PODALGIA Podalgia (πους [gen. ποδος], αλγος, α pain). Any pain of the feet. Podal'ic (ROC). Pertaining to the feet. P. Version, in obstetrics, the operation of bringing down one or both feet when the position of the foetus is such that it cannot be delivered by natural labor. Podarthritis (πους, αρθρον, a joint, στις, inflammation). Gouty inflammation of the joints of the feet. Podelco/ma. See Fungus Foot. Podenceph'alus (πоvç, ɛукɛpañoç, brain). A class of exencephalic monstrosities having the brain protruding through a fissure in the cranial vault as a pedunculated tumor. Podobrom hidro'sis (πους, βρωμος, stench, dpws, sweat). Offensive sweating of the feet. See Bromidrosis. Podode'ma (яove, oidпua, a swelling). Edema or swelling of the foot. Podophyllum. May Apple. The root of mandrake, P. peltatum. Contains a resinous active principle. A tonic astringent, cholagogue and purgative. Apt to produce nausea. Recommended in remittent fever, bilious vomiting, and malarial jaundice. Dose of the root gr. v-xx; of the resin, podophyllin, gr. %-j. Dose of the abstract gr. 4-j; of the ext. gr. v-x; of the fld. ext. mj-xxx. Poikil'oblast. See Corpuscle. Poikilocyte (TOKOÇ, varied, кUTоç, a cell). An irregular shaped red blood-corpuscle. Poikilocytosis (ποικιλος, κυτος). A condition marked by irregularity in the shape of the red corpuscles of the blood; it occurs in anæmia, chlorosis, etc. Poikilothermic (ποικίλος, θερμη, heat). Varying in temperature according to surroundings. A term applied to cold-blooded animals, such as fishes, etc. Point. See Puncture. P. Apophysaire, a name given by Trousseau to a tender spot over the spinous process of the vertebræ, which, in neuralgic affections, corresponds to the origin of the nerve involved. Pointillage (Fr.). Massage by means of the finger tips. Point'ing of an Abscess. The conical part where softening and fluctuation take place. Points Douloureux (Fr.). Tender spots in the course of an inflamed nerve. Poiseuilles' Space. The lateral, transparent plasma-current in the capillaries, the red corpuscles flowing in the center or axial current. Poi'son. A substance that deranges the functions of the various organs by action other than mechanical, endangering or arresting vitality. P., Irritant, one producing irritation or solution, such as mineral acids, alkalies, caustics and other corrosive compounds. P. Ivy, or Oak. See Rhus Toxicodendron. P., Narcotic, one affecting the brain and nerve centers, producing stupor, delirium, etc., such as opium, hydrocyanic acid, and carbon monoxide. P., Narcotico-acrid, one that produces both irritation and narcotism, such as strychnia, etc. See, also, Antidote, and Drug. Poisoning. The act of administering any substance destructive to life or to health. P., Blood. See Septicamia. Poke Root. See Phytolacca. Poʻlar Globules (polus, a pole, globus, a globe). The excreted or separated periph eral pole of the nucleus or altered germinal vesicle, nipped off from the ovum. Polarimeter (polus, perpov, a measure). An instrument for determining if a translucent substance changes the plane of polarization to the right or to the left. Polarity (polus). The state of having poles or points of intensity with mutually opposite qualities. Polariza'tion (polus). The act of forming poles or points of intensity having qualities mutually opposite. P. of Light, the separation of a ray of light into two sepa rate parts whose planes of vibration are at right angles to each other. It is usually accomplished by passing the ray through a double refracting medium. Pole (polus). The extremity of an axis, especially that of the earth. In galvanic or dynamic electricity, the electrodes of a cell or of a generator. In magnetism, one of the points of maximum intensity of mag netic force. Polioencephalitis (mokos, gray, ƐνкƐḍɑ2ov, the brain, Ts, inflammation). An inflammation of the gray matter of the cortex of the brain, a theory advanced by Strümpell to explain the occurrence of infantile hemiplegia. Poliomyeli'tis (motoç, myelitis). A variety of myelitis in which the gray matter of the cord is alone or chiefly affected. Poliomyelopathy (πόλιος, μυελος, πάθος, disease). Disease of the gray matter of the cord. Polioplas'ma. See Protoplasm. Polio'sis (Toos, hoary or gray). A condition characterized by absence of pigment in the hair. Grayness of hair. POLITY Polity (mos, a city). A form of government. The functions of the government of a city or town. P., Medical, the sanitary regulations of a community. Politzer's Ear-Bag. An instrument for filling the tympanic cavity with air; frequently used by aurists. Politzer's Method. A method of inflating the middle ear, clearing the Eustachian tube or rendering it pervious, by filling one nostril the other being closed-with air from a rubber bag, the patient, at the moment of inflation, exerting the act of swallowing. Pollakiu/ria (Tо22akıç, often, ovpov, urine). Abnormal frequency of micturi tion. Pollen (πoλŋ, meal). The fecundating dust contained in the anthers of flowers. Pol'lex (Lat). The thumb or the great toe. Pollution (polluo, to defile). In sanitary science, the introduction or dissemination of any deleterious or filthy substance about a locality where its presence would be conducive to disease. Especially the defilement of potable water by sewage or excreta. In physiology, the production of the orgasm in either male or female by means other than sexual intercourse. Masturbation. P., Nocturnal. See Nocturnal. See Pol'y- (лovs, many). A Greek adjective which, prefixed to a root, denotes much or many. Polyade'nous (πоλνç, aðŋy, a gland). Having many glands. Polyæmia (оλνç, aqua, blood). Abnormal increase of the entire mass of the blood. After major amputations, with little loss of blood, there is a transient increase, relatively speaking, and this is called P. Apocoptica. A simple increase of the water of the blood is called P. Aquosa. P. Hyperalbuminosa, an increase of albumins in the plasma. P. Polycythemia, an increase of the red corpuscles. P. Serosa, an increase of the serum. Polyæsthe'sia (rohvç, awolnota, sensation). An abnormality of sensation in which a single touch is felt as if it were two or more. Polyan'dry (πολυς, ανηρ [gen. ανδρος], α man). The state or practice of having more than one husband. Polychrest/us (πολυς, χρηστος, useful). An obsolete term formerly applied to a medicine efficacious in many diseases. Polychromatic (πολυς, χρώμα, a color). Having many colors. Variable in color. Polyclinic (oλvç, kλɩvn, a bed). A hos pital with many beds or where all diseases are treated. Polyco'ria (оĥνç, корη, pupil). Having more than one pupil or opening in the iris. Polycrotic (оλvÇ, кроτоç, pulse). Pertaining to a pulse that appears to have more than two rhythms for each cardiac impulse. Polycye'sis (πоλνç, Kνnois, pregnancy). The occurrence of frequent pregnancy. Polycyst'ic (TOλνç, KVOTIç, a sac). Containing many cysts. Polycythæmia (πολυς, κυτος, cell, αίμα, blood). Excess of red corpuscles in the blood. Polydac/tylism (πολυς, δακτυλος, a finger). The condition of having one or more supernumerary fingers or toes. Polydipsia (Toλvg, doc, thirst). cessive thirst. It is usually present in fever and diabetes. Polygalac'tia. See Galactorrhea. Ex Polygamy (Toλvç, yaμoç, marriage). The state or practice of having more than one wife. Polygen'esis (Tolvs, yevvaw, to beget). Producing many offspring. Fecundity. Polyglot/tides. See Alternations of Gen eration. Pol'ygon (Toλvç, yavia, an angle). A figure having three or more sides. A regular polygon is equilateral and equiangular. Polyg'onum Hydropipero'ïdes. Smart Weed. Water Pepper. A plant common in the United States. Active principle thought to be polygonic acid. Stimulates the action of heart and increases arterial tension. Diuretic, emmenagogue and aphrodisiac. Externally, rubefacient and vesiValuable in amenorrhoea and impotence. Dose of the ext. gr. j-v, of the fld. ext. mx-3j. All unof. Polyhæ'mia (roλve, aua, the blood). Plethora. Excessive fullness of blood. Polyhydramnios (ohvç, 'vdwp, water, auviov). A disease of the amnion consisting in an excessive production of the amniotic liquor. cant. Polymas'tia (лоλvç, many, uaσтroç, breast). The condition of a woman having more than two breasts or nipples. They may be either in the axilla or elsewhere about the trunk. Polymaʼzia. See Polymastia. Polym'elus (ñoλvç, μɛhoç, a limb). A foetal monstrosity having more than the normal number of limbs. POLYMENORRHOEA Polymenorrhœ'a (ñoλvç, μŋv, month, pɛw, to flow). Excessive menstrual flow. Polymer'ic. See Isomeric. Polymerism (лоλνç, μɛроç, a part). A. term applied to such monstrosities as are distinguished by having more than the normal number of parts. In Polymorphous (możνs, μopon, a form). Having, or existing in many forms. crystallography, applied to any substance that crystallizes in more than one form. Polyneuritis. See Multiple Neuritis. Polynucleate (ñoλvç, nucleus). With more than one nucleus. Polyo'pia (Toλvę, wy). A condition of the eye wherein more than one image of an object is formed upon the retina. Polyor'chis (Oλvç, oрxic, a testicle). One who has more than two testicles. Polypare'sis (ñoλνç, пapɛσię, weakness). General progressive paralysis of the insane, or paralytic dementia. Polypath'ic (оλç, πaboç, disease). Pertaining to many diseases coexisting in one person, or to one disease affecting many Polyuria (лovs, ovpov, the urine). Excessive secretion of urine. Pomade'(pomum an apple). Any perfumed ointment or preparation for inunction of the scalp or other parts. Poma'tum. Same as Pomade. Pomegranate. See Granatum. Pommelière (Fr.). Bovine phthisis. Pom/pholyx (Toupoλvg, a bubble). Cheiropompholyx; Dysidrosis. A disease of rare occurrence, consisting of vesicular and bullous eruptions limited to the hands and feet. Thought by Tilbury Fox to be a disease of the sweat glands. Sometimes used as a synonym for Pemphigus. Po'mum Ada'mi (Lat., Adam's apple). The ridge or prominence in the front of the neck caused by the projection of the thyroid cartilage. Pond's Extract. See Hamamelis. Ponga'mia. Kurung Oil. The oil expressed from the seeds of P. glabra, native to India. Not well known, but recommended in parasitic diseases of the skin. Efficacious in pityriasis versicolor. Unof. Pons (Lat. a bridge). A process or portion of an organ communicating between two parts. P. Hepatis, the hepatic substance bridging the two lobes of the liver. P. Tarini, the whitish-gray matter connecting the peduncles of the cerebrum. P. Varolii, the bond of white fibers arching the medulla oblongata and connecting the lateral lobes of the cerebrum. Ponticulus Hepat'icus (dim. of pons, a bridge, nap, the liver). A bridge of tissue, containing a plexus of blood vessels extending from the surface of the spigelian to that of the right lobe of the liver. Pop'lar. See Populus. Poplite'al (poples, the hock or knee). Pertaining to the hinder part of the kneejoint or ham. P. Space, the lozengeshaped space occupying the lower third of the thigh and the upper fifth of the leg. Poplite'us (poples). The ham or hinderpart of the knee-joint. P. Muscle. See Muscle. Population (populi, the people). The mass of people dwelling within a given geographical or political area. P., Malthusian Law of Increase of, that the number of individuals of a society tends to increase faster than the food product, so that there is always a pressure on the means of subsistence. Pop'ulus. Poplar. The resin of the leafbuds of several species. Used in Europe for pectoral and nephritic troubles. Unof. PORENCEPHALIA 66 Porencephalia (Tороç, cavity, EvкEQAĥOV). Absence of the brain-substance, with destruction of the white cortical substance. Pores of Skin. A common name used to designate the efferent ducts of the sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. Pork (porcus). The flesh of swine, Sus scrofa. P., Diseases of. The muscular tissue of swine is liable to contain worms or cysticerci, which constitute the measles" of pork. This cysticercus, derived from the excrement of man, contains the eggs of the tapeworm, Tania solium. The cysticercus of the pig, introduced into the intestines of man develops into the tapeworm. Pork may also contain a small nematode worm, the Trichina spiralis. The latter, in its encysted state, will retain vitality for several months, or even years. Introduced into the intestines of man it multiplies rapidly, soon migrating to the muscles, where it is encysted. Pornograph'ic (opveta, prostitution, ypaow, to write). A descriptive treatise on prostitution, with reference to public hygiene. Poro'ma. Same as Porosis. Poro'sis (Gr.). A condition of induration or hardness arising from inflammation. Poros'ity (Topoç, a ford or passage). The condition of being porous. Porot'omy (ороs, тεμvo, to cut). The operation of enlarging by incision the meatus of the urethra. Po'rous (Topo). Having small spiracles or pores. 356 Porphyra (Tорovρа, purple). An eruptive rock. The leaf or tablet of the same used by pharmacists in the preparation of compounds. The name has been used to designate scurvy. Porphyriza'tion. See Levigation. Por poise Oil. See Delphinida Oleum. Porret's Phenom'enon. When a galvanic current is conducted through living muscle the fibers swell at the negative pole. Porri'go (porrum, a leek). A term applied to several diseases of the scalp. P. Contagiosa. See Impetigo. P., Decalvans. See Alopecia Areata. P. Favosa. See Favus. P. Lupinosa. See Favus. Por'ro's Operation. See Casarean Op eration. Por'ta (Lat. a gate). The hilus, or that part of the liver or other organ where the vessels enter, as by a gate. Portal (porta). Pertaining to the venous supply of the liver. P. System, the sys POSOLOGICAL tem of veins collecting the venous blood from the digestive tract. P. Vein, the large vein of the liver. Porte-, or Port- (porto, to carry). A carrier, or holder. P. Aiguille. See Needle-holder. P. Caustic, a holder for the stick of caustic. P. Moxa. See Moxa. Porter. See Malt Liquors. the muscles of the face. Por'tio Mollis. The auditory nerve. See Nerve. Port-wine. See Vinum. Port-wine Mark, or Stain. See Nævus Vascularis. Po'rus (Lat.). A callosity. Also, a canal, duct, or pore. Position of the Fatus. The relation of the presenting part to the cardinal points of Capuron. For the vertex, the face and the breech, there are each four positions: a right anterior, a right posterior, a left anterior and a left posterior. For each of the shoulders there is an anterior and a posterior. In order to shorten and memorize these positions, the initials of the chief words are made use of as follows: For vertex presentations the word occiput is indicated by the letter O., and preceded by the letters R. and L., for right or left, and followed by A. or P., according as the presenting part is anterior or posterior. We thus have the initials L. O. A., left-occipito anterior, to indicate that the presenting occiput is upon the anterior left side. In the same way are derived the terms, L. O. P., R. O. A., R. O. P. For facial presentations we have in the same way, L. F. A. (left fronto-anterior), L. F. P., R. F. A., R. F. P. For breech or sacral presentations, L. S. A., L. S. P., R. S. A., R. S. P., and for shoulder (dorsal) presentations, L. D. A., L. D. P., R. D. A., R. D. P. Pos'itive. In static electricity, a conventional term denoting that quality of the force produced by rubbing glass with silk. In galvanic and dynamic electricity the current flowing from the least oxidizable element through the wire or conductor. P.Element, the most oxidizable element of a battery-usually a plate of zinc. P. Pole, the pole connected with the negative plate or element. Posological (ToGoç, quantity, λoyoç, a dissertation). Pertaining to posology or quantitative dosage. POSOLOGY Posology (0005, 2005). A consideration of the proper amounts of medicines to be exhibited in order to produce desired results. The science of dosage. Possession (possedeo, to possess). In pathology, affected with epilepsy or similar disease. In this sense the word is a relic of the belief in demonology. Post- (Lat.). A Latin preposition meaning after. Prefixed to words it places them in antithesis to those combined with pra or pre. Postax'ial. See Preaxial. Poste/rior (comp. of poster, after, behind). A descriptive term denoting a position relatively the opposite that of anterior or front. Poster'ula (dim. of poster). The small space at the posterior ends of the turbinated bones of the nose. Postglenoid ( post, glenoid). A process or tubercle of either temporal bone which descends behind the condyle of the jaw and prevents backward displacement during mastication. Posthæt'omy, or Posthet'omy. See Circumcision. Posthi'tis (Toon, the prepuce, Tis, inflammation). Inflammation of the prepuce. Balanitis. Post'humous (post, humus, the ground). Occurring after death. P. Child, one born after the death of its father, or taken from the body of its mother after death, by the Cæsarean operation. Post-mortem (mors [accus. mortem], death). Pertaining to a period or condition after death. P.-m. Cæsarean Operation. See Cæsarean Operation. P.-m. Examination, investigation of the dead body for purposes of pathological or medicolegal inquiry. P.-m. Pustule. See Dissection Wounds. P.-m. Warts. See Dissection Wounds. Post-partum (partum, childbirth). Used particularly in connection with hæmorrhage, etc., occurring after childbirth. Pos/tural (positum from pono, to place). Pertaining to posture or position. P. Respiration, a treatment of apnoea by the induction of respiration through changes of posture. Pos'ture (positum). A position, especially the position of the body in health and in disease. Po'table (poto, to drink). Fit or wholesome to drink-applied to waters for drinking in distinction to those for medicinal use. Pot'ash. See Potassium. Potas/sa. See Potassium. Potas'sic. Referring to Potassium. Potas/sium. K 39; quantivalence 1; sp. gr. 0.865. A metallic element of silvery luster, alkaline and characterized by intense affinity for oxygen. Decomposes water violently, replacing one or both of its hydrogen atoms. Only the salts and oxides are used in medicine. All salts except the platino-chloride are soluble in water. In small doses, promotes the secretion of gastric juice; in larger doses, neutralizes the free acids of the stomach, impeding digestion; in very large doses a cardiac poison, paralyzing the muscles and exerting baneful effects on nerve tissue. P. Acetas, in small doses renders blood alkaline; in large doses purgative. Dose gr. v-3j. Purgative doses zij-iv. P. Carbonas, useful locally in acne and acute eczema, internally in rheumatism, acid urine and jaundice. Dose gr. ij-xx. P. Chloratis Troch., each contains gr. v of the salt. P. Chloras, an excellent mouth wash and deodorizer and lotion for ulcers in solutions of 3 ss-3j. Useful in mercurial salivation, and also in diphtheria, typhoid fever. Dose gr. v-XX. Should not be triturated with sulphur or organic matter. P. Citras, properties like those of acetate. Dose gr. x-xxx. P. Citratis, Liq., citric acid 8, P. dicarb. 40; filter and add distilled water ad 50 parts. Dose 3ss-j. P. Citratis, Mist., "neutral mixture"-lemon juice 100, P. dicarb. q. s. ad saturatum. Dose 3ss-j. P. Cobalto-Nitrite, unof., has been used successfully in angina pectoris and asthma. Dose gr. ss-j. P. cum Calce, potassium, with calcium. "Vienna paste," consists of equal parts of hydrate and lime. An escharotic. P. Bicarbonas, properties like carbonate, to which it is preferable. Dose gr. v-xxx. P. Bitartras, "cream of tartar," properties like those of acetate. Dose gr. xx-3 ss. Pulvis Effervescens, Comp., effervescing powder, 'Seidlitz powder," contains of the preceding gr. 120, mixed with sodium dicarb. in the blue paper; and tartaric acid gr. 35 in the white paper. P. et Sodii Tartras, Rochelle salt," laxative. Dose 3ss-j. P. Hydrate, potassa, "caustic potash," deliquescent and very alkaline. A powerful escharotic. Liq., "solution of potassa," consists of hydrate 56, distilled water 944 parts, combined with bitter tonics is useful in atonic dyspepsia. Locally, a wash in scaly skin 66 P. |