Long Measure. Long measure is used in measuring distances, or other things where length is considered, without regard to breadth. 3 barley-corns (b.c.) make 1 inch, 12 inches 3 feet make 1 foot, make 1 yard, marked in. 66 ft. marked yd. 5 yards or 16 feet make 1 rod, pole, or perch, rd. make 1 furlong, 40 rods fur. M. L. Note. In measuring the height of horses, 4 inches make 1 hand. In measuring depths, 6 feet make 1 fathom. Land or Square Measure. Square measure is used in measuring land and any other thing where length and breadth only are considered. 144 square inches make 1 square foot. 9 square feet make 1 square yard. 301 square yards or 2721 square feet make 1 square rod. 40 square rods make 1 rood or quarter of an acre. 4 roods or 160 square rods make 1 acre. 640 square acres make 1 square mile. Note. Gunter's Chain, used in measuring distances, is 4 rods in length, containing 100 links, each link being 792 inches in length. 25 links make 1 rod. Solid or Cubic Measure. 100 Solid or cubic measure is used in measuring things that have length, breadth, and thickness. 1728 solid inches 40 feet of round timber, or 128 solid feet, or 8 feet long ×4 wide and × 4 high, make 1 solid foot. make 1 ton or load. make 1 solid yard. make 1 cord of wood. Time. Time is naturally divided into years, by the revolution of the earth round the sun; and into days, by the rêvolution of the earth upon its own axis. 60 seconds (s.) 60 minutes 24 hours make 1 minute, marked m. make 1 hour, h. make 1 day, 365 days make 1 year, Bissextile or leap-year comes once in 4 years, in which February hath 29 days. Note. When a year can be divided by 4 without a remainder, it is leap-year. Circular Motion. Circular motion is the motion of the earth and other planets round the sun; and is applied to latitude and longitude. 60 seconds (") make 1 minute, marked' 12 signs, or 360 degrees, the whole great circle of the Zodiac. Denominations of things not included in the foregoing Tables. 12 single things 12 dozen 12 gross, or 144 dozen, 20 single things 5 score 200 lbs. of Beef or Pork 112 lbs. of Fish 24 sheets of Paper 20 quires make 1 dozen. ARITHMETIC. 1 ARITHMETIC is the art, or science, of computing by numbers. It has five principal Rules for its operation, viz. Numeration, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division. NUMERATION. 2. Numeration teaches how to read and write numbers. 3. A single or individual thing is called a unit. 4. The following are the ten characters used in computation. A unit or one, written 1 66 Three, Four, 66 Five, 66 Six, Seven, Eight, Nine; 66 Cipher, པ 2 3 4 5 6 17 8 9 5. The nine first of these characters are called significant figures or digits; and have each of them a simple and a local value. 6. When standing separately or alone they express; or represent their simple value only; viz. one, two, three, four, five, &c. 7. But when placed or located with other figures, they have a local value, according to the place they stand in; counting from the right hand towards the left. For example, the number one hundred and eleven is made by repeating the figure 1 three times. Thus, 1 1 1. The 1 on the right hand in the unit's place represents its simple value of one only. The same figure located in the second place towards the left hand, is increased in its value ten times, and now counts one ten, because it stands in the place of tens: and the same figure again located or placed in the third place towards the left, is increased in its value one hundred times, and now counts one hundred, because it stands in the place of hundreds. And one hundred, one ten, and one unit, make one hundred and eleven. 8. Hence it appears that any figure in the unit's place, expresses its simple value only, or so many ones; but in the second place, or place of tens, it becomes so many tens, or ten times its simple value; and in the third place, or place of hundreds it becomes a hundred times its simple value, and as in the following so on, Note.-There are two methods of expressing numbers shorter than writing them in words, viz: The method of expressing numbers by letters, called the Roman method of computation, which was invented and used by the Romans. But at this day it is seldom used except in numbering chapters in books, &c. The method of computing by figures, as above, was invented and used by the Arabs, and afterwards was introduced into Europe, and thence into this country, and is now in general use in all parts of the civilized world. This is called the Arabic method of computation; because it was invented by the Arabs. 9. The cipher, when standing alone, signifies nothing; but when placed on the right hand of the significant figures it increases their value in a tenfold proportion.Thus 1, with a cipher annexed to it, becomes 10, ten, because 1 is thereby removed into the tens' place, and with two ciphers annexed, it becomes 100, one hundred, the 1 being now removed to the place of hundreds, &c. 10. To read numbers, or to know the value of any number of figures. RULE. 1. Begin at the right hand and numerate towards the left, by saying units, tens, hundreds, thousands, &c., as in the Numeration Table. 2. Then to the simple value of each figure join the name of its place, beginning at the left hand and reading to the right. 124 365 4628 54026 144321 EXAMPLES. Read the following numbers. One hundred and twenty-four: Three hundred and sixty-five. Four thousand six hundred and twenty-eight. One hundred and forty-four thousand three hun- 5684568 Five millions six hundred eighty-four thousand five hundred and sixty-eight. For convenience in reading large numbers, it is the usual method to point them off into periods of three figures each, as follows: 879 Eight hundred seventy-nine. 879 000 879 000 000 987 854 321 Eight hundred seventy-nine thousand. 11. To write numbers. RULE. 1. Begin at the right hand and write the numbers according to their proper value in numeration: that is, write units in the place of units, tens in the place of tens, &c. |