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coilage is abundant. The university, founded 1582, has ab. 75 teachers and 1,500 students, largely in medicine. Pop., 1890, 60,844.

Wuttke, HEINRICH, 1818-1876. Prof. Leipzig 1848; historian of Silesia 1842-47. Entstehung der Schrift, vol. i., 1872.

Wuttke, KARL FRIEDRICH ADOLF, 1819-1870. Prof. Berlin

1854, and Halle 1861. Geschichte des Heidenthums, 1852-53;

Christian Ethics, 1860-62, tr. 1873.

Wyandots. Tribe connected with the Iroquois. A few remain in I. T. and Kan.

Wyant, ALEXANDER H., 1836-1892. American landscape painter. N. A. 1869.

Wyatt, SIR FRANCIS, ab. 1575-1644. Gov. of Va. 1621-26 and 1639-42.

Wyatt, JAMES. 1746-1813. English architect, builder of Beckford's Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire, Eng.

Wyatt, SIR MATTHEW DIGBY, 1820-1877. English architect, knighted 1869. Industrial Arts, 1851; Metal-work, 1852; Fine Art, 1870; Note-book in Spain, 1872.

Wyatt, RICHARD, 1795-1850. English sculptor.

Wyatt, SIR THOMAS, 1503-1542. English lyric poet, knighted 1536. His works, collected 1557, are largely sonnets and satires. -His son, SIR THOMAS, ab.1521-1554, rose against Queen Mary, and was beheaded.

Wycherley, WILLIAM, 1640-1715. English author of a few prose comedies, notable for wit and grossness, written ab. 165971, produced 1672-77, pub. 1712. The Plain Dealer, 1665-77, is the best, and procured his release from prison and a pension 1686.

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WYVERN

Wyman, JEFFRIES, M.D., 1814-1874. Prof. Harvard from 1847; pres. Boston Society of Natural History 1856-70; active investigator, and of high authority as a comparative anatomist; author of many papers.

Wyman, ROBERT HARRIS, U.S.N., 1822-1882. Commander 1862; active on the Atlantic coast; Captain 1866; chief hydrographer 1869-77; Commodore 1872, Rear-admiral 1878.

Wynants, JAN, ab. 1615-ab.1680. Dutch landscape-painter. Wynkin de Worde. See WORDE.

Wynkoop, HENRY, 1737-1816. In Congress from Pa. 177982; M.C. 1789-91.

Wynn, RICHARD, ab.1750-1813. S. C. officer 1775-82; M.C. 1793-95 and 1809-13.

Wynne, EDWARD, 1734-1784. English lawyer. Eunomus. 1767.

Wyntoun, ANDREW OF, ab.1350-ab. 1425. Scottish versifier. His Orygynale Cronykil extends to 1406, and was pub. 1795 and

1872-79.

Wyoming. State between Montana and Colorado, nearly rectangular; area 97,890 sq. m. The e. part consists of undulating plains. The central and s. w. portion is level and plateaulike; in the s. and n.w. are ranges of mountains, reaching altitudes of 14,000 ft. The average elevation is 6,400 ft. The climate is arid and subject to extremes of cold. The principal industries are cattle and sheep-raising and coal-mining, the latter mainly in the s.w. part. The capital is Cheyenne. W. was organized as a Territory 1868, and became a State 1890. Pop., 1890, 60,705. (See Map, page 1681.)

Wyoming Massacre. In Luzerne co., Pa., on the Susquehanna, near Wilkesbarre, July 3-5, 1778, by British, In

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dians, and Tories, who slew over 200; celebrated by Campbell in Gertrude of Wyoming. The region was settled ab.1762, and was claimed by Conn. till 1788.

Wyoming, UNIVERSITY OF. At Laramie; opened 1887. It comprises colleges of arts and of agriculture, a normal school, schools of mechanics and mines, and the State Experiment Station. It has 11 professors, 3 tutors, and 118 students.

ing the s. part of the Severn coalfield. Wyre Forest. In the n. e. of Worcestershire, Eng., form

Wyss, JOHANN RUDOLF, 1781-1830. Prof. Berne 1806; ed. Alpenrose, 20 vols., 1811-30. His Swiss Family Robinson, 1812-13, is famous.

Wythe, GEORGE, LL.D., 1726-1806. Delegate to Congress 1775-76; signer of the Declaration of Independence; Va. judge 1777; law prof. at William and Mary Coil. 1779-89; Chancellor of Va. from 1786; member U. S. Constitutional Convention 1787.

Wyttenbach, DANIEL, 1746-1820. Prof. Amsterdam 1771, and Leyden 1799-1816; ed. of Plutarch's Moralia 1795-1830; biographer of Ruhnken 1800.-His wife, JOHANNA (GALLIEN), m.1818, d.1830, pub. Théagène, 1815, and Alexis, 1823.

Wyttenbach, THOMAS. D.D., 1472-1526. Swiss reformer, teacher of Zwingli; prof. Basel 1505, canon at Berne 1515, m.1524.

Wyvern. Fictitious monster, occurring in heraldry. It resembles a dragon, but has only two legs and feet, which are like those of the eagle.

X

X, AXIS OF. Axis of abscissas in bilinear co-ordinates; so called because measurements on or parallel to it are indicated by X's. It is usually, though not necessarily, the first to be fixed, and is commonly drawn horizontally and made the initial line of the axial angle.

Xanthic Acid. S:C:OC,H,.SH. Oil with a bad odor; prepared by treating potassium xanthate with a mineral acid. Potassium xanthate is a beautiful colorless crystalline salt, very soluble in water. It is prepared by the action of alcoholic potash upon carbon disulphide, and used in cotton printing and as a vermicide.

Xanthine. C.H.N.O2. Xanthic oxide. Yellow coloring matter of several flowers; crystalline powder, formed by the action of nitrous acid upon guanine; it occurs in urinary calculi, pumpkin seeds, tea, and yeast.

Xanthochroi. Fair-skinned group of the Iranian or Caucasian race. The Greek, Slavonic, Romanic, Teutonic, Celtic and Scandinavian peoples are examples. More or less of a dark or melanochroic element has been introduced into the groups named, especially the Celtic and Romanic. See MAN.

Xanthophyll. Yellow substance occurring in the cells of leaves, etc., to which is principally due the autumnal coloration of foliage; also known as Phylloxanthin.

Xanthoproteic Acid. Formed by the action of nitric acid upon albuminoid substances. The yellow substance which stains the fingers when nitric acid comes in contact with them. The stain turns an orange-red upon applying an alkali.

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Xanthorhamnin. C..H88029(?). Yellow coloring matter obtained from Persian berries. It dyes fabrics, mordanted with iron-salts, black.

Xanthosiderite. Fe,O,,2H.O. Variety of yellow ocher or bog ore, consisting of ferric oxide combined with ab. 18 per cent of water.

Xanthus. Ancient city of Lycia, s. w. Asia Minor; near the

Marble Monument in Xanthus.

Mediterranean; taken by Persians 546 B.C.

Xantippe. Wife of Socrates; represented in tradition as of shrewish temper, but perhaps maligned.

Xavier, FRANCIS. ST., 1506-1552. Spanish Jesuit, most illustrious of Loyola's first associates 1534; missionary in India, Japan, and China from 1541; supposed author of the noble hymn, 0 Deus, ego amo te; canonized 1623; patron saint of India 1747.

Xebec. Small felucca-looking vessel. common to the Mediterranean Sea, carrying three masts with lateen, and sometimes square, sails. Xenocrates,396-314 B.C. Greek philosopher, successor of Speusippus 339 as head of the Academyat Athens. His writings are lost.

Xenogamy. Fertilization of flowers by pollen from others, borne on different plants.

Xenophanes, 6th cent. B.C. Greek philosopher and poet, founder of the Eleatic school and of philosophic monotheism; strong opponent of anthropomorphism. Fragments remain. Xenophon, ab.444-ab.359 B.C. General in the service of Cyrus the Younger, who, after Cyrus' death at Cunaxa and the capture of the other commanders, led the 10,000 back to Greece. He left a number of works upon history, philosophy, and agriculture. The most celebrated are: the Anabasis, which recounts his own campaign in Persia, 401-399 B.C.; the Hellenica, which continues Thucydides' Greek history to the battle of Mantinea, 362 B.C.; the Cyropædia, and the Memorabilia, or memoirs of his master, Socrates. An adherent of Sparta, he was banished from Athens, and lived in Elis 387-371, and then at Corinth.

Xenotime. Y2O,,P,O,. Rare mineral, consisting essentially of yttrium phosphate, crystallizing in hexagonal forms and somewhat resembling zircon.

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Ruins of Xerxes' Palace at Persepolis.

2,640,000, with as many attendants; was delayed at Thermopylæ by Leonidas and his Spartans; burned Athens; witnessed the defeat of his fleet at Salamis; and retreated. He was murdered by Artabanus.

Ximenes de Cisneros, FRANCISCO, 1436-1517. Spanish Franciscan 1482: Isabella's confessor 1492; Abp. of Toledo 1495; Chancellor of Castile and Grand Inquisitor 1505; Regent 1506 and 1516; Cardinal 1507: leader of an expedition against Barbary pirates 1508; persecutor of Moors and heretics; patron of learning: sincere ascetic and able statesman, wielding immense power with vigor and fanaticism.

Ximenes de Quesada. See QUESADA, GONZALO XIME

NEZ DE.

Xingu, or CHINGU. River of Brazil, joining the Amazon near long. 52° W., rising in the Matto Grosso plateau, and flowing ab. 900 m. in a southern direction. It is full of rapids and falls except near its mouth.

Xiphias (SWORDFISH). Its upper jaw is produced into a sword-shaped organ, with which it is enabled to cut up many fish as they swim in schools, especially mackerel. Swordfish

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