gradually, until the half travel is passed again, when it closes, as it opened, with great rapidity. By this means a port of twenty square inches (which is the size at the cylinder bore) is just as efficient as 26 square inches would be with a simple eccentric motion. The ports are each inch wide in each valve, outside lap inch, inside inch. Travel of valve 3,5 inches.

The cut-off valves are also worked by an eccentric and wrist-plate motion. The travel of these valves can be changed at will, but for usual work they will travel four inches. They are operated direct by a centrifugal governor fixed on the main crank shaft. By the lever and wrist-plate combination used in this case, the cut-off valves have a rapid close by the cut-off eccentric, independent of the extra hastening of the closing by the governor. Both valves can be worked by hand lever (the main and cut-off), and the cutoff valves can be adjusted on the seat of the main valve to any desired point, by a simple device entirely outside of the chest.

SETTING UP STEAM ENGINES.

In setting up stationary engines, the first requisite is a template of the anchor bolt holes. This template is made of one-inch stuff, about six inches wide, and is merely a frame large enough to take in the holes in bottom flange of bed plate, as shown in Fig. 32.

The engine may be tilted up a few inches

a'

on one side and supported by short braces from the top flange. a This will allow of the template being slipped under the bed plate and the flange holes marked on it through the flange holes. While in this position, if the side or edge of the bottom flange is planed true with the centre line of engine, a line b, b, Fig. 32, may be scribed on the template true with this edge, to square the anchor bolts by an existing line of shafting in the building, as the case may be. If the top flange of bed plate is planed and the bottom one not, the line b, b, may be squared down from top flange. If neither the top nor the bottom flange is planed on the edge, a line may be put up through the cylinder centrally, extending

a

the entire length of bed plate, which should be level or nearly so, and a line dropped from such end of this centre line across the ends of bed plate and the bottom flange, marked fair with the line where it crosses it. This transfers the centre line of engine to bottom flange, which in turn can be transferred to the template. The marks on lower flange had better be made while the engine is in the shop on the "floor" being put up. The lines so transferred are shown in Fig.

d

Fig. 33.

32 at c, c. The holding down or anchor bolts, which should have large heads, may then be slipped throngh the washers or anchor plate. A heavy anchor plate of cast iron, long enough to take in two opposite bolts, as a' a', is better than single washers. The bolts so prepared may then be placed upright in the foundation hole, the template resting on the nuts, which should be run down a short distance, as shown in Fig. 33, d. being the template. The template and bolts

should then be squared by the lines b, b, or c, c, (Fig. 32,) to the shafting, if up, or the building, and braced in this position by several light braces tacked to it and surrounding objects. The foundation can then be laid on the anchor plates enclosing the bolts till the required height is reached. The top should be composed of large cut stones and carefully leveled. The engine, after the foundation has "set" sufficiently, may be placed on it, the bolts bringing it in line. It should be carefully leveled by iron wedges. A

runner," or small embankment of clay, should then be built as high as the top of the lower flange, both inside of bed plate and out, and extending entirely around it about a quarter of an inch from it. This "runner" may be bent out at several places into the form of a capital letter U, open side to the flange, to facilitate the pouring of the melted sulphur or lead, which should be run up considerably higher than the bottom of the flanges, so that the hydrostatic pressure may keep it solid between the flange and stone. Cement, either Portland or Louisville, may be used in place of the lead or sulphur by "pointing" the crevice between bed plate and stone on the outside only with a thick mortar of the cement, and pouring a thinner mixture of the same on the inside. This may be worked beneath the flange with a trowel. After it is set the anchor nuts may be tightened, and the surplus sulphur,

lead, or cement chipped off flush with the bed plate.

The writer has seen several engines set without the template, by building up the foundation solid without the bolts. The engine should then

be leveled on the foundation and squared. Holes
may then be drilled through the flange holes in-
to the foundation, about 12 or 14 inches wider at
the bottom than top. The bolts, which should
be slightly tapered, being smaller at the top, may
then be placed in the holes and sulphur or lead
used as in the first plan. An 80 H. P. engine
set by the latter plan six years ago is as solid to-
day as can be wished. Sulphur will generally
give the best results. When the latter plan is
adopted, the foundation throughout should be
laid up in cement. In setting up an engine it
should be remembered that a foundation too
heavy (if such a thing is possible) is preferable to
one too light. The part below the earth should
be laid of stone well below the frost line.
part above may be of brick topped with one or
two cut stones. The pillow block foundation
may be built the same as the engine foundation,
and, being lighter, anchor bolts clear to the bot-
tom had better be used.

STEEL VS. IRON PLATES.

The

In the year 1847, Krupp, of Essen, made his first steel twelve-pounder field piece, and all of Europe's military engineers laughed, and said

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