CALCULATION OF INTEREST. To find the Interest on any number of Dollars for one Year.-Multiply the sum by the rate per ct., and divide by 100, or cut off the two right-hand figures, and the answer will be the interest in dollars: but if the original sum be dollars and cents, proceed in the same manner, and the answer will be the interest in cents. To find the interest for more than one year, multiply the answer by the number of years. What is the interest on $550 50 for one year at 5 per cent. ? $550.50 cts. Divisor 100)275250($27, 52 cts., 5 mills. To find the Interest on any number of Dollars and Cents for any number of Days.-Multiply the sum by the number of days; divide the product hy 6; cut off the two right-hand figures, and the answer will be in dollars, cents, and mills. What is the interest on $3,469.32 for 25 days, at 6 per cent. per annum? Aus. $14, 45 cts, 5 mills. $3,469.32 25 1734660 693864 Divisor 6)8673300 1445550 Although the rate of interest may vary from 6 per cent, this method can still be used, by adding when it is more and substracting when it is less than 6 per First find the interest at 6 per cent, as in the preceding example, and then-Add.... one sixth of itself. for 7 per cent. cent. one third .... one half Add Add MENSURATION. To find the Superficial Number of Fect a Board contains-Multiply the length of the board in feet by the breadth in inches, and divide the product by 12: the quotient is the contents in square feet. If the board is wider at one end than the other, add the breadths of the two ends together, and take half the amount for the mean breadth; then multiply this by the length, and divide by 12 as before. If the length be feet and inches, reduce the whole to inches, multiply it by the breadth, and divide by 144, when the answer will be feet. To find the Cubic Contents of Square Timber-Multiply the width and thick What are the contents of a board 9 ness in inches together, and this amount feet 8 inches long and 15 inches wide? by the length in feet: then divide the product by 144-the answer will be cubic feet. If the length be feet and inches, reduce the length to inches, and multiply as before, dividing the product by 1728: the answer will be cubic feet. For Round Timber-Take the mean diameter of the log clear of the bark; deducting from this diameter one fourth, will give the square of the log; multiply the square thus found in inches into it self, and this product by the length in feet; divide the amount by 144, which will give the cubic contents in feet. 9 ft. 8 inches 116 inches. 15 580 116 144)1740(12 feet 1 inch. 144 300 282 12 ་ WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. IN 1837, Congress passed a law for regulating the weights and measures of the Union, by which the secretary of the treasury was directed to supply standards of weights, of length, and of capacity, according to the standards of Great Britain, to the governors of states and revenue collectors. The measure of time and circular motion is the same in America and Europe The Troy weight of England was adopted by the US. for weighing coin and bullion. Apothecaries compound their medicines by the Troy lb and a sub livision of their own." The avoirdupois weight used in England is also our legal standard for weighing all other articles bought and sold by weight. The British and the United States statute acre, square yard, square foot, and square inch, and the mile, yard, foot, and inch, are the same. Congress retained the old English wine gallon, as a measure for liquids, and the Winchester bushel for grain, &c.; though Eugland has abandoned both, and substituted what she terms the imperial measure, whether for wines, beer, and other liquids, or day articles sold by measure; her imperial gallon is exactly 1 1-5th of our wine gallon, and measures 277.274 solid inches; our Winchester gallon measuring 268.8, or about 84 cubic inches less; her new bushel is equal to 1.032 of ours; heaped measure was abolished by law in Scotland 200 years ago, though not always in practice. England recogni-es it in recent laws and the United States have sometimes ordered duties to be collected by it. Apothecaries' Weight.-20 grains make 1 scruple, 3 scruples 1 dram 3; 8 drams 1 ounce 3; 12 ounces 1 pound H. (U. S.) Troy Weight-24 grains make 1 pennyweight; 20 pennyweights, 1 ounce; 12 ounces 1 pound. 1 lb. Troy is to 1 lb. avoirdupois as 144 is to 175; or, 5,760 grains make 1 lb. Trov, and 7,000 grains 1 lb. Avoirdupois. (US) Avoirdupois Weight.-[1 dram or 27 11-32 grains equal 1.7712 grammes]-16 drams make 1 ounce [equal to 28.334 grammes]; 16 ounces, 1 pound; 28 pounds, 1 quarter; 4 quarters, 1 hundred weight; 20 hundred weight, or 2,240 pounds, 1 ton. In Philadelphia, and many other places 2,240 lbs. are generally considered a ton. In the state of New York, unless by special bargain, 2,000 lbs. are a ton. Sales by the lb. are the most common; nothing is sold by the cwt. of 112 lbs. In Avoirdupois. 7 lbs. make 1 clove of wool, and 14 lbs. 1 stone. A pack of wool is 240 lbs. In Ohio, when sales are made by the bushel, without a special agreement, the following are the legal weights of a bushel-wheat 60 lbs.; Indian corn 56; barley 48; o its 39; rye 56: flaxseed 56: cloverseed 64. Corn is usually sold in the Western States 56 lbs. to the bushel. In Boston, 53 lbs. are considered a bushel of Western corn. 36 bushels, or 574 cubic feet, of English coal make 1 chaldron. In freights, by the rules of the N. Y. Chamber of Commerce, a ton is composed of 8 barrels of flour; 22 bushels of grain, peas, or beans, in casks, or 36 in bulk; 36 bushels European, or 31 bushels W. I. salt; 6 barrels of beef, pork, tallow, or pickled fish 200 gallons, wine measure, of oil, wine, brandy, or other liquids; 29 bushels of sea-coal; 40 cubic feet of square timber, oak-plank, pine, cotton, wool, and bale goods; 2,000 lbs. of bar or pig iron, ashes, and all other heavy goods. (U. S.) Linear Measure.—3 barley-corns make 1 inch; 12 inches 1 foot; 3 feet 1 yard; 5 yards 1 rod or pole; 40 rods 1 furlong; furlongs 1 mile. A hand is 4 inches; a fathom 6 feet; 120 fathoms 1 cable's length; a cubit i feet; 69 statute, or 60 sea miles, 1 degree; 360 degrees a great circle of the earth; 3 miles are a league 1 link is equal to 7.92 inches; 100-792 inches, or 66 feet, or rods, or 1 chain; 80 chains=320 rods, or 1 mile. An English or American mile is 5280 feet; A Dutch mile 24303 feet; a Roman 4884 feet; an Arabian 6444 feet; a Persian Parasang 18108 feet; 4 English miles make 1 German; 2 English 1 French league; the Spanish and Polish mile is about 34 English miles; the Russian mile or verst is about three fourth of an English mile; the Hungarian, Danish, and Swiss mile is between five and six English miles; the Swedish nearly seven. Cloth Mensure.-4 nails or 9 inches make 1 quarter; 4 quarters, 1 yard. (V. S.) Square Measure.-144 square inches make 1 square foot; 9 sq. feet, 1 sq. yard; 30 sq. yards, 1 sq. rod: 40 sq. rois, 1 rood; 4 roods, or 43560 feet, 1 acre; 640 acres, 1 sq. mile; 16 square rods or 10 square chains make an acre. (U.S.) Solid Me sure-1,728 cubic inches make 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feet, 1 cubic yard; 42 cubic feet. 1 ton of shipping; 40 cubic feet, 1 ton of unhewn timber: 50 cubic feet 1 ton squared timber. A pile of wood 8 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet hi h (or 128 cubic feet), make 1 cord. (US) Wine Mesure -4 gills make 1 pint; 2 pints. 1 quart; quarts, 1 gallon; 31 gallons, 1 barrel; 63 gallons, 1 hogsliead; 2 hogsheads, 1 pipe; 2 pipes, 1 tun. (US) Dry, or Winchester Measure-4 gills make 1 pint: 33.6 cubic inches 0.550.53 French litres; 2 pints 1 quart 67-40 cubic inches 1.10107 litres, 4 quarts 1 gallon 268.8 cub. in. 4 40428 litres; 2 gallons 1 peck: 537.6 cub. in. 8.808 litres; 4 pecks 1 bushel 2150.42 cub. in. = 35.2343 litres; 5 quarters 1 wey or load. The Winchester bushel is 18 inches wide and 8 inches deep; it contains 2150 2-5 solid inches, being 47 1-5 less than the imperial bushel. Of wheat the bushel is 60 lbs. The barrel of flour contains 5 Winchester bushels, and weighs, net, 196 The barrel of Indian corn contains 3 1-8 bushels. The weight of a gallon of molasses is usually 11 lbs. but sometimes 10 or 12. lbs. British Imperial (new) Standard Measure, compared with Winchester and Wine Measure.-Our extensive dealings with England make it useful for businessmen to have an explanation of the difference between the imperial measure for liquids and dry articles, and our Winchester and wine measures, which latter were formerly used in England. : By the imperial standard, adopted in England in 1826, 1 gill is = 8 665 solid inches 4 gills 1 pint; 2 pints 1 quart; 4 quarts 1 gallon, or 277.274 solid inches: 2 gallons 1 peck; 4 pecks 1 bushel, or 2218.191 inches; 4 bushels are 1 coomb; 2 coombs (8 bushels) 1 quarter. The quarter of wheat is equal to the quarter of a ton of 2240 lbs or 560 lbs; 70 lbs. in weight are an English bushel wheat, while 60 lbs. of wheat make our bushel; so that the U. S. wheat bushel is just 6-7ths of the English or imperial, and a quarter of wheat in England is equal to 9 bushels in the United States, though in capacity to only 84 bushels. The U. S grain gallon measures 268 8 solid inches; the wine gallon 231 inches; the imperial measures 2774 inches; 36 of our wine gallons are very nearly equal to 30 imperial gallons. The obsolete English ale and beer gallon measured 282 cubic inches. The imperial standard gallon is a measure that will hold 10 lbs avoirdupois of pure (distilled) water, weighed in air at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30. This is the unit standard in Britain of capacity, for liquids, ale, beer, wine, spirits, and dry articles not measured by heaped measure. Our Winchester gallon weighs 9 lbs. 10 oz and 1 3-4 drams of pure water. 1 Winchester quarter = 0.96945 of an imperial quarter; 33 Winchester quarters 31 99175 imp.; 98 W. 95.00581 imp.; 100 W. 96.94470 imp. To Reduce the Price of Wheat, in Sterling, per Imperial Quarter, to Dollars and Cents. Reduce the shillings per quarter into dollars and cents. at 24.2 cts. per shilling, and divide by 94 the number of U. S. bushels in an imperial quarter. EXAMPLE Required the price of wheat per U. S bushel in Liverpool, when it fetches 588 6d. per imperial quarter. 58s. 6d. equals $14.15, which, divided by 9, gives $1.51 the price per bushel. TABLE OF FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, REDUCED TO THE STANDARD OF THE UNITED STATES. (The two right hand figures are the hundredth parts of a whole number.) 4 90 to 5 00 TABLE OF GOLD AND SILVER COINS WITH THEIR VALUE, ACCORDING TO WEIGHT. GOLD COINS. United States Double Eagle.. $crs. Forty Lire .20 00 Twenty Lire. United States Eagle (since 1834)......10 00 Ten Lire United States Eagle (before 1834) ...10 50 Sequin .. United States Half Eagle (since 1834).. 5 00 Ten Scudo United States Half-Eagle (before 1834). 5 25 Twenty Drachms, Greece... United States Quarter Eagle.. 2 50 Turkish Gold Coin. California Half-Eagle United States Gold Dollar Doubloon, Mexico, Central America, Doubloon, Spain Half-Doubloon, Bolivia, Peru, &c...... 7 75 Quarter-Doubloon, Mexico, Colombia, $ OTE. 7 66 3 83 1 90 2 20 ...10 00 3.30 24 1 00 Half-Dollar SILVER COINS. 1 00 .15 60 ..16 00 Quarter-Dollar One Dime.... Half-Dime 8 00 3 75 Dollar, Mexico, Central America, New 50 Base Dollar, New Granada Argentine Confederation, &c..... 100 65 90 1,200 Reis... 960 Reis, Brazil and Portugal. 90 98 Half-Joe, Portugal. 6 to 8 50 Quarter-Dollar. 1 00 One Real, South American states..6 to 1 00 12 30 to 50 1 75 Spanish Dollar .22 to 24 1 00 .40 to 50 .23 to 24 18 16 8 90 16 50 12 6 |