equal to 1 dollar. 5+7=12; read 5 and 7 added togeth 3 from 3 leave 0 3 from 7 leave 4 3 from 8 leave 5 3 from 9 leave 6 3 from 10 leave 7 3 from 11 leave 8 3 from 12 leave 9 6 from 6 leave 0 6 from 9 leave 3 6 from 10 leave 4 6 from 11 leave 5 6 from 13 leave 7 6 from 14 leave 8 8 from 8 leave 0 8 from 9 leave 1 8 from 10 leave 2 8 from 11 leave 3 9 from 9 leave 0 9 from 12 leave 3 Sign. A short horizontal line is the sign of subtraction; it is usually read minus, which is a Latin word signifying less. It shows that the number after it is to be taken from the number before it; thus, 6-2=4, read 6 less 2 is equal to 4, or 2 subtracted from 6 leaves 4. 9 from 13 leave 4 9 from 15 leave 6 9 from 16 leave 7 7 leave 3 8 leave 4 4 from 9 leave 5 4 from 10 leave 6 4 from 11 leave 7 4 from 12 leave 8 4 from 13 leave 9 7 from 7 leave 0 7 from 8 leave 1 7 from 9 leave 2 7 from 10 leave 3 7 from 11 leave 4 7 from 12 leave 5 7 from 13 leave 6 7 from 14 leave 7 7 froin 15 leave 8 7 from 16 leave 9 10 from 10 leave 0 10 from 11 leave 1 10 from 12 leave 2 10 from 13 leave 3 10 from 14 leave 4 10 from 15 leave 5 10 from 16 leave 6 10 from 17 leave 7 10 from 18 leave 8 10 from 19 leave 9 4 from 4 leave 0 2 times 4 are 2 times 5 are 10 2 times 6 are 12 2 times 7 are 14 2 times 8 are 16 2 times 9 are 18 2 times 10 are 20 2 times 11 are 22 2 times 12 are 24 5 times 1 are 5 5 times 2 are 10 5 times 3 are 15 5 times 4 are 20 5 times 5 are 25 5 times 6 are 30 5 times 7 are 35 5 times 8 are 40 5 times 9 are 45 5 times 10 are 50 5 times 11 are 55 5 times 12 are 60 8 times 1 are 8 8 times 2 are 16 8 times 3 are 24 8 times 4 are 32 8 times 5 are 40 8 times 6 are 48 8 times 7 are 56 8 times 8 are 64 8 times 9 are 72 8 times 10 are 80 8 times 11 are 88 8 times 12 are 96 11 times I are 11 11 times 2 are 22 11 times 3 are 33 11 times 4 are 44 11 times 5 are 55 11 times 6 are 66 11 times 7 are 77 11 times 8 are 88 8 48 54 60 66 72 9 27 36 45 54 6 times 8 are 6 times 9 are 6 times 10 are 6 times 11 are 6 times 12 are 9 times 1 are 9 times 2 are 18 9 times 3 are 9 times 4 are 9 times 5 are 9 times 6 are 9 times 7 are 63 9 times 8 are 72 9 times 9 are 81 9 times 10 are 90 9 times 11 are 99 9 times 12 are 108 11 times 9 are 99 11 times 10 are 110 11 times 11 are 121 11 times 12 are 132 12 times 1 are 12 12 times 2 are 24 12 times 3 are 36 12 times 4 are 48 7 times 11 are 77 7 times 12 are 84 10 times I are 10 10 times 2 are 20 10 times 3 are 30 10 times 4 are 40 10 times 5 are 50 10 times 6 are 60 10 times 7 are 70 10 times 8 are 80 10 times 9 are 90 10 times 10 are 100 10 times 11 are 110 10 times 12 are 120 12 times 5 are 60 12 times 6 are 72 12 times 7 are 84 12 times 8 are 96 12 times 9 are 108 12 times 10 are 120 12 times 11 are 132 12 times 12 are 144 7 times 8 are 56 7 times 9 are 63 7 times 10 are 70 Sign. Two short lines crossing each other in the form of the letter X, are the sign of multiplication; thus, 4x3=12, signifies that 4 multiplied by 3 is equal to 12. 2 in 2, 1 time 2 in 4, 2 times 2 in 6; 3 times 2 in 8, 4 times 2 in 10, 5 times 2 in 12, 6 times 2 in 14, 7 times 2 in 16, 8 times 2 in 18, 9 times 6 in 6, 1 time 6 in 12, 2 times 6 in 18, 3 times 6 in 24, 4 times 6 in 30, 5 times 6 in 36, 6 times 6 in 42, 7 times 6 in 48, 8 times 6 in 54, 9 times 7 in 63, 9 times! 10 in 10, 1 time 4 in 4, 1 time 5 in 5, 1 time 5 in 10, 2 times 5 in 15, 3 times 5 in 20, 4 times 5 in 25, 5 times 5 in 30, 6 times 5 in 35, 7 times 5 in 40, 8 times 5 in 45, 9 times 9 in 9, 1 time 9 in 18, 2 times 9 in 27, 3 times 9 in 36, 4 times 9 in 45, 5 times 9 in 54, 6 times 9 in 63, 7 times 9 in 72, 8 times 9 in 81, 9 times 12 in 12, 1 time 24, 2 times 11 in 11, 1 time 12 in Signs. A horizontal line with a dot above and below it,, is the sign of division. It shows that the number before it is to be divided by the number after it; thus, 12÷4 3 signifies that 12 divided by 4 is equal to 3. Also, thedivis or placed under the dividend with a line between,- is the sign of division. 12 4 Note. The scholar should perfectly understand the signs. TABLES OF COMPOUND NUMBERS. Troy Weight. * By Troy weight are weighed Gold, Silver, Jewels, and all liquors. 24 grains (grs.) make 1 pennyweight, marked pwt. 20 pwts. 12 ounces make 1 ounce, make 1 pound, Oz. Avoirdupoise weight is the common weight, used in weighing all coarse and drossy goods, grocery-wares, and all metals except gold and silver. * The fineness of Gold is tried by fire, and is reckoned in carats, by which is understood the 24th part of any quantity. If it lose nothing in the trial, it is called 24 carats fine: if it lose 2 carats, it is called 22 carats fine, which is the stand ard of gold coin. Silver which loses nothing in trial, is accounted 12 ounces fine. The standard for silver coin is 11 oz. 2 pwts. of fine silver and 18 pwts. of copper melted to. gether 16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce, make 1 pound 16 ounces 28 pounds 4 quarters 20 cwt. make 1 quarter of a hund. weight, qr. make 1 hundred weight, marked cwt. make 1 Ton, 66 T. Note. By this Table it will be perceived that a hundred weight is 112 pounds; but in many places, especially in seaports, traders buy and sell by the 100 lbs. which is also established by law in several states. Cloth Measure. Cloth measure is used in measuring all kinds of cloth, lace, &c. Dry measure is used in measuring grain, salt, fruit, coal, Note. A gallon, dry measure, contains 268 cubic inches ; a bushel contains 2150 cubic inches. Wine Measure. Wine measure is used in measuring all spirituous liquors, molasses, vinegar, oil, &c. 231 cubic inches make a gallon. 4 gills (gi.) make 1 pint, marked pt. 2 pints make 1 quart, 4 quarts make 1 gallon, 31 gallons make 1 barrel, |