attention to food, cleanliness and ventilation; and 2d. Summer camps. As much of the excessive infantile mortality occurs among the poor, who, besides nursing their children, have to cook and wash for the husbands who labor to support them, it would be very convenient and eminently practicable to abandon their household duties and practice a sort of military duty in camp during the summer months.

The Rev. Samuel Osgood, D. D., read an essay on "The Relations of Health and the Higher Culture," the substance of which was that if the public health was good, individual health would be good; and if individual health was good, the individual could the more successfully attend to the higher culture, that is to the cultivation of the arts, science and literature. Of course there are here exceedingly interesting sanitary truths not heretofore very generally known-a healthy body for a healthy mind, etc.; and are of much practical value to boards of health.

A really interesting paper was read by Dr. Ezra M. Hunt, President of the Sanitary Commission of New Jersey, on "Building-ground in its Relation to Disease." The author pointed out the changes, deleterious to health, which take place in the earth when it has been deprived, by the erection of buildings in large cities, of the influence of vegetation and sunlight, and has become surcharged with the gaseous and fluid refuse matters which circulate through it from vaults, sewers and other underground receptacles of filth. The essay was well prepared, bore evidence of scientific research, and abounded in valuable suggestions. The "treatment of gases from rendering tanks and the disposal of tank offal" was the subject of a paper by Dr. Benj. C. Miller, Sanitary Superintendent of Chicago. The Doctor has given considerable attention to the subject, and believes from experiments in his city that the gases from tanking animal material may be condensed, conducted into the furnace and consumed, so as to remove the objectionable features arising from this manufacturing process. If we are not mistaken similar experiments in this city have not satisfactorily demonstrated the correctness of this view. Some valuable suggestions were presented on "Drainage and Sewerage," by Gen. E. L. Vielle, Civil Engineer of Philadelphia, and upon the "Gathering, Packing, Transportation and Sale of Vegetables and Fruits," by Dr. S. C. Busey, of Washington, D. C.

The effects of the school-room upon health, the health of tenement populations, and the influence of high and mountainous regions upon health, were treated of respectively by different writers. Other essays were read, some being innocent of any idea not already familiar to the educated physician, some more remarkable for their literary merit than practical importance, some having special sanitary value, and others pertaining rather to the general duties of the medical practioner than to those of boards of health or sanitary officers.

Two papers were read on the subject of small-pox, and no less than five on hospitals. The most notable of the latter was by Prof. S. D. Gross, of Philadelphia, and was as remarkable for its omissions as its suggestions. It referred to hospitals as pest-houses and slaughter-pens; conveyed the idea that few, if any, meritorious institutions for the treatment of the sick were to be found; and in naming the least objectionable hospital structures of this country did not even mention the Cincinnati Hospital. It did not seem to occur to Dr. Gross that if pest-houses and slaughter-pens were terms justly applicable to institutions for the care of the sick and wounded, the cause might be owing as much to the medical and surgical treatment practiced in them, and to their general management, as to their construction. Whatever may be said of the management of the Cincinnati Hospital, the building itself, for the purposes for which it was designed, has no superior either on this continent or that of Europe. This should be known to one, who, in a public address, tempers wholesale denunciation

of hospitals with an enumeration of the exceptions, or better edifices of this character.

The subject of hospitals was also discussed in the conferences of sanitary officers, which were intended to form a feature of the sessions, but whose deliberations were confined to hospitals, and the question of what class of persons should constitute boards of health, and whether they should be local, state, or national. Prof. Gross was as complimentary to boards of health as he had been to hospitals, styling local boards "mere shadows-the creatures, for the most part, of municipal authorities, who farm out our health and our lives to the highest bidder at so much a head," and calling upon the general government to establish a national board and regulate the sanitary affairs of the country. Had the essays and remarks of Prof. Gross been read by the Secretary without any intimation of the authorship, an intelligent disinterested listener would have been apt to cone.ude that the author had been peculiarly unfortunate in his hospital practice, that he was avenging some private grievance inflicted by hospital authorities, and that he had not taken the trouble to acquaint himself with even the general workings of boards of health. But when we learn that the author was no less a personage than Prof. S. D. Gross, M. D., L. L. V., D. C. D., Oxon., we will be expected to receive the utterances as gospel.

In the election of new officers. Dr. Stephen Smith, of New York, the late President of the Association, was again chosen to that position, but declined the honor which was then conferred upon Dr. L. M. Toner, of Washington, D. C. The other officers comprise four physicians from New York, two United States Army Surgeons, one physician from Rhode Island, one from Pennsylvania, one from Maryland, and one from Illinois. Four of these gentlemen are connected with the boards of health in the East.

These annual gatherings are capable of great usefulness; but their advantages will be measured by the nature of their proceedings, and the character of the subjects which they investigate. To be really profitable they must gather in the experience of sanitary organizations throughout the country, and not of a particular section, and must confine their subjects to strictly sanitary and hygienic measures; measures too of as practical character as possible. It is the special province of the sanitarian to study the causes of disease with a view to their prevention or removal; it is the duty of the general practitioner of medicine to do this and more. In addition to the causes, the physician must study the nature and treatment of disease. Sanitary science is, therefore, only a part of medical science. While sanitary conventions composed of physicians and laymen, confine themselves to their legitimate sphere, good results will follow. If, however, they deem it incumbent upon them to travel in their investigations over the whole domain of medicine, they undertake a work that can be much better done by city, county, state and national medical societies. And if they indulge in and encourage vehement denunciations of the sanitary bodies from whose observations and experience they must derive their practical information, and of the authorities by which local boards of health are established and maintained, their usefulness will be limited. Instead of ill-founded reproach, captious fault-finding, the presentation of Eutopean schemes, and appeals to the general government to take under its protecting wings the health of the nation, it might be more profitable to point out the causes of disease and their remedy, thus educating the popular mind to the necessity of sanitary boards with ample powers and instrumentalities for the protection of the public health. This done and the establishment of State and national bureaus of vital statistics might be desirable. But unless boards of health commend themselves to the medical profession and to the intelligence of the communities in which they are found, they cannot, and should not be sustained, even though the strong arm of the general government be invoked in their behalf.

Manufactured on the Sea-Shore by HAZARD & CAS WELL, from Fresh and Selected Livers

The universal demand for Cod-Liver Oil that can be depended upon as strictly pure and scientifically prepared, having been long felt by the Medical Profession, we were ind iced to undertake its manufacture at the Fishing Stations, where the fish are brought to land every few hours, and the Livers consequently are in great perfection.

This Oil is manufactured by us on the sea-shore, with

other kinds fail, and patients soon become fond of it.

the greatest care, from fresh healthy Livers of the Cod only, without the aid of any chemicals, by the simplest possible process and lowest temperature by which the Oil can be separated from the cells of the Livers. It is nearly devoid of color, odor, and flavor, having a bland, fish-like,and to most persons, not unpleasant taste. It is so sweet and pure that it can be retained by the stomach when

The secret in making good Cod-Liver Oil lies in the proper application of the proper degree of heat; to much or to little wil serously injure the quality. Great attention to canliness is absolutely necessary to procure sweet Cod-Liver Oil. The rancid Oil found in the market is the make of manufactures who are careless about these matters.

PROF. PARKER of New York, says: "I have tried almost every other mannfacturer's Oil, and give yours the decided preference."

PROF. HAYS, State Assayer of Massachusetts, after a full analysis of it, says: "It is the best for foreign or domestic use."

After years of experimenting, the Medical Profession of Europe and America, who have studied the effects of Cod-Liver Oils, have unanimously decided the light straw-colored CodLiver Oil to be far superior to any of the brown Oils.

The Three Best Tonics of the Pharmacopoeia-Iron, Phosphorus, Calisaya. CASWELL HAZARD & CO. also call the attention of the profession to their prepar ation of the above estimable Tonics, as combined in their elegant and palatable Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya Bark, a combination of the Pyrophosphate of Iron and Calisaya never before attained, in which the nauseous inkiness of the iron astringency of the Calisaya are overcome, without any injury to their active tonic principles, an blended into a beautiful amber-colored cordial, delicious to the taste and acceptable to the most delicate stomach. This preparation is made directly from the Royal Calisaya Bark, not from its Alkaloids or their Salts, being unlike other prepiritins called "Elixir of Calisaya and Iron," which are simply an Elixir of Quinine and Iron. Our Elixir can be depended upon as being a true Elixir of Calisaya Bark with Iron. Each dessert spoonful contains even and a half grains Royal Calisaya Bark, and two grains Pyrophosphate of Iron,

Ferro-phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya Bark with Strychnia. This preparation contains one grain of Strychnia added to each pint of our Ferro-Phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya Bark greatly intensifying its tonic effect

Ferro-phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya with Bismuth. containing 8 grs. Ammonto-Citrate of Bismuth in each tablespoonful of the Ferro Phosphorated Elixir of Calisaya Bark.

Elixir Phosphate Iron. Quinine, and Strychnia. Each teaspoonful contains one grain Phosphate Iron, one grain Phosphate Quinine, and one sixty-fourth of a grain of Strychnia. Ferro-phosphorated Elixir of Gentian, contains one ounce of Gentian and one hundred and twenty-eight grains Pyrophosphate Iron to the pint, making in each dessertspoonful seven and one-half grains Gentain and two grains Pyrophosphate Iron ̧

Elixir Valerianate of Ammonia. Each teaspoonful contains 2 grs Valerianate Ammonia. Elixir Valerianate of Amonia and Quinine. Each teaspoonful contains two grains Valerianate Ammonia and one grain Quinine. Each fluid-drachm contains

Ferro-phosphorated Wine of Wild Cherry Bark. twenty-five grains of the Bark, and two grains of Ferri-Pyorphosphate.

Wine of Pepsin. This article is prepared by us from fresh Rennets and pure Sherry Wine. Elixir Taraxacum Comp. Each dessert-spoonful contains fifteen grains of Taraxacum. Elixir Pepsin, Bismuth, and Strychnine. Each fluid drachm contains one sixty-fourth of a grain of Strychnine.

Juniper Tar Soap. Highly recommended by the celebrated Erasmus Wilson, and has been found very servicaable in chronic eczema and diseases of the skin generally. It is invaluable for chapped hands and roughness of the skin caused by the change of temperature. It is manufactured by ourselves from the purest materials, and is extensively and successfully prescribed by the most eminent Physicians.

Todo-Ferrated Cod-Liver Oil. This combination holds sixteen grains Iodide of Iron to the ounce of our pure Cod-Liver Oil.

Cod-Liver Oil, with Iodine, Phosphorus, and Bromine. This combination represents Phosphorus, Bromine, Iodine and Cod-Liver Oil in a state of permanent combination, containing in each pint-Iodine, eight grains; Bromine, one grain; Phosphorus one grain; Cod-Liver Oil, one pint. Cod-Liver Oil, with Phosphate of Lime. This is an agreeable emulsion, holding threegrains Phosphate of Lime in each tablespoonful. Cod-Liver Oil,with Lacto-Phosphate of Lime.

CASWELL, HAZARD & CO. Druggists and Chemists, New York.