substance, and is not itself true protoplasm: hence it is called deuteroplasm. The so-called "yolk" of a hen's egg represents the entire original egg cell or ovum, greatly distended with yolk granules; the white is accessory albuminous food material, wrapped around the ovum after it leaves the ovary, and after it has been impregnated.

Yolk-Glands. See VITELLARIUM.

Yolk-Nucleus. Accessory nucleus present in eggs during their growth, and supposed to have the function of making yolk. It is not constantly present, and in many eggs the proper nucleus of the egg manufactures the yolk spheres. In other cases the investing cells of the ovum elaborate the yolk, which is absorbed by the ovum directly; sometimes entire cells or their nuclei may wander into the ovum, where they undergo degeneration and conversion into yolk. See PARA

NUCLEUS.

Yolk-Sac. Egg, or yolk of the egg, after it has been inclosed by epibole and the embryo developed as a definite structure upon it, so that a sharp demarcation exists between the yolk and the embryo.

Yon, EDMOND CHARLES, 1841-1897. French etcher.

Yonge, CHARLOTTE MARY, b.1823. English novelist and historical writer, in the Ch. interest: author of some 120 vols.; ed. Monthly Packet. Heir of Redclyffe, 1853; Landmarks of History. 1852-57: Daisy Chain, 1856; Golden Deeds, 1864; Book of Worthies, 1869; Life of Bp. Patteson, 1873.

Yonkers. City of Westchester co., N. Y., on the e. bank of the Hudson. 18 m. n. of the Battery; suburb of New York; chartered 1855 and 1872. Pop., 1890, 32,033.

Yoritomo, MINAMOTO, 1146-1199. Shogun of Japan 1192; founder of its mediæval system.

York. Ancient city of Yorkshire, on the river Ouse; capital of Northumbria and Deira; destroyed by William I. 1068. Its noble minster dates mostly 1154-1400. The cathedral is in many respects the most remarkable of all English churches.

from the 4th son of Edward III. The law of primogeniture favored York. To this line belong Edward IV. and V. and Richard III. The civil wars were ended, and the claims of the two rival houses to the throne merged, by the marriage of Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV., to Henry VII, his dangerous rivals being removed by execution. The badge of York was a white rose.

Yorke. See HARDWICKE, EARL OF.
Yorkshire. See SWINE.

Yorkshire College. See LEEDS.

Yorktown. Capital of York co., Va., on York River. Here Cornwallis, after a siege of ten days, surrendered to Washington Oct. 19, 1781. Magruder and Johnson, C.S.A.. were besieged by McClellan April 5-May 4, 1862, and abandoned the town. Pop., 1890, 221.

York von Wartenburg, HANS DAVID LUDWIG, GRAP VON, 1759-1830. Prussian general 1807; leader in the revoit against Napoleon and alliance with Russia 1812-13; distinguished 1813-14; ennobled 1814; Field-marshal 1821.

Yoruba, or YARRIBA. Farming country of w. Africa, n.e. of Dahomey. Area ab.19,000 sq. m., pop. ab. 3.000.000. Yosemite Valley. In the Sierra Nevada, Cal.. ab. 6 m. long, a mile or less in width, and near a mile below neighboring level; surrounded by precipitous granite walls, 3.000 to 4,000 ft. high; supposed to be the work of a glacier; first known to whites 1851; controlled by State commissioners; greatly resorted to for its scenery. Its falls and rocks are especially famed.

You, DOMINIQUE, 1775-1830. Leader of La. pirates, pardoned for his services in the battle of New Orleans 1815, and thenceforth prominent in public affairs.

Youatt, WILLIAM, 1777-1847. English veterinarian and writer. The Horse, 1831; Sheep, 1832; Cattle, 1834; The Dog. 1842.

Youmans, EDWARD LIVINGSTON, M.D., 1821-1887. American writer on chemistry; founder International Scientific Series 1871, and Popular Science Monthly 1872. Household Science, 1857.-His sister and helper, ELIZA ANN, b.1826. has pub. several books on Botany.-His brother, WILLIAM JAY. M.D., b.1838. has continued his editorial work, and pub. Pioneers of Science, 1895.

Young, SIR ALLEN WILLIAM, R.N., b.1830. Arctic explorer, knighted 1877. Two Voyages of the Pandora, 1879.

Young, ANDREW WHITE, 1802-1877. American writer on government. Political Hist. U. S., 1855-88.

Young, ARTHUR, 1741-1820. English farmer and author: Sec. to Board of Agriculture from 1793; ed. Annals of Agricul ture, 1784-1801. His Tour in Ireland, 1780, and Travels in France, 1792-94. were repub. 1890-92; the latter is often quoted. His Farmers' Kalendar, 1771, was very widely circulated. A French tr. of his works, 1800-1, filled 20 vols.

Young, BRIGHAM, 1801-1877. Mormon elder 1832, apostle 1835, and pres. 1844; leader of the emigration from Nauvoo, Ill., to Utah; founder of Salt Lake City 1847, and of the State

York Minster.

It measures 524 ft. by 250 ft., with central tower 216 ft. high, and the western towers each 202 ft. It was completed as it now stands in 1472. Hadrian resided here in 120, and Severus died here 211. The castle, dating from Edward I., is an interesting object near the river, with Clifford's Tower. Pop., 1891, 66,994.

York. Capital of York co., Pa.; 28 m. s. of Harrisburg; founded 1741; chartered 1787 as a borough, 1887 as a city. It has some manufactures. Congress met here 1777-78. Pop., 1890, 20.793.

York, ARCHBISHOPRIC OF. Second to that of Canterbury, giving its incumbent third rank after the royal family; founded 634. It had Scottish jurisdiction till ab.1470.

York, CARDINAL. See STUART, HENRY B.

York, HOUSE OF. Richard, Duke of York, was descended on the female side from Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 3d son of Edward III., as also by his father from the 5th son of the same Edward; the house of Lancaster held the throne by descent

of Deseret 1849; Gov. of Utah 1851-58; introducer of polygamy 1852; in conflict with U. S. authorities; husband of many wives, and gatherer of much wealth.

Young, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, LL.D., b.1834. Prof. Dartmouth 1866, and Princeton since 1877; inventor of an automatic spectroscope; measurer of the sun's rotation. The Sun, 1882; Astronomy, 1888.

Young, CHARLES MAYNE, 1777-1856. English actor, prominent in Shakespearian parts.-His son, JULIAN CHARLES, 18061873, wrote his Memoir, 1871, and Last Leaves, 1875.

Young, EDWARD, LL.D., 1684-1765. English didactic and satirical poet. Love of Fame, 1728. His Night Thoughts, 1742-46, were once very popular.

Young, JAMES, LL.D., F.R.S.. 1811-1883. Scottish chemist, developer of paraffin oil from Scotch Boghead coal.

Young, JOHN, 1802-1852. M.C. 1836-37 and 1841-43; Gov. of N. Y. 1847.

Young, SIR JOHN, 1807-1876. M.P. 1831-55; Baronet 1848; Gov. of New S. Wales 1860-67; Gov.-gen. of Canada 1868-72; Baron Lisgar 1870.

Young, JOHN RUSSELL, b.1841 in Pa. Journalist; U. S. Minister to China 1882-85; librarian of Congress 1897. He accompanied Gen. Grant around the world 1877. Around the World with Gen. Grant, 2 vols., 1879.

Young, JONATHAN, U.S.N., 1825-1885. Captain 1873, Com

Young, THOMAS, F.R.S., 1773-1829. Prof. Royal Institution, London, 1801: physicist and Egyptologist. Lectures, 107. Young, THOMAS LOWRY, 1832-1888. Gov. of Ohio 1877; M.C. 1879-83.

Young, SIR WILLIAM, 1799-1887. Premier of Nova Scotia 1854 and 1860: Chief-justice 1860; knighted 1863.

Young, WILLIAM, 1809-1888. Anglo-American journalist; tr. Beranger 1850.

Young England. Name given to a band of young Tory politicians during the Corn-law struggle, 1842-45, who wished to revive the old kindly relations between the rich and poor. Among the foremost were Disraeli, C. Baillie, G. Smythe, and J. Manners. Disraeli, in his Coningsby and Sybil exposes their principles.

Young Ireland. Name given to the Revolutionary party in Ireland 1848, headed by G. Duffy and W. S. O'Brien.

Young Men's Christian Associations. Societies of Trinitarian Protestants, indifferent otherwise as to denomination, busy with various good works, and now of vast extension: organized first in London by G. Williams 1844; next at Montreal and at Boston 1851. They now number 1,430 in the U. S. and Canada, and 6,240 throughout the world. The American membership is 248,734.

Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor. See CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR.

Young's Modulus. Force required to stretch a bar one inch sq. to double its original length, provided that it could be done without impairing the elasticity. It was introduced by Thos. Young 1805, and is now generally called the coefficient or modulus of elasticity.

Youngstown. Capital of Mahoning co., Ohio, on the Mahoning, 66 m. n.w. of Pittsburg; founded 1799. It has important iron manufactures. Pop., 1890, 33,220.

Organ

Young Women's Christian Associations. ized in London 1855 and New York 1858, on plans similar to those of young men. They now number ab. 350 in the U. S., chiefly in colleges, with ab. 35,000 members.

Ypres (Flemish YPEREN). Fortified town of Belgium, 15 m. n.w. of Tourcoing, France. It contains many relics of the Middle Ages; in the 14th century it was noted for its manufacture of woolen goods and is supposed to have had a population of 200,000. Seat of a bishop from 1509-1801. Pop. 16.500.

Ypsilanti, ALEXANDER. 1725-1805. Hospodar of Wallachia and Moldavia; executed.-His son, CONSTANTINE, 1760-1816, held the same posts, rebelled against the Sultan, and ended his life in Russia.-His sons, ALEXANDER, 1792-1828, and DEMETRIUS, 1793-1832, fought against Napoleon and the Turks: the latter was Greek commander-in-chief 1828-31.

Yrarrazaval, MANUEL JOSÉ, 1836-1896. Chilian Senator and Premier.

Yriarte, CHARLES ÉMILE. b.1832. French author and journalist, of Spanish descent. Venice, 1879, tr. 1879; Florence, 1880, r. 1882; César Borgia, 1889.

1691

Yriarte, JUAN DE, 1702-1771. Librarian at Madrid 1732; poet. Codices Gráeci MSS., 1769. Obras, 4 vols., 1774.-His nephew, TOMAS, 1750-1791, was a poet, dramatist, and translator. La Musica, 1780; Fabulas, 1782. Obras, 1787-1805.

Ysaye, EUGÈNE, b.1858. Belgian violinist, in America 1894 and 1898.

Yssel. Branch of the Rhine, separating from it near Arnhem in the Netherlands and emptying into Zuyder Zee. Length 80 m.

Ytterbium. Yb. At. wt. 173, sp. gr. 9.17, sp. ht. .0646, valence III.; discovered by Marignac 1878; rare metal, occurring in euxenite and gadolinite; white, infusible powder; salts are colorless.

Ytterbium Nitrate. Yb(NO,).+aq. Large, clear, colorless crystals, obtained on treating the oxide with nitric acid, and crystallizing from water.

Yttrialite. Silicate containing large percentages of yttrium, thorium, and other rare chemical elements, found in Texas in association with other minerals of allied composition. Yttrium. Y. At. wt. 89.1, valence III, IV; discovered by Gadolin 1798; rare metal, occurring in cerite, euxenite and gadolinite; it has not been prepared in the pure condition.

Yttrium Carbonate. Y,(CO,),+3H,0. Gelatinous precipitate obtained on adding a solution of sodium carbonate to yttrium salts.

Yttrium Chloride. YC,+6H2O. Colorless, hygroscopic, soluble prisms; made by dissolving the trioxide in hydrochloric acid and sal ammoniac, and then evaporating and crystallizing.

Yttrium Nitrate. Y(NO3)3+6H,O. Large, transparent, easily soluble crystals; made by dissolving the oxide in nitric acid.

Yttrium Oxide. Y,O,. Yttria. Yellowish-white powder, obtained by heating the oxalate or hydroxide. When heated it emits a bright white light. Soluble in the common acids.

Yttrium Sulphate. Y2(SO4)3+8H2O. Sp. gr. 2.54; colorless, transparent, small, monoclinic crystals; made by treating the oxide with sulphuric acid and crystallizing from water. Yttrocerite. Rare mineral, containing yttrium and cerium in connection with calcium fluoride; found in Sweden.

Yttrotantalite. Rare mineral, consisting essentially of yttrium tantalate or niobate with small admixtures of iron and other chemical elements; found in Sweden. A variety of the mineral fergusonite has been called by the same name.

Yuba River. In California, flowing through deep gorges in the Sierra Nevada, and emptying into Feather River below Y. City.

Yucatan. Peninsula projecting from Mexico and separating the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea; first visited

Yule, SIR HENRY, LL.D., 1820-1889. Scottish engineer, in India 1840-62. Cathay, 1866; Book of Marco Polo, 1871; AngloIndian Glossary, 1886.

Yulee, DAVID LEVY, 1811-1886. M.C. from Fla. 1841-45; U. S. Senator 1845-51 and 1855-61.

Yule Log. Still burned in parts of England and the Continent at Christmastide. The usage is a survival from the old festival of the revival of the sun after the winter solstice. Magical properties are attributed to the Yule Log, which is believed to bring good luck. It is a widespread custom to keep part of the old log to light the new one the following year. In n. Italy the charred log is regarded as a protection against lightning.

Yuncas. Native tribes of the coast of Peru, who have now become merged in the general population. In the vicinity of Lima there are many ruins attributable to this people, the most extensive being at Caxamarquilla, ab. 15 m. from Lima and near Truxillo.

Yun-ho, or YUN-LIANG-HO. Chinese name of the Grand and Imperial Canal. It runs from Hangchou to Tientsin, ab. 700 m.; constructed in the first part of the 7th century primarily for the conveyance of the tribute of rice from the s. provinces. It is still an important means of communication between the n. and s. in the e. plain, though the section n. from the Hwangho to the Yu-ho has been dry since ab. 1852.

Yupanqui, ab.1380-ab.1440. Ninth Inca sovereign of Peru. He assumed the government ab.1400, conquered the Chancas, and annexed their territory. At his death the Inca Empire embraced nearly all the territory of what is now Peru.

Yuruari. River of Venezuela, rising to the e. of the valley of the Caroni, flowing e. till it joins the Cuyuni in ab. 614° W. long. Its valley contains valuable gold mines.

Yuste. Village of Spain 28 m. e. of Plasencia, on the slopes of the Sierra de Vera. It has ruins of a famous Hieronymite monastery, where Charles V. spent the last 18 months of his life and died Sept. 21, 1558.

Yusuf-ben Taxfyn, d.1106. Emir of Morocco; victor over Alfonso VI. of Castile 1086; usurper in Cordova, Grenada, and other kingdoms of s. Spain.

Yver de Chazelles, JEAN PIERRE, 1709-1786. French naval officer and Arctic explorer. Voyage, 1752-53; Mexico, 1778.

Yves d'Evreux, PIERRE, ab.1575-ab.1625. French Capuchin, missionary to Brazil 1611-14. His Voyage, 1615, was repub. 1864.

Yvetot. Town of n. France, 24 m. n. w. of Rouen. Till 1681 its lords were entitled king, as in a familiar song of Beranger. Yvon, ADOLPHE, 1817-1893. French painter. Y'ylang-Y'ylang. See IHLANG-IHLANG.

Zabism, or SABISM. System of pagan philosophy, containing Gnostic and Neoplatonic elements, chiefly in Syria

ab. 800-1200.

Zabriskie, ABRAHAM OOтHOUT, 1807-1873. Chancellor of N. J. 1866-72.

Zacatecas. Capital of the state of Z. in central Mexico, in a silver mining region; founded ab.1540. Elevation 8,000 ft., pop. ab. 60,000. The state has an area of 25,229 sq. m.; pop., 1893, ab. 486,000.

Zach, FRANZ, FREIHERR VON, 1754-1832. Hungarian-German astronomer.

Zacchæus. Jewish taxgatherer at Jericho, whose curiosity to see Jesus passing through Jericho led to his conversion. Luke xix. 1-10.

Zachariæ, JUST FRIEDRICH WILHELM, 1726-1777. German mock-heroic poet.

Zacharias, d.752. Pope from 741; able and influential. Zacynthus (modern ZANTE). Largest of the Ionian Islands; w. of Morea. It is entirely mountainous or hilly in the w., with a stretch of fertile plains running n.e. to the s. coast; the w. coast is accessible only in summer; noted for its vines and

Mediterranean, 7 m. n.w. of the mouth of the Muluya; known from ancient times as a protection to ships. Spain, who owns them, has fortified them as outworks for Melilla.

Zaffre. Residue obtained in roasting cobalt ores. Ground up with various substances, it is used for painting porcelain blue. Zagros Mountains. Between ancient Media and Assyria; general name for the mountain systems of w. Persia.

Zahn, THOEDOR. D.D., b. 1838. Prof. Göttingen 1871, Erlangen 1878 and 1891, Leipzig 1888-91. Cyprian, 1882; Hist. N. T. Canon, 1888-91.

Zaldivar, RAFAEL, b. ab. 1830. Pres. Salvador 1876-85. Zaleucus, 7th cent. B.C. Greek lawgiver of Locri. Zalinski, EDMUND LOUIS GRAY, b. 1849 in Poland. Lieut. U.S.A. 1866, Captain 1887; developer of the pneumatic dynamite torpedo-gun and other military devices; writer on ordnance.

Zaluski, JOSEF ANDREI, 1702-1774. Bp. of Kieff; banished 1767-73; Polish bibliographer and collector. Leges Poloniæ, 1732; Specimen hist. Polonica critica, 1733.

Zama. Fortified city in Numidia, where Scipio defeated Hannibal and ended the 2d Punic war 202 B. C.

Zamacois, EDUARDO, 1842-1871. Spanish genre painter. Fine colorist and brilliant designer. Education of a Prince, 1870.

Zambeccari, FRANCESCO, COUNT, 1756-1812. Italian aero

currants, which were introduced in the middle of the 15th and 16th centuries respectively. This island is one of the parts of Greece most subject to earthquakes. Zante, on the e. coast, is the seaport town. Area 166 sq. m.; pop., 1889, ab. 44,000.

Zadkiel (RICHARD JAMES MORRISON), ab. 1794-1874. Author of an astrological almanac, issued from 1830. The name had been assumed by Wm. Lilly, 1602-1681.

Zadok. High priest under David with Abiathar, who was deposed by Solomon.

Zaffarines. Three islets off the n. coast of Morocco, in the

The Gonye Falls, on the Zambesi.

great number of cataracts and rapids in its upper and middle course (cataracts of Gonye, Katima, Mololo, Victoria Falls,