, quod servi vestri ex traditione nanciscuntur, sivè quid stipulentur, sivè ex donatione, vel ex legato, vel ex quâlibet aliá causâ, acquirant. Hoc enim vobis et ignorantibus et invitis obvenit; ipse enim servus, qui in potestate alterius est, nihil suum habere potest. Sed, si hæres institutus sit, non aliàs, nisi vestro jussu, hæreditatem adire potest, et, si vobis jubentibus adierit, vobis hæreditas acquiritur, perindè ac si vos ipsi hæredes instituti essetis: et convenientèr scilicet vobis legatum per eos acquiritur. Non solùm autem proprietas per eos, quos in -potestate habetis, vobis acquiritur, sed etiam possessio: cujuscunque enim rei possessionem adepti fuerint, id vos possidere videmini. Undè etiam per cos usucapio, vel longi temporis possessio, vobis accidit. 3. Whatever your slaves have at any time acquired, whether by delivery, stipulation, donation, bequest, or any other means, is acquired by you; although you may be ignorant of, or even averse to, the acquisition; for he, who is a slave, can have no property. And, if a slave be made heir, he cannot otherwise take upon himself the inheritance, than at the command of his master; but, if commanded so to do, the inheritance is as fully acquired by the master, as if he had been himself made heir; and consequently a legacy, left to a slave, is acquired by his master. Moreover, masters acquire by their slaves not only the property of things, but also the possession; for whatever is possessed by a slave, is deemed to be possessed by his master; who may found a prescription to it, by means of his slave. |