was killed there soon after. Spain took possession in 1569. Manila was captured by U. S. 1898. See SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Puerto Rico, or PORTO RICO. Island of the West Indies, between Hayti and Virgin Islands, 90 m. long, 36 m. wide n. and s., area 3,530 sq.m.; adjacent islands, Mona, Calebra, etc., 184 sq.m. There is a low range of mountains from e. to w., highest peak Mt. Yunque, 3,678 ft. high; along the coast are fertile plains: in the interior are large savannahs, feeding grounds for cattle. There are many rivers, chiefly running north, navigable 5-6 m., with fertile valleys, cultivated. On north coast are navigable lagoons. Coralligenous limestones chiefly predominate. There are three safe harbors, San Juan on the north, Guanica and Hovas on the south; the first named has 30 ft. of water, 24 ft. at entrance. Few severe earthquakes occur; the rainfall is abundant; the climate is salubrious, at San Juan the temperature is Jan.-Feb. 76.5° F., July-Aug. 83.2° F. On mountains are a few tropical forests. No reptiles or serpents. Sugar, coffee, tobacco, maize, rice, cotton and cattle are raised. The pop. in 1837 was 813,937, of which 300,000 were negroes, the balance chiefly Spanish, originally from Andalusia, the Balearic Islands and Spanish colonies, fugitives 1810-25. The dense native population found there by the Spaniards was exterminated. The religion is Roman Catholic with the archbishop at Santiago de Cuba. The government is from Spain, by a Captain-General. Education is backward. The roads are good. Railroads have 137 m., 170 under construction. Telegraph extends 470 m. Revenue, 1894–5, $5,454,958; expenditures, $3,905,667; exports, 1895. $15,799,000; imports, $17,466,000; exports, 1896, coffee 26,655 tons, sugar 54,205 tons, molasses 14,740 tons, tobacco 1,039 tons. P. R. was discovered by Columbus 1493, Ponce de Leon founded town of Caparra 1510. The important towns are San Juan, the capital, pop. 23,414; Ponce, 37,545, San German, 30,146. Oct. 18, 1898, U.S. flag raised at San Juan, the Spanish army having evacuated the island.

Spanish-American War, 1898. IMPORTANT EVENTS. Sept. 23, 1897.-Gen. Stewart L. Woodford, U. S. Minister to Spain, presented a note to the Duke of Tetuan, Minister of Foreign Affairs, stating that American interests were suffering from the Cuban insurrection. Señor Sagasta of the succeeding cabinet in reply expressed the hope that proposed reforms would pacify the island, especially if the U. S. Government would check filibustering expeditions fitted out by American sympathizers.

Feb. 15, 1898.-U. S. battleship "Maine" blown up in the harbor of Havana; 266 men killed.

April 11.-Message of President McKinley recommending that he be empowered by Congress to intervene in Cuba, without recognizing the Republic.

April 20.—The President signed the joint resolutions to that effect. Ultimatum sent to Spain and Spanish Minister Polo left Washington.

April 21.-The North Atlantic Squadron ordered to blockade Cuba. U. S. Minister Woodford left Madrid. April 23.-Call for 125,000 volunteers issued. April 24.-War formally declared by Spain. April 25.-War formally declared by United States; dating from April 21.

April 27.-The flagship "New York," cruiser "Cincinnati" and monitor "Puritan" bombarded Matanzas.

April 29.-Spanish squadron under Admiral Cervera, consisting of the cruisers “Almirante Oquendo,” “Cristobal Colon,” "Viscaya" and "Maria Teresa," and torpedo-boat destroyers "Terror," "Furor" and "Pluton," sailed from Cape Verde Islands.

May 1.-Rear-admiral George Dewey, commanding U. S. Asiatic Squadron, destroyed the Spanish fleet, under Admiral Montojo, at Manila, capital of the Philippines. The U.S. fleet consisted of cruisers “Olympia,” “Baltimore," "Boston" and "Raleigh," gunboats "Petrel" and "Concord," revenue cutter "McCulloch," and two transports. The Spanish fleet consisted of eleven warships, including the cruisers "Reina Cristina," "Velasco," "Castilla," "Don Juan de Austria," "Isla de Cuba," three gunboats and three other vessels. U.S. loss, none

1705

May 19.-Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera arrived at Santiago de Cuba.

May 25.-75,000 more volunteers called for by the President; 2,500 troops sail for Manila.

May 31.-Fortifications of Santiago bombarded.

June 1.-Rear-admiral Sampson took command of the fleet off Santiago.

June 3.-Assistant Naval Constructor Hobson and seven men sunk the Merrimac," a collier, in the entrance to Santiago harbor.

June 6.—Spanish batteries and fleet at Santiago bombarded. June 10.-Skirmishing at Caimanera, Guantanamo Bay, between 600 marines and the Spanish soldiers, continuing several days.

June 13.-Brig.-gen. Shafter with Fifth Army Corps, consisting of 773 officers and 14,564 enlisted men, sailed from Tampa for Santiago.-War Revenue Bill signed.

June 15.-4,200 soldiers embark from San Francisco for Manila.

June 17.-Spanish fleet of ten vessels under Admiral Camara sailed from Cadiz for Manila, passing through the Suez Canal and then returning.

June 20.-Gen. Shafter's first division arrived off Santiago. June 22.-Gen. Shafter's troops began to land at Baiquiri and Siboney, near Santiago.

June 24.-Engagement at La Guasima, near Sevilla; dismounted cavalry repulsed the Spaniards, with loss of 16 killed and 52 wounded. Roosevelt's Rough Riders lost 18 killed and 34 wounded.

June 27.-Third expedition set sail for Manila.
June 28.-Southern ports of Cuba blockaded.

July 1.-Gen. Lawton took El Caney and Gen. Kent took San Juan Hill overlooking Santiago, with loss of 231 killed and 1,364 wounded, on this day and July 2 when the Spanish endeavored to retake them.

July 3.-Admiral Cervera's squadron endeavored to escape from Santiago harbor, but were destroyed by the U. S. fleet. U. S. loss 1 killed, 2 wounded; Spanish loss probably several hundred. Prisoners ab. 1.300, including Admiral Cervera. Gen. Shafter demanded the surrender of Santiago by Gen. José Toral, who refused.

July 7.-Hawaiian Annexation Bill signed by the President. July 10.-Attack on Santiago renewed by the ships and artillery, Gen. Toral having finally refused to surrender unconditionally.

July 11.-Gen. Shafter's available force before Santiago was 22,500 fighting men; total killed, wounded and sick 3,000.

July 17.-Gen. Toral surrendered his troops and eastern part of the province of Santiago, the number of troops being 24,000, including 12,000 not in the defenses of the city of Santiago. July 19.-6,200 troops embark from Tampa for Porto Rico. July 20.-Gen. Leonard Wood appointed military Governor of Santiago.

July 25.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles, with U. S. troops, lands at Guanica, Porto Rico, which had surrendered to the "Gloucester."

Spain, asked for terms of peace.
July 26.-French Ambassador, Jules Cambon, on behalf of

July 28.-Ponce, Porto Rico, surrendered to Gen. Miles. July 30.-President McKinley's terms for peace were given to the French ambassador. They included independence of Cuba, cession of Porto Rico and one of the Ladrones, and retention of Manila until final disposition of the Philippines by a joint commission.

July 31.-U. S. troops repulse Spaniards at Malate, near Manila.

Aug. 5.-Guyama. Porto Rico, captured.

Aug. 9.-Coamo. Porto Rico, captured. Spain accepted the President's terms of peace.

Aug. 10.-Engagement near Hormigueros, Porto Rico, Spaniards defeated, U.S. loss 1 killed, the first U. S. soldier killed in Porto Rico, 16 wounded.

Aug. 12.-Protocols for preliminaries for a treaty of peace, in accordance with the President's terms, signed by Sec. of State Day and the French Ambassador Cambon. Hostilities sus

May 9-Thanks of Congress given to Acting Rear-admiral George Dewey.

son

May 11.-U.S. vessels "Wilmington," "Winslow" and "Hudwere engaged by Spanish gunboats and shore batteries at Cardenas, Cuba. Loss of U.S. five killed, four wounded, and "Winslow" disabled.-Gen. Wesley Merritt selected for Military Governor of the Philippines.

May 12.-First land fight of the war at Port Cabanas, Cuba. -Rear-admiral Sampson, with a portion of his squadron, bombarded batteries at San Juan, Porto Rico, doing much damage. Loss, two killed, seven wounded.

Paris by Oct. 1, five from each government. Commissioners to be appointed to arrange the details of evacuation of Cuba and Porto Rico.

Aug. 13.-Manila surrendered, U.S. loss 8 killed, 40 wounded. Peace Commissioners for U. S. William R. Day, ex-Secretary of State, Senator Cushman K. Davis, Senator William R. Frye, Senator George Gray, Whitelaw Reid.

The total number of deaths due to the war to Sept. 30, is 2,906, of whom 107 were officers; of this number 2,600 died in camp or on furlough, 80 of whom were officers. The cost of the war to Oct. 30 was $40,277,364 for the Navy and $124,654,863 for the Army; total cost, $164,932,227.