the S. the Inn, the Drave, and the Save; and, on the N. the Theisa. The Elbe and the Mulda are rivers of Bohemia ; the Vistula, the Bug and the Dneister, of Gallicia, the Adige and the Po, of the Italian territories. They are elsewhere de

scribed.

Q. What are the lakes?

A. The two largest are in Hungary. Platen, 45 miles by 8; and Neusidler, 13 by 4.

Q. What are the mountains?

A. The Carpathian mountains, between Hungary and Gallicia; the Sudetic chain, N. E. of Moravia and Bohemia; the Erzgeburg, on the W. of Bohemia; and the Tyrolese Alps, in the S. W.

Q. What forest trees are found here ?

A. The elm, wych-elm, lime-tree, birch, alder, oak, walnut, chesnut, beech, hornbeam, poplar, aspen, sycamore, maple, ash, pine, fir, and larch.

Q. What are the animals ?

A. The horses and cattle are very numerous and excellent. The lafter are of a slaty blue. The wild animals are the bison, bear, boar, wolf, chamois, marmot and beaver. Q. What are the minerals?

A. Austria is very rich in minerals. Mines of gold, silver, tin, lead, copper, iron, salt, and coal, are extensively wrought. The famous salt mines of Wielitska, near Cracow in Gallicia, are well known.

Q. What is the religion?

A. The Roman Catholic is established. All others are now in a sense, tolerated. Protestants, of various sects, are found in Bohemia, and Moravia. Lutherans are numerous in Austria. A majority of the Hungarians are Protestants and of the Greek Church. The Transylvanians are a mixture of Christians of every denomination, Jews and Mahometans. The Italian States are Catholic.

Q. What is the government ?

A. Austria is an hereditary empire, with nearly absolute power in the sovereign; whose title is emperor of Austria, king of Hungary, king of Bohemia and Moravia, &c. Hungary is a limited monarchy. The diet consists of the prelates, barons, gentry and burghers. Bohemia is a limited monarchy. The states have the sole power of laying taxes. Transylvania has its states, who possess much of the sovereign power. Croatia and Sclavonia constitute a viceroyalty. Milan and Mantua are duchies.

Q. What is the population?

E

A. The population of the various parts of the Austrian dominions, in 1808, calculated chiefly from enumerations made within the present century, is 32,151,927, Q. What is the military strength?

A. In 1809, it was 346,791 men.
Q. What is the naval strength?

A. Till lately, Austria had no harbor but that of Trieste. Now her sea coast extends, on the W. side of the Adriatic, to the Po; and on the, E. side, to the Boiana, in lat. 41° 30′. As yet, she has no ships of war except on the Danube, and two or three frigates just built on the Adriatic.

Q. What are the manners and customs?

A. The higher as well as the lower classes are generally ignorant and uneducated throughout the empire; less so however in Bohemia and Moravia, than elsewhere. In these provinces, also, profligacy of manners is less general.Crimes are not common, and capital punishments not frequent. The Hungarians are a high spirited people, partially civilized. They are a tribe of Finns. The Transylvanians, Croats, and Sclavonians are savage and lawless. In the eastern provinces of the empire, gypsies are very numerous. The Italians, in the Austrian empire, are proverbially licentious. Q. What languages are spoken?

A. In the hereditary states, the German or High Dutch, a dialect of the Gothic; in Hungary, the Hungarian, a dialect of the Finnic; in the Polish provinces, as well as extensively in Hungary, and universally in the other Hungarian states, different dialects of the Sclavonian; and in the Italian provinces the Italian.

Q. What is the capital?

A. Vienna, on the S. bank of the Danube, in a fertile plain in lat. 48° 15'; long. 16° 30' E. The houses are of brick, covered with stucco. The population, in 1801, was 232,049. Q. What other large cities are there in the hereditary states?

A. Prague, the capital of Bohemia, on the Mulda, with 80,317 inhabitants; Gratz, in Stiria,on a branch of the Drave, with 40,000 inhabitants; Brunn, the capital of Moravia, on a branch of the Danube, with 23,598; and Trieste, on the Adriatic, with 23,633..

Q. What large towns are in the Polish provinces?

A. Leopold, or Lemburg, in Gallicia, on the head waters of the Bug, with 50,000 inhabitants; * Cracow, in Lodomiria, *N. B. Cracow is now a free city under the protection of Austria.

the head of the Vistula, with 25,000; and Brody, on the Bug, with 25,000.

Q. What are the large towns in the Hungarian states ?

A. Pesth and Buda, on opposite sides of the Danube, with a united population of 61,000; Debritzin, on a branch of the Theisa, with 35,000; Presburg, the seat of government, on the Danube, 35 miles from Vienna, with 32,000; Theresienstadt, on a branch of the Theisa, with 28,000 ;Szegelin, at the confluence of the Marosh and Theisa, with 25,347; all in Hungary. Cronstadt, in the S. E. part of Transylvania, with 18,118.

Q. What are the cities in the Italian provinces ?

A. Venice, built on a multitude of islands in the Adriatic, with 137,240 inhabitants; Milan, on the Adda, a branch of the Po, with 128,862; Verona, on the Adige, with 55,887; Padua, on the Brenta, with 34,000; and Mantua, the birth place of Virgil, on the Mincio, 20,343.

Q. What are the manufactures of Austria ?

A. Linens, woollens, stockings, silks, gold and silver lace, glass, paper, porcelain and mirrors.

Q. What is the state of commerce ?

A. The most important part of the Austrian commerce is internal, carried on between the various provinces. The chief exports are horses, cattle, sheep, grain, flax, saffron, hemp, quicksilver and other metals; and various wines, especially the Tokay from Hungary.

OF THE AUSTRIAN ISLANDS.

Q. What islands belong to Austria?

A. In consequence of the late annexation of Istria, Dalmatia and Venice, Austria is become possessed of the Isles of Quarnaro, and the Dalmatian Isles, near the E. coast of the Adriatic; and of the Seven Islands not far from its mouth. Q. Describe the Isles of Quarnaro ?

A. They lie in the Gulf of Fiume. The largest are Cherso, Veglia, Arbo, Pago and Melada. The population is 36,000. Cherso, the largest, is about 150 miles in circuit. Its capital, Cherso, has 3000 inhabitants. They are rough and mountainous, but productive.

Q. Describe the Dalmatian Isles ?

ous.

A. They lie along the coast of Dalmatia, and are numerThe largest are Grossa, Brazza, Lesina, Curzola, Meleda, Lagosta, Cazzola, Cazza, and Lissa. They are also rough and mountainous, but very productive. They have a population of 59,000, and contain, in all, about 1550 square miles. Lesina and Curzola are considerable towns.

Q. What is the situation of the Seven Islands?

A. They lie in the Ionian Sea, below the mouth of the Adriatic, not far from the coast of Turkey.

Q. What is their number ?

A. Including all the islets, they are very numerous, but only seven are worthy of note.

Q. Give an account of those seven?

A. Their names, extent and population are as follows:

Sq. miles.

Inhab.

219

65,000

34

6,000

Paxos

/110

16,000

Amaxichi

428

55,000

Argostol

66

7,000

Theaki

120

30,000

Zante

98

8,000

Q. Which are the chief towns?

A. Corfu and Zante, have each about 12,000 inhabitants, and Argostol has 6000. A part of the inhabitants are Greeks and a part Catholics. Their trade is considerable. Fruits, wines and oil are exported.

OF THE FRENCH EMPIRE.

Q. What territories belong to the French empire ?

A. France and Corsica, in Europe; the Isle of Bourbon, in Africa; Cayenne, in S. America; and Martinique, Guadaloupe, and St. Lucia, in the West Indies. France also claims, but has not yet possessed herself of the large island of St. Domingo.

OF FRANCE.

Q. What is the situation of France ?

A. It lies in the W. of Europe, between 42° 10′ and 51 N.; and between 4° 40′ W. and 7° 30′ E. Its northern limit is three degrees S. of the middle latitude of Europe. Q. What is its extent ?

A. The length, from Dunkirk to the Pyrenees, is 630 miles; and the greatest breadth from Cape St. Mahe to the Rhine, is 560. The contents are 161,810 square miles. Q. How is it bounded?

A. On the N. W. by the English channel; on the N, E. by the Netherlands; on the E. by Germany, Switzerland and Italy; on the S. E. by the Mediterranean; on the S.W. by the Pyrenees; and on the W. by the Bay of Biscay. Q. How is France divided?

A. France is now divided into 83 departments.

Q. What is the climate?

The eastern frontier is much The olive flourishes in the S. and

A. It is temperate and dry. colder than the western.

the vine generally throughout the kingdom. Q. What is the face of the country?

A. It is generally uneven, but rarely mountainous. Large fertile plains are found on many of the rivers.

Q. What is the soil?

A. The country, in the N.W. and S. W. has an indifferent soil. The rest of the kingdom is eminently fertile. The vine, maize, wheat, millet, and the olive, are the most im portant crops.

Q. What are the rivers?

A. The Loire, rises in the Cevennes, and runs N. W. and W. 500 miles, to the Bay of Biscay. The Garonne, rises in the Pyrenees, and runs N. W. 300 miles to the same bay. The Rhone, rises in Switzerland, and runs W. and S. 400 miles to the Gulf of Lyons. The Seine runs about 300 miles to the English channel.

Q. What are the mountains of France ?

A. The Pyrenees are on the southern frontier. The chain of the Cevennes runs from N. to S. Mount Jura is on the borders of Switzerland.

Q. What are the minerals?

A. Silver, quicksilver, copper, lead and iron; coal, freestone, gypsum and alum.

Q. What is the religion of France?

A. The Roman Catholic. By the new constitution all religions are tolerated.

Q. What is the government?

A. A limited hereditary monarchy. The legislative power is vested in the king, a house of peers, and a house of del egates chosen by the people.

Q. What is the population?

A. In 1812, the population of the present limits of France was 28,397,215 : making 175 to a square mile.

Q. What is the military strength?

A. A standing army is now maintained of about 200,000 men. At the present time France has but a very small number of veteran troops. Her old army was wholly des troyed in Russia, in Germany, and at Waterloo.

Q. What is the naval strength of France?

ates.

A. In 1809, it amounted to 40 sail of the line and 30 frig A considerable part of it has since been captured. Q. What is the revenue?