7-8. superba . . . limina: the morning salutatio of the rich patron, which Vergil describes so magnificently (Georg. 2. 461), and Martial found so burdensome.

9. ergo and so, being free.

adulta: after three years'

growth. - propagine: sets, layers, slips. Cf. Lex. s.v.

10. altas: the tall slim branchless poplar (Il. 4. 482) and the elm were especially suited for this. — maritat: cf. on 2. 15. 4; 4. 5. 30; Cato, R. R. 32, arbores facito ut bene maritae sint.

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11. in reducta valle: 1. 17. 17.-mugientium: mugitusque boum (Verg. Georg. 2. 470). The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea.' Cf. balantum, sheep (Verg. Georg. 1. 272); natantum, fishes (ibid. 3. 541); Lucret. 1. 887, lanigerae. And on such appellations of animals generally, see Classical Review, November, 1894.

12. errantes: 3. 13. 12, pecori vago.

13-14. Pruning and grafting. Cf. Verg. Georg. 2. 69, 81. 14. feliciores: etymologically. Cf. femina, fecundus. 4. 4. 65. n.

Cf.

15. pressa: cf. Verg. Georg. 4. 140, spumantia cogere pressis mella favis. More properly of wine (Epode 13. 6).

16. infirmas: the standing epithet. Cf. Ov. Ib. 44; Lucret. 1. 260.

17. vel: the choice of another aspect of country joys to contemplate. Aut is merely disjunctive. Que (13) must be given the

force of ve, which some would read.

17-18. For Autumn personified, cf. on 4. 7. 11; 3. 23. 8.

17. mitibus: cf. immitis, (2. 5. 10). If agris is abl., Autumn rises from (in) the fields; if dat., she displays her beauties to (for) them

19. ut: how. Cf. 1. 61; 1. 11. 3. decerpens: cf. carpsit (Verg. Georg. 2. 501). Normal prose would use inf. with gaudet. Cf. Greek ἥδεται δρέπων.

20. purpurae: with the purple (dyes of art). Cf. 2. 5. 12. And, for dat., 2. 2. 18; 1. 1. 15.

21. Priape: the Hellespontic garden god, to whom so many of the licentious epigrams of the Anthology are addressed. — pater: cf. on 1. 18. 6; Verg. Georg. 2. 494, Panaque Silvanumque senem.

22. Silvane: cf. 3. 29. 23. Old Italian wood god, and so perhaps

tutor finium as guardian of the bounds of the primitive farmers' clearing. Cf. Preller-Jordan, Röm. Myth.

23. iacere: 1. 1. 22; 2. 7. 19; 2. 11. 14. 24. tenaci : matted (Dryden).

Cf. Ripe grasses trammel a travelling foot' (Swinburne, Atalanta). Cf. on 4. 12. 9.

25. altis... ripis: brimming, to the height of their banks apparently. Cf. Lucret. 2. 362, summis labentia ripis; Quintil. 12. 2, 11, ut vis amnium maior est altis ripis multoque gurgitis tractu fluentium, etc. Others, with Bentley, take it of the height of the banks brought out by the low water of summer. Some Mss. and eds. read rivis.

26. queruntur: cf. on 4. 12. 5; Ov. Am. 3. 1. 4, et latere ex omni dulce queruntur aves; Verg. Ecl. 1. 59.

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26-27. Though haply you should fall asleep | To clink of silver waters' (Mrs. Browning).

27. lymphis: somewhat tautological instr. abl. — obstrepunt: absolutely as 3. 30. 10. Markland's conjecture frondes is tempting. The foliage then murmurs to the waters, as in Propert. 5. 4. 4, multaque nativis obstrepit arbor aquis, and slumber distils down through the rustling leaves, as in Sappho's exquisite fragment, αἰθυσσομένων δὲ φύλλων | Κῶμα καταρρεῖ. Cf. 3. 1. 21; Theoc. 8. 79; Verg. Georg. 2. 469; Sen. Phaedr. 508, an imitation of the whole passage.

28. quod: its antecedent is the cognate acc. felt with obstrepunt, a sound such as to. -leves: 2. 16. 15.

29. at: a corresponding winter scene. Cf. on 3. 7. 22; 3. 18. 9. - tonantis: the standing epithet (cf. on 3. 5. 1) has special fitness here. -annus: cf. on 3. 23. 8.

31 sqq. Cf. Herrick, 663: 'To these, thou hast thy times to goe And trace the Hare i' th' treacherous snow; . . . Thou hast thy Cockrood, and thy glade | To take the precious pheasant made :| Thy Lime-twigs, Snares and Pit-falls then | To catch the pilfring birds, not men.'

31. trudit: a stronger agit. Cf. 2. 18. 15. - hinc et hinc: 5. 97. —multa: so Verg. Aen. 1. 334 multa . hostia. 32. plagas: 1. 1. 28; 3. 5. 32. Lex. s.v. 3. 33. ǎmite levi: the smooth pole, or pertica aucupali. S. V. rara.. retia wide-meshed. So Verg. Aen. 4. 131.

Cf. Lex.

34. turdis: Martial, 3. 58. 26, Sed tendit avidis rete subdolum turdis. - dolos: apposition with retia.

35. Note the two anapests and the tribrach. But some get rid of that in the fifth foot by taking laqueo as a dissyllable by synizesis. Cf. 1. 79, and 11. 23. advenam: migratory. Milt. P. L., 'So steers the prudent crane | Her annual voyage, borne on winds.' 37. curas: attracted to rel. clause for metrical convenience probably.

...

...

39-60. Construe quodsi . . . mulier iuvet . . . exstruat (43) .. siccet (46) . . . adparet (48) non me iuverint, etc. (49 sqq. apodosis). Non . . . descendat, etc., is not felt as a part of the apodosis, but as an independent development of the thought—that far-fetched and dear-bought luxuries would give less pleasure than the unbought joys of a simple country home.

39. in partem: she plays her woman's part — eis doov olévw in the words of Electra, Eurip. El. 71; cf. the picture of chaste domestic happiness, Verg. Georg. 2. 523–524.

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41. Sabina cf. 3. 6. 37 sqq. -the type of antique virtuehaud similis tibi Cynthia, as Juvenal says. Cf. the imitation of the passage in Stat. Silv. 5. 1. 122 sqq. — perusta: tanned, žλióKavσTOS; Arnold, Empedocles, 'His hard-task'd, sunburnt wife, | His often laboured fields.' — solibus: cf. on 4. 5. 8.; Verg. Georg. 1. 66, maturis solibus; Lucret. 5. 251, perusta | solibus adsiduis; Epode, 16. 13.

42. pernicis: cf. impiger, 3. 16. 26.

43-44: cf. Gray's Elegy, 'For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, | Or busy housewife ply her evening care'; Tibull. 1. 10. 42. The details of in partem iuvet without conjunction.

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43. sacrum: to the Lares. Cf. 3. 23. 15; 4. 5. 34; Herrick, 334, to Larr, Go where I will, thou luckie Larr stay here, | Warme by a glit'ring chimney all the year.' - vetustis: hence dry.

44. sub against.'

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45. textis cratibus: σŋkoîs, wattled folds.' - laetum: cf. on 4. 4. 13; Verg. Georg. 2. 144, armentaque laeta.

47. horna: 3. 23. 3.- dulci: hardly yet fermented in the great earthen jars where it was kept till bottled.

48. inemptas: cf. yλvkéa kádáπava (Aristoph. Pax. 593); Verg. Georg. 4. 132, dapibus mensas onerabat inemptis; Martial, 4. 66.

5, etc. In imitation of this usage of the Latin poets, English writers of the eighteenth century employ the expression freely as a laudatory term. Cf. Burke's famous characterization of chivalry : 'The unbought grace of life, the cheap defence of nations.'

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49. Lucrine oysters were much prized. Cf. Juv. 4. 140; Martial, 6. 11. 5; Milt. P. R. 2, All fish from sea or shore. for which was drain'd | Pontus and Lucrine bay, and Afric coast.' For the Lucrine bay, cf. 2. 15. 3.

51-52. The scar was supposed to be driven down into the Mediterranean from the Pontus by storms. Ennius, Heduphagetica (8) For the rhombus, cf. Juv.

calls it cerebrumi Iovis paene supremi. Sat. 4. 39-43.

52. intonata: deponent.

53. Afra avis: Numidian hen, guinea-fowl.

54. attagen: heathcock? Martial, 13. 61.

55. pinguissimis: what bears fat olives should itself be fat. 57. gravi: costive. Cf. Martial, 10. 48. 7.

58. malvae, etc.: cf. on 1. 31. 16.

59. Terminalibus: the festival of the god Terminus, VII Kal. Mart. (Ov. Fast. 2. 655, spargitur et caeso communis Terminus agno). The rustic tastes meat only when it is provided by a sacrifice or an accident.

60. lupo Martial, 10. 48. 14, haedus inhumani raptus ab ore lupi. There was a belief that the wolf selected the best, and that тà λUкóВρwтα were most toothsome (Plut. Sympos. 2. 9).

63-64. Cf. on 3. 6. 42; Verg. Ecl. 2. 66, aspice, aratra iugo referunt suspensa iuvenci; Ov. Fast. 5. 497.

65. The swarm of homebred slaves, a sign of rustic opulence, sit at supper near the fire in the atrium, while the wooden images of the Lares, polished and gleaming in the firelight, seem to smile upon the scene. Cf. Sat. 2. 6. 66, quibus . . . ante Larem proprium vescor vernasque procaces | pasco libatis dapibus; Tibull. 2. 1. 23, turbaque vernarum, saturi bona signa coloni; Martial, 3. 58. 22; 4. 66. 10.

67. Alfius: apparently a traditional type like many of the names in the Satires. Cf. Columella, 1. 7. Dryden substitutes 'More

craft.'

68. iam iam: ironically emphasizing his eagerness.

69-70. redigere and ponere are the technical terms for calling in and placing loans, cf. Lex.; for Ides and Kalends as settling days, cf. Cic. Cat. 1. 4; Hor. Sat. 1. 3. 87.

EPODE III.

Horace has eaten at Maecenas' table a dish perhaps intentionally (iocose, 20) overseasoned with garlic, and relieves his feelings by mock-heroic imprecations.

1. olim: ever. Cf. on 4. 4. 5.

2. guttur fregerit: cf. 2. 13. 6.

3. edit: archaic subj. for edat. Cf. Sat. 2. 8. 90.— cicutis: the hemlock, employed in the execution of Socrates. Cf. Epp. 2. 2. 53. 4. messorum: cf. Verg. Ecl. 2. 10, Thestylis et rapido fessis messoribus aestu | alia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentis. 5-6. veneni: with quid.-viperinus: 1. 8. 9.

7. fefellit: without my knowledge. Cf. 3. 16. 32. — malas : Verg. Aen. 2. 471, coluber mala gramina pastus. Cf. mala cicuta (Sat. 2. 1. 56).

8. Canidia: cf. Epodes 5 and 17 for this poisonous witch. tractavit: handled, had a finger in, cf. 2. 13. 10.

- praeter omnes: with mirata est.

10. Medea: the typical venefica of mythology.—ducem: Jason. -mirata: cf. 4. 9. 15:

11. ignota: insueta, cf. 4. 2. 6; they were not wonted to the yoke. For the story, cf. on 4. 4. 63.

12. perunxit: cf. 1. 5. 2, perfusus. A potent drug may be poison or antidote. Medea anointed Jason to preserve him from the fire-breathing bulls which he was required to yoke in order to plow the furrows for the dragon's teeth. Cf. Pind. Pyth. 4. 220, 'Then speedily she showed him the accomplishment of the tasks her father set, and many drugs withal gave him for his anointment, antidotes of cruel pain.'-hoc: emphatic.

13. paelicem : so in Seneca's Medea she names (Glauce) Creousa, the young Corinthian princess for whom Jason abandons her, and whom she slays by the gift of a poisoned robe, escaping, at the