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ZOFFANY-ZOOLOGY

in a circle on a pasteboard disk which is made to revolve on an axle with another disk, through slits in which the pictures are observed. In the other the pictures are placed on strips of

Zoetrope.

paper within a round box open at the top, which is made to revolve on an upright stand. the observer looking through slits in the box. See AFTER-IMAGES and STROBOSCOPIC DISK.

Zoffany, JOHANN. R.A., 1735-1810. German-English painter. Zogbaum, RUFUS FAIRCHILD, b. 1849. American_illustrator, handling military and naval subjects. Horse, Foot and Dragoons, 1887; All Hands, 1897.

Zoilus, 3d cent. B.C. Greek vilifier of Homer. Zoisite. Light-colored mineral of the epidote group, relatively poor in iron. It includes a part of the so-called saussurite.

Zola, ÉMILE, b. 1840. French novelist, chief of the realistic school. Thérèse Raquin, 1867; L'Assommoir, 1878; Nana, 1880; Germinal, 1885: La Terre. 1888; La Débâcle, 1892; Lourdes, 1894; Rome, 1896. Some of these books have been severely criticised on the score of taste and morals, as by

M. Brunétiere.

Zollicoffer, FELIX KIRK, 1812-1862. M. C. from Tenn. 1853-59; Brig.-gen. C.S. A. 1861; killed at Mill Springs, Ky. Zollikofer, GEORG JOACHIM, 1730-1788. Pastor at Leipzig from 1758; moderate rationalist, noted for eloquence. Sermons, tr. in 10 vols. 1803-12; Exercises of Piety, tr. 1796.

Zöllner, JOHANN CARL FRIEDRICH, 1834-1882. Prof. of Astronomy at Leipzig 1872: author of papers on stellar photometry. Zöllner, KARL FRIEDRICH, 1800-1860. German musician, best known by his part-songs for men's voices.-His son, HEINRICH, b. 1854, since 1890 conductor Deutscher Liederkranz in New York, has composed many vocal and orchestral works and four operas, Frithjof, 1884, Faust, 1887, Der Ueberfall, 1895, and Bei Sedan, 1895.

Zollverein. Union among states, by which a common system of tariffs and a common custom house frontier are established; especially that of German states 1821-71.

Zona Radiata, or ZONA PELLUCIDA. Thick, clear membrane pierced with minute pores, surrounding the eggs of many fishes and mammals.

Zonaras, JOANNES, 1030-1118. Byzantine writer. His Chronicon, pub. 1557, extends to his own time.

Zonaria. See DECIDUATA.

Zonda Wind. Warm wind descending the mountain valleys on the e. side of the Andes; evidently a Föhn wind.

Zone. Portion, limited by parallel planes, of the surface formed by the revolution of a curve. A spherical zone has its area equal to the product of its altitude by the circumference of a great circle. Zones on the same sphere are proportional to their altitudes; formed by the same planes on different spheres, they are as the spherical radii.

Zonoplacentalia, or ZONARIA. See PLACENTA and PLA

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Zoögenesis. See ZOOLOGY.

1699

Zooglea. Slimy, jelly-like coating formed on liquids that contain active bacteria. The slime is produced from the outer coats of the bacteria, which lie imbedded in it, and at the air surface of the liquid. The bacteria are producing spores. See SPORES OF BACTERIA.

Zoöid. Individuals or units making up a colony of animals, whether free or attached. They are in all cases individuals that have risen by budding or fission of the original product of an egg or its equivalent.

Zoological Geography. See DISTRIBUTION and ZooLOGICAL PROVINCES.

Zoological Provinces. Regions of the earth's surface distinguished by special peculiarities as regards their Fauna; viz., Palæarctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Nearctic, and Neotropical. The Oceanic Islands have special peculiarities, as fewness of species existing on any one island, and the endemic character of those that do occur; i.e., a species present on one island will be found on no other.

Zoology. Biology of Animals, as Botany is that of Plants; usually divided into Morphology, the study of structure, and Physiology, of function; but it is not advisable here to separate the two. Special departments are: 1. Systematic or taxonomic zoology, the description and classification of species: this may be called Zootaxy, and is subdivided, according to the special group of animals studied, into Helminthology, Conchology, Entomology, Ichthyology, Herpetology, Ornithology, etc. 2. Gross anatomy of animals, special and comparative: this may be termed Zoötomy; its subdivisions are Östeology, Myology, Neurology, Angeiology, Splanchnology, etc. 3. Development of animals, including Embryology or Ontogeny, and the study of Affinities or Phylogeny, Zoögenesis. 4. Study of the minute structure of cells and tissues, or Histology and Cytology, Zoöcytology. 5. Study of fossil animal remains, or Paleontology, Palæozoology. 6. Geographical distribution, or Chorology, Zoogeography. 7. Darwinismus, Hexacology, Etiology, Ecology, Teleology, and Thremmatology; study of the interaction of organization and environment, heredity, struggle for life, survival, sexual and natural selection, Zoönomics. 8. Study of the functions of the living body, Physiology or Phoronomy, Zoödynamics, with its subdivisions, zoomechanics, co-ordination, nutrition and generation. 9. Application of zoological principles in agriculture and the arts, animal industry and husbandry, Economic Zoology, Zoötechny. 10. Instincts, habits, Psychology and Sociology of Animals, Zoopsychology. Philosophical Zoology is mainly Zoonomics; "Natural History" is the union of 1 and 10.

Aristotle (d. 322 B.C.), "Father of Zoology," is rather the last representative of a gradual development. After him for 2,000 years there was no advance, but rather degeneration. The revival of zoology occurred after 1500, stimulated by the descriptions of new animals brought by travelers and explorers. Gesner compiled a Natural History, Vesalius studied Anatomy by actual dissection, and Belon described Fishes. The 17th century saw the founding of the Royal Society of London 1662. Harvey (1616) discovered the circulation of the blood. Leeuwenhoek (1675) by his lenses discovered the Infusoria and many other animalculæ, and was the first to oppose the then prevalent belief that small animals could be spontaneously generated from mud. Other noted names of this time are Malpighi, Ray, Redi, and Swammerdam. During the 18th century Linnæus introduced the present method of naming animals, and was able more accurately to classify them. Buffon popularized natural history. Haller, the experimental physiologist, was opposed by Wolff, who believed in epigenesis. In 1796 Erasmus Darwin wrote the Zoonomia. The 19th century opened with Lamarck, who propounded a theory of Evolution, and the Nature Philosophers, Oken, Goethe, etc., who discovered Serial Homology. Embryology and Histology, thanks to the development of the microscope, had now been pursued so far that Von Baer could announce (1827) that Omne vivum ex ovo. Dujardin (1835) discovered Protoplasm or Sarcode, and Schwann (1841) propounded the generalization that organisms are built up of protoplasmic units, the cells. He also discovered that fermentations are due to microbic organisms. Johann Muller (18011858) trained up a school of eminent German zoologists. During the first third of this century Cuvier laid the foundations of Comparative Anatomy, and opposed the idea that animals could be arranged in a series with the most complex at the top. He saw that there were types related in a branching manner. His pupil, Louis Agassiz, taught that not only species, but genera, orders, classes, etc., were fixed ideas in the Creator's plan, and needed but the discerning eye to reveal them. Owen, another of Cuvier's pupils, was imbued with the idea of homologous parts. The year 1858 marked the beginning of the modern era in Zoology. Darwin's Origin of Species showed that the animal kingdom is a continuum of individuals. The limitations of our knowledge and the loss of connecting links

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enables us to see apparently isolated groups of animals. To make a natural classification, we need to know the entire history of as many animal forms as possible. This idea has been a new organon, and has stimulated and enlarged research in many directions. Marine laboratories have been established, so that the vast life of the ocean can be studied properly. Since Darwin's epoch-making work appeared, great advances in microscopical technique have enabled zoologists to study the minute structure of protoplasm, so that a new set of facts on which to base a theory of life and heredity has been gleaned.

Zoönomics. See ZOOLOGY.

Zoophytes. Plant-like forms of animals, as the coral Polyps and other Coelenterates.

Zoösperms. 1. Egg-like encysted forms of Coccidia. 2. Spermatozoa.

Zoöspores. Active flagellated young, produced by sporeformation in Protozoa and other low forms of life. They usually conjugate, and so produce the usual adult forms.-In Botany, minute bodies by means of which many of the lower plants are propagated. They originate by the division of the protoplasmic contents of a cell into an immense number of individual spores. They are commonly motile by means of vibratory cilia; also called Sporids, or Sporidia.

Zoötaxy. See ZOOLOGY.

Zoötechny. See ZoöLOGY.

Zoötomy. Art and science of animal dissection; divided into gross dissection and microtomy. See ZOOLOGY.

Zorgite. Double selenide of lead and copper, found in the Haiz Mts., Thuringia and Clausthal. It is the principal source of commercial selenium.

Zorndorf. Village of Brandenburg where Frederick II. defeated a Russian army Aug. 25, 1758.

Zoroaster, probably 6th cent. B.C. Founder of the religion of ancient Persia. His system was marked by moral earnestness, but fettered by dualism: Ahriman, the evil principle, being equally eternal with Ahuramazda, or Ormuzd, principle of good, though ultimately subdued by him.

Zoroastrianism. See ZOROASTER.

Zorrilla y Moral, José, 1817-1893. Spanish poet and dramatist. Cantos del trovador. 1841; El Zapatero, 1844; Don Juan Tenorio, 1845; Granada, 1853-54.

Zosimus. Pope 417-418. After some hesitation, he condemned Pelagius.

Zosimus, 5th cent. Greek (heathen) historian of the Roman Empire to 410.

Zouaves. Regiments formed in Algeria 1830, at first consisting largely of Kabyles (Turcos), later of Frenchmen, retaining a peculiar uniform; distinguished in Africa and the Crimea; imitated by the Papal Zouaves 1860-71, and in the U. S. 1861-65. Zrinyi, MIKLOS, 1508-1566. Slovak noble, in the Austrian service; Gov. of Croatia and Slavonia 1542; active against the Turks; killed in defending Sziget, after a month's siege; celebrated in plays and poems, as by his great-grandson, MIKLOS, 1616-1664, also Ban of Croatia, in the earliest Hungarian epic. Zschskke, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL, 1771-1848. GermanSwiss author, chiefly of tales and histories; notable for moral earnestness and public spirit. Hours of Meditation, 1809-16, tr. 1843; Hist. Switzerland, 1822, tr. 1855; Goldmaker's Village, tr. 1845; Autobiography, 1842, tr. 1847. Works, 35 vols., 1851-54. Zubly, JOHN JOACHIM, D.D., 1725-1781. Pastor at Savannah, Ga.; active patriot, in Congress 1775; then royalist; accused of treason to U. S. and banished 1777.

Zuccaro, FEDERIGO, 1543-1609. Italian artist, of more versatility than talent; much employed as a decorator, especially in Florence, Rome and Madrid.-His brother, TADDEO, 1529-1566, did similar work.

Zug. Central Swiss canton. Area 92 sq. m.; pop., 1894, 23,167.

Zuider Zee. Arm of North Sea, separating n. Holland from Frisia and other provinces; ab. 70 m. long; formed by inundations 860 and later. The s. part, called the Y, is shallow; a plan of drainage has been proposed, which would reclaim some 500.000 acres at a cost of $50.000,000.

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and fierce warriors, powerfully developed, and well organized for war. They practice stock-raising and agriculture, but fieldwork is done by the women, except milking. Little meat is eaten during peace. Possessions consist in cattle, wives and children. Wives are secured by a system of barter, the worth of the bride being measured by cattle. The first wife is mistress over those subsequently acquired, but each wife has her own hut and land. The oldest son has absolute rule over the other children. but the youngest succeeds his father as chief. The

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huts are hemispherical, and used for storage of utensils and for sleeping. A tribal village is a kraal surrounded by a double thorn hedge with one gate through which the cattle are driven to spend the night within the inclosure. Each kraal has its chief: the most powerful and sagacious chief exercises a sort of kingship over the nation. Some are Christianized, but their religious ideas are crude and simple. The magician is the doctor, priest and judge. but must lead in battle. The well-to-do are buried; other corpses are exposed.

Zumala-Carreguy, TOMAS, 1789-1835. Spanish officer 1808-14 and 1822-32; Carlist general-in-chief 1833; killed at Bilbao after several victories.

Zumarragua, JUAN DE, 1468-1548. Superior of Franciscans in Mexico 1528-31; Bp. of New Spain 1534; protector of Indians, but fanatical and wholesale destroyer of Aztec documents.

Zumaya, MANUEL, ab. 1670-ab.1740. Mexican priest, musician, and dramatist.

Zumpt, KARL GOTTLOB, 1792-1849. Prof. Berlin 1827; ed. Cicero and other classics; writer on Roman history and law. His Latin Grammar, 1818, was widely used.-His nephew, AUGUST WILHELM, 1815-1877, did similar work.

Zundel, JOHN, 1815-1882. German musician; organist of Plymouth Ch., Brooklyn, 1850-65 and 1867-78; composer.

Zuni. Pueblo Indian tribe on the Zuni branch of the Colorado in w. New Mexico. This pueblo contains ab. 1,500 persons; originally it accommodated 5,000. Frank Cushing, sent by the Smithsonian Institution to study these Indians, was initiated as a member. They are sun-worshipers, have many mystic

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orders and degrees pertaining to war, medicine, religion, etc., and practice peculiar rites and ceremonies of great interest to the ethnologist. Their language is grammatically well developed. They are undersized, religiously disposed, and peace-loving, but courageous in defense of their rights. Tradition says that they came from the northwest.

Zuniga. See ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA.

Zuniga, ALVARO. MARQUIS DE VILLA-MANRIQUE, ab.1530ab. 1600. Viceroy of Mexico 1585-90.

Zuniga, BALTASAR DE, MARQUIS DE VALERO, ab.1670ab.1730. Viceroy of Mexico 1716-22.

ZUNIGA Y ACEVEDO-ZYMOGENIC BACTERIA

Zuniga y Acevedo, GASPAR DE, COUNT DE MONTEREY, ab. 1540-1606. Viceroy of Mexico 1595-1603, and of Peru 1604; promoter of explorations in California.

Zuni Mountains. Range of New Mexico, n. of lat. 35° N., extending 45 in. from n. w. to s.e., and rising to 6,500 ft. The range is of special interest to geologists.

Zurbaran, FRANCISCO DE, 1598-1662. Spanish painter. His works are simple and serious, mainly depicting monks.

Zurich. Canton of n. Switzerland. Area 666 sq. m.; pop., 1894, 351,917. Its capital, Z., at the foot of Lake Z., was taken by Massena Sept. 26, 1799. It has varied manufactures, and a university, founded 1832. Pop., 1894, 103,271, chiefly in its suburbs.

Zurich, LAKE OF. In central Switzerland; 25 m. long e. to n. w., with a curve to the s.w.; 1-2 m. broad; now divided into two parts by a railway embankment. Area 33.2 sq. m., depth 470 ft.

Zurich, TREATY OF. Between Napoleon III. and Francis Joseph of Austria, Oct. 1859, concerning Italy.

Zurita, ALONSO, ab. 1500-ab. 1570. Spanish official and writer, in San Domingo, S. America and Mexico 1544-64.

Zurita, GERONIMO, 1512-1580. Chronicler of Aragon 1549. Anales, 6 vols., 1562-79.

Zutphen. Dutch town, on the Yssel; memorable for the death of Sir Philip Sidney in a skirmish, Oct. 1586. Pop., 1890, 17,044.

Zuyder Zee. See ZUIDER ZEE.

Zwickau. City of Saxony, on the Mulde, in a coal-mining region. Pop., 1890, 44,198.

Zwingli, HULDREICH, 1484-1531. Swiss reformer, precursor of Calvin. He introduced the Reformation at Zurich 1519-23,

Huldreich Zwingli.

separated from Luther as to the Eucharist 1529, and was killed in battle for freedom. He was fearless and devoted, with a

1701

plain, practical mind, and (excepting Socinus) the most liberal of the reformers. Opera, 4 vols., 1545. His last confession, sent to Francis I. 1531, is memorable, and caused Luther to despair of his salvation, since it admitted the salvability of good heathens.

Zygadenus, or Zygabenus, EUTHYMIUS. Byzantine theologian who wrote Panoply Against All Heresies, at the request of A. Comnenus; flourished 1081-1118. Some of his commentaries are in the Vatican in manuscript; those on the Gospels and Psalms are often consulted.

Zygantrum. Deep cavity situated medianly in the neural arch, posterior end, of a serpent's vertebra. It has a pair of articular facets, looking upward and inward, on which the articular facets of the zygosphene fit. More laterally, and facing down and outward, are the post-zygapophyses, slightly above and to the sides of the ball of the centrum.

Zygnemaceæ. Order of minute green fresh-water Algo. Zygobranchia. See CYCLOBRANCHIATA.

Zygodactylous. Yoke-toed; i.e., with toes in pairs, two turned forward and two backward, as in the Parrot and Woodpecker, in which the first and fourth are turned back. In the Trogons the first and second turn back; these are heterodactylous.

Zygomorphous. Flowers or other organs which can be bisected by but a single plane into bilaterally symmetrical halves.

Zygomycetes. Sub-class of Fungi, characterized by the formation of a zygosperm in the process of reproduction.

Zygophyllaceæ. Natural order of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma, sub-class Dicotyledons, and series Polypetala, comprising 18 genera and ab. 110 species, distributed throughout the tropics and the warmer regions of the n. hemisphere especially.

Zygopleura. See ALLOPOLA.

Zygosis. Sexual union (conjugation) of two unicellular organisms. The process is termed copulation in higher animals. In zygosis, differences of sex are not distinguishable. There is a mutual interchange of fertilizing protoplasm if the conjugation is temporary; otherwise the gametes fuse into a single zygote.

Zygosperm. Result of the union of the protoplasm from two vegetable cells in the reproductive process called CONJUGATION (q.v.).

Zygosphene. Bony wedge projecting forward medianly from the neural arch of a serpent's vertebra. Its articulating surfaces look down and outward, the opposite of the more laterally placed præzygapophyses, with which they are nearly parallel. This wedge fits into a hollow (see ZYGANTRUM) of the vertebra next in front, with which the centrum also articulates by a ball and socket joint.

Zygospore. Spore or reproductive body produced by conjugation.

Zygote. Cell formed by the coalescence of two cells when the nuclei become one. The most common variety of zygote is the oösperm or fertilized egg.

Zygotrocha. Order of Rotifers, characterized by the presence of two simple trochal disks.

Zylonite. Variety of celluloid, used for collars and cuffs; it contains camphor: also called xylonite.

Zymogenic Bacteria. Those which produce fermenta

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tions.

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APPENDIX

Cuba. Largest island of the West Indies, between the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, between lat. 20°-24° N. and long. 74°-85° W.; 780 m. long, 28-143 m. wide; area 43,319 sq.m.; adjacent islands 1,400 sq.m.; coast line 2.000 m. It is separated from Florida on the north by the Straits of Florida, 130 m. wide; from Hayti on the east by the Windward Passage, 48 m. wide; from Jamaica on the south by the Carribbean Sea, 90 m. wide; from Yucatan on the west by the Yucatan Channel, 130 m. wide. It is of volcanic origin, with mountain range from e. to w., the highest at the e., 7,700 ft. Coral formations surround the island. The longest rivers are in the south, navigable for vessels of 50 tons. There are several good ports. The climate is that of the torrid zone, 77-82° F., Aug.-Sept. being the hottest months, Nov.-Feb. the coldest; rainfall 39-46 in. The highlands are healthy, the low, marshy parts unhealthy. Yellow fever is endemic. Earthquakes have occurred in the eastern end. Hurricanes take place in fall months. Pop. 1894 was estimated at ab. 1,640,000, of whom 950.000 were white creoles, 150,000 Spaniards, 500,000 negroes, 40,000 Chinese. A large portion of the land is uncultivated, consisting of virgin forests and fertile plains. In 1894-95 there were produced 1,004,264 tons of sugar; of tobacco 560,000 bales of 110 lbs., of which 338,000 bales were exported, the rest being made into cigars and cigarettes; i 1895, 48,163,846 cigarettes were exported. Other products are coffee, cacao, opium, aniseed, indigo, manihot, two crops Indian corn, cotton, hard woods, tropical fruits. Horses, mules, swine and sheep are largely raised. Iron, copper, zinc, coal, asphaltum, manganese, mercury, gold, silver, petroleum, and mineral waters are found in the eastern end. In 1897, 495,566 tons of iron ore were exported by two American companies. The imports are rice, flour, meat, wines, cottons, woolens, silks, perfumeries, and building materials. The exports in 1892 amounted to $90,000,000; and the imports $57,000,000. The revenue of the government does not exceed $20,000,000; in 1893-94 the expenditures were $26,000,000. The debt amounted in 1896 to $350,000,000 and the annual interest to $17.800,000. The principal towns are Havana, pop. 200,000; Santiago, 70,000; Puerto Principe, 45.000; Holguin, 35,000; Santo Spiritu, 30,000; Cienfuegos, 28,000; Cardenas, 24,000. C. is divided into six provinces; these and the municipalities are administered by corporations of councilors. The whole island is governed by the Captain-general, with an advisory council, which is rarely consulted. There are 16 senators and 30 deputies to the Spanish Cortes. There have been numerous revolts against the government-one, 1868-78, was formidable. The present rebellion began in 1895, under the lead of Jose Marti, Antonio and Jose Maceo, and Gomez. Gen. Martinez Campos, the Gov.-gen., endeavored to quell the rebellion by fair fighting and employing the people. He was not supported by his officers, and in 1896 was replaced by Gen. Weyler, who was energetic and cruel, and concentrated the Cubans within certain lines, near towns, who suffered from want of food and exposure. Gen. Blanco succeeded in Oct. 1897, who endeavored to conciliate the Cubans by appointments to office and the establishment of autonomous government, the Cuban parliament being inaugurated at Havana, May 1, 1898. Roads are few; ab. 1,000 m. of railroads radiate from Havana. There are ab. 2,500 m. of telegraph. The religion is Roman Catholic. Slavery was abolished 1886. C. was discovered by Columbus in 1492, settled by Spaniards 1511-15, taken by England 1762, ceded back to Spain 1763. The inhabitants found there at the discovery were İndians from Yucatan and S. America.

Hawaiian (or SANDWICH) Islands. Group of 12 islands in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 19-23° N. and long. 155-162° W., 2,100 m. from U.S.; 8 are inhabited, having an area of 6,740 sq.m. The others are barren rocks. They are volcanic and mountainous, high ground in the center, rich valleys to sandy shores, with coral reefs. Soil is fertile and productive. Hawaii, 4.210 sq.m., and Kauai, 640 sq.m., are supplied with rivers for irrigation, not navigable. Harbors are wanting; that of Honolulu, on Oahu 500 sq.m., has a depth of 22 ft. Climate temperate, 52-90° F., rainfall 40-54 in. N.E. trade winds bring rain. The uplands have forests. There are no mineral resources. Rats, dogs, mice, bats, hogs are indigenous; there are also wild horses, few reptiles and 71 species of birds. Sugar, rice, coffee, bananas, wool and hides are exported; cotton, tobacco, cacao, arrowroot, yams, and all live stock, are also raised. The imports consist of groceries, provisions, clothing, grain, machinery, hardware and cotton goods. In 1896 the exports amounted to $15,436,000, of which sugar was $14.932,000, rice $195,000 and bananas $125,000. The imports amounted to $7.165,000: 92 per cent of the trade is with U.S. The public revenue in 1896 amounted to $1,997,818; expendi

tures $1,904,191; customs $656,896; taxes $706,542; internal revenue $168,384; debt $4,136,174; interest 5-12 per cent. Pop., 1892, 109,020; of these 31,019 were Hawaiians, 8,485 half castes, 21,616 Chinese, 24,407 Japanese, 15,191 Portuguese, 3,087 Americans, 225 British, 1,420 Germans. 378 Norwegians, 101 French, 455 Polynesians, 600 others. 7,570 were engaged in agriculture, 2,100 in fishing and navigation, 2,265 in industries, 2,031 in trade and transport, 2,580 in liberal arts, 34.498 laborers, 4,310 various. The natives are allied to Maories of New Zealand in race and language. There are 71 m. of railroad and 250 m. of telegraph in the islands. The capital is Honolulu, on Oahu; pop., 1896, 29,920. It has electric lights and tramways. Postal savings banks in 1890 had deposits of $956,999. U.S. coins constitute the money. Kalakaua was elected king 1874, with opposition of dowager Queen Emma; he died 1891. His sister Liliuokalani succeeded him. In 1893 Committee of Public Safety, of U. S. element, abrogated monarchical government and established a provisional government, applying to U. S. for annexation. July 4, 1894, a Republic was proclaimed, and Sanford B. Dole was elected President. July 7, 1898, President McKinley signed the Senate resolution annexing the Hawaiian Is. to U.S. Aug. 12 the American flag was raised over the palace in Honolulu, and President Dole and his government continued in office.

Ladrones, or MARIANA ISLANDS. Group of fifteen islands in the Pacific Ocean, lat. 13-21° N. and long. 144-146° E., area 417 sq.m. Four of the islands are inhabited, Guahan or Guam, Rota, Tinian and Aquigan; pop. 9,000; capital San Ignacio de Agaña on Guam, which island has an area of 198 sq.m. and a pop. of 7,000. The islands are of volcanic origin, mountainous and fringed with reefs. They are fertile and wooded. Rice, maize, sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, breadfruit, bananas, areca and cocoanut palms and castor oil are produced. Water is plentiful and the climate is salubrious, the mean temperature being 81° F. At the time of the Spanish settlement the inhabitants numbered 50,000. The present population consists of the descendants of the original inhabitants, called Chamorros, more or less mixed with Spaniards, and the Tagals from the Philippines. They are poor and indolent. The islands were discovered by Magellan in 1521 and settled by the Spaniards in 1667, since which date they have remained a Spanish colony with little revenue. In 1898, during the Spanish-American war, U. S. took possession of the group, June 21.

Philippine Islands. Extensive group of islands belonging to Spain, lat. 4-20° N., long. 116-127° E., area 114,400 sq.m., of volcanic origin, having mountains 7,800 ft. high, with coral formations on the coast and subject to earthquakes and eruptions. The climate is healthy, tropical, 79° mean temperature, March to May hottest, Nov. to Feb. coldest; N.E. wind Oct. to April, S. W. monsoon April to Oct. The soil is fertile. The flora is Malayan and Australian; ebony, teak, sandal, sappan, camphor, areca and perfume flowers abound. Pepper, tea, cinnamon, cloves, palms, manila hemp, tropical fruits, sugar, tobacco, coffee, rice, cacao, cotton, indigo, wheat, maize, ginger and vanilla are cultivated. The fauna is Asiatic and Australian; monkeys, flying lemurs, boars, buffaloes, antelopes, cockatoos, tortoises, insects, pheasants, ducks, parrots, squirrels, mollusca, fish, tarantulas and mosquitoes. Gold, galena, mercury, iron, copper, pyrites, amber, coal, sulphur and mineral waters are found here. Oxen, horses, goats, sheep and swine are raised. The ancient inhabitants are negritos (negro pigmies), with woolly hair; they are savage and repulsive and roam in bands; a few thousand of pure stock remain. Malays constitute the majority; they are Roman Catholics, live in villages, and are engaged in fishing, agricúlture, shipbuilding, leather dressing, and weaving mats and linen. Chinese are numerous, and Mestizoes, a cross of the Chinese with native women; they are engaged in commerce. The Spaniards are few. Pop. 6,500,000. Luzon is the largest, 40,000 sq.m. The capital is Manila, on Luzon, pop. 160.000. Other large towns are Laoag, pop. 31,000; Lipa, 42,000; Banang, 36.000; Batangas, 34,000. The imports in 1896 amounted to $10,750,000 and exports to $37,500,000. The imports were rice, flour, wines, dress goods, petroleum and coal. The exports were sugar, tobacco, cigars, hemp, cotton manufactures and yarn. Value of sugar exported $8,000,000; hemp, $7,500,000; tobacco leaf, $2,500,000; cigars. $750,000; copra, $1,875,000. Average imports 34 per cent from Great Britain; 21 per cent from Hong Kong and Amoy; 13 per cent from Spain; 10 per cent from Singapore. Coins are Mexican dollars, with local fractional coins. Estimated revenue 1894-95, $13,579,900; expenditures, $13,282,630. There are 70 m. of railroad; 720 m. of telegraph. The P. were discovered by Magellan 1521, who

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