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VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA-VOWS

because they engage in military service by voluntary consent, as shown by their contracts of enlistment. Volunteers differ from the militia, in that they can be called into service for a longer period than nine months, to which the service of the militia is limited by law; they differ from the regular army in that they are employed for a definite period, and do not form a part of the permanent military establishment. It has been the practice of the U. S. to permit the Governors of States to appoint the commissioned officers of volunteers, instead of having the President exercise this duty, as in the case of regular officers; in this respect volunteers are assimilated to the militia force, from which they are drawn. The aggregate volunteer force called for in the Civil War, counting in it the various militia forces, amounted to 2,763,760 men; the number furnished by the loyal States and Territories was 2,772,408; in addition, there were 86,724 who paid commutation and were exempted. The aggregate employed, reduced to a three years' service standard, was 2,320,272 men.

Volunteers of America. Organization, similar to the Salvation Army, inaugurated under Commander and Mrs. Ballington Booth, March 9, 1896. It had, Dec. 1, 1896, 170 officered posts, 600 commanding officers, 8 regiments of 16 battalions, and 150 staff officers. Its, weekly paper had a circulation of 20,000 and its monthly paper of 10,000 copies.

Volusenus. See WILSON, FLORENCE.

Volute. Spiral scroll, characteristic of the Ionic capital; also used in the Corinthian and Composite orders, and frequently retained in the Norman capitals. In the 13th century it takes the form of foliage and is lost.

Volutidæ. See RHACHIGLOSSA.

Volva. Membrane which incloses young toadstools in certain species of Agaricini.

Volvocineæ. Order of Algae, including the common Volvox globator, and some other species.

Vomer. Bone of the face placed vertically in the nose, forming the bony partition between the nostrils.

Vomiting. Violent expulsion of the contents of the stomach, sometimes also of the upper portion of the intestines, through the mouth. It is usually preceded by nausea, and the process is a complex one, involving the dilation of the opening of the stomach into the gullet, a pressure upon the stomach by the abdominal walls, and an expiratory effort of the lungs. These failing to act in harmony the effort at vomiting results only in retching.

Vomito Negro. Blackish substance, chiefly disorganized blood, vomited in cases of yellow fever; also an acute attack of yellow fever.

Vondel, JOOST VAN DEN, 1587-1679. Dutch lyric and dramatic poet of high rank. Several of his 33 plays are based on Greek models. His Lucifer, 1654, may have given Milton hints for Paradise Lost.

Voodoo Worship. Secret African orgies, with hideous magical rites, of malignant influence among negroes of Haiti, La., and elsewhere.

Voorhees, DANIEL WOLSEY, 1827-1897. M.C. from Ind. 1861-66 and 1869-73; U. S. Senator from 1877; advocate of greenbacks and free silver.

Vopiscus, FLAVIUS, ab.300. Biographer of the emperors from Aurelian to Carinus, 270-285, in the Augustan History. Voragine, JACOBUS DE. See GOLDEN LEGEND.

Voronej. Town of s. central Russia, on the Voronej, near the Don. It has a good trade. Pop., 1892, 56,403.

Vorosmarty, MIHALY, 1800-1855. Hungarian dramatist and poet. Solomon, 1821; Kant, 1825; Eger, 1827.

Vorstius, CONRAD, 1569-1622. German Arminian divine, prof. Leyden 1610-12; condemned at Dort 1619.

Vortex Ring. See MATTER.

Vorticella. Bell-shaped Infusorian of the group Peritricha. It is usually fastened to a retractile stalk, and in the related genus Zoothamnium forms extensive colonies. It is very common, is known as the bell animalcule, and is easily studied with moderate magnification.

Vortigern. British prince who is said to have invited the Saxons into Britain to help him against the Picts. They. however, soon became more dangerous than the Picts

1621

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in the Metropolitan Museum of New York.-His brother, PAUL, 1590-1678, was a painter of animals, and hunting scenes.

Vos, GEERHARDUS, D.D., b. 1862 in Holland. Prof. Princeton 1894; theological writer.

Vos, MARTIN DE, 1530-1603. Flemish painter.

Vose, GEORGE LEONARD, b. 1831. Prof. Bowdoin 1872, and Mass. Institute of Technology 1881-86; writer on engineering. Vosges Mts. Range in e. France and Alsace: greatest elevation 4,700 ft.

Vosmaer, CAREL, 1826-1888. Dutch poet and writer on art. Rembrandt, 1868-77; Franz Hals, 1874; tr. Homer, 187888; Amazone, 1880, tr. 1884.

Voss, JOHANN HEINRICH, 1751-1826. Prof. Heidelberg 1805; translator of Shakespeare, 1818-29, and of sundry Greek and Latin poets, and most memorably of Homer, 1793; engaged in sundry controversies, as in Antisymbolik, 1824-26. His best poem is Luise, 1795.

Vossius, GERARD JAN, 1577-1649. Prof. Leyden 1615, Amsterdam 1632; famous for learning. Hist. Pelagiana, 1618; Ars Rhetorica, 1623; Aristarchus, 1635; Etymologicum Linguæ Latina, 1662.-His son, ISAAC, 1618-1689, was in Sweden 184858, and in England from 1670. He wrote on classical subjects, and ed. Catullus and several epistles of Ignatius.

Vote. Will of a member of a body, formally manifested toward the decision of a question by the body as a whole, is his vote; and the aggregate expressions of the will of the members is the vote of the body. See BALLOT.

Voting-Machine. Device which mechanically records votes and also counts them automatically. Its chief advantages are: secrecy, as the ballot cannot be identified; simplicity of voting and of counting votes: impossibility of repeating; rapidity; cheapness; and impossibility of fraud in counting. Their use was legalized in N. Y. in 1892, Mass. and Mich. in 1893, and Conn. in 1895. Advocates of the Australian secret ballot have indorsed this method of voting.

Voucher. 1. Obsolete legal proceeding in an action to recover land. 2. Writing showing the payment of money. Vouet, SIMON, 1590-1649. French painter of portraits and religious subjects.

Voussoir. Wedge-shaped stones of which an arch is constructed. The crown of the arch is the keystone; the lowest, immediately above the impost, is the springer or springing

stone.

Vowels. See PHONETICS.

Vows. Promises to devote one's life or belongings, or any part thereof, to God; familiar from remote antiquity, under motives of gratitude, fear, or hope; admitted and largely employed by R.C. Ch., especially with religious orders.

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Voysey, CHARLES, b. 1828. English vicar, tried for heresy 1869, deprived of his living 1871.

Vries, ADRIAAN DE, 1601-1643. Dutch portrait painter. Vriese, WILLEM HENDRICK DE, 1807-1862. Prof. of Botany in Leyden. Plantenkunde voor Apothekers en Artsen, 1835-38: Hortus Spaarn-Bergensis, 1839: Agave Americana, 1847; De Kinaboom mit Zuid-America, 1855; Tuinbouw-Flora van Nederland, 1855-56.

Vroom, PETER DUMONT, LL.D., 1791-1873. Gov. of N. J. 1829-31 and 1833-36; M.C. 1839-41: U. S. Minister to Prussia 1853-57. His Reports of N. J. Supreme Court, 1866-73, were continued by his son, GARRET DORSET WALL, b.1843.

Vug. Small cavity in a mineral vein, lined with crystals; resembling a GEODE (q.v.) in general appearance, though formed under different conditions.

Vuillefoy, DOMINIQUE FELIX DE, b.1841. French painter. Vulcan. Roman god of fire, identified by poets with the Greek Hephæstus.

Vulcan. Hypothetical planet, believed by Leverrier to revolve about the sun within the orbit of Mercury.

Vulcanite. See CAOUTCHOUC and EBONITE.

Vulcanology. Science which considers volcanoes. This, like Seismology, has been closely studied in Italy and Japan. Its field of work is the volcano, both static and dynamic.

Vulgate. Latin version of the Bible, used in R. C. Ch. The O. T., except the Psalms, was tr. from the Hebrew by St. Jerome 390-405, and in time displaced an earlier rendering: the N. T. he revised from one of unknown origin.

Vulpes. See CYNOIDEA.

Vulpinite. Variety of the mineral ANHYDRATE (q. v.), found at Vulpino in n. Italy. It takes a good polish and is sometimes used for decorative purposes.

Vulpius, CHRISTIAN AUGUST, 1762-1827. German romancer and playwright. Rinaldo Rinaldini, 1797.-His sister, JOHANNA CHRISTIANE SOPHIE, 1765-1816, was Goethe's wife from 1806.

Vultures. Large carrion-eating birds of prey. Those of the Old World differ from those in the New in several particulars; thus, the hind toe of the former is on the level with the other toes; the partition between the nostrils is not perforated as in American Vultures; the tarsi are shorter; and they carry food to their young in their claws and not in their beaks. They constitute a subfamily (Vulturince) of the Falconidae, while the American Vulture forms the family Cathartida

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W

Waagen, GUSTAV FRIEDRICH, 1794-1868. Prof. Berlin 1844; art critic. Kunstwerke und Künstler, 5 vols., 1837-45; Treasures of Art, tr. 1854-57.

Waahoo. See BURNING-BUSH.

Waal. Arm of the Rhine, in s. Gelderland; called the Merwede after its junction with the Maas.

Wabash. Branch of the Ohio, which rises in w. Ohio, flows w., s. w., and s. through Ind., and forms part of the boundary between Ind. and Ill. Length 550 m., drainage area 31,500 sq. m. It is navigable to its forks.

Wabash College. At Crawfordsville, Ind.; opened 1833, chartered 1834. It offers 3 courses, leading to the degrees of A.B., Ph. B., and B.S. Endowment ab. $500,000. Teaching staff 17, students 192, of whom 115 are collegiate; library 33.000 vols. Non-sectarian, but closely affiliated with the Presb. Ch.

Waccama. River of N. and S. Carolina joining the Great Pedee opposite Georgetown, 10 m. from the Atlantic, after a course of 100 m.

Wace, ab.1112-ab.1184. Author of two Norman-French metrical romances, the Brut and Roman de Rou.

Wace, HENRY, D.D., b.1836. Prof. King's Coll., London, 1875, principal since 1883; preacher at Lincoln's Inn from 1880; joint ed. Dict. Christian Biography, 1877-87, and other works. Foundations of Faith, 1879; Evidences, 1886.

Wachusett Mountain. In Worcester co., Mass. Elevation 2,018 ft.

Wackernagel, JACOB, b.1853. Prof. Basel; writer on phi

lology.

Wackernagel, Karl Eduard Philipp, D.D., 1800-1877. German hymnologist. His Deutsche Kirchenlied, 5 vols., 186477, is of historical importance.

Waco. Capital of McLennan co., Tex.; on the Brazos; chartered 1850; seat of Baylor Univ. and of two colleges; noted for its artesian wells and exports of cotton. Pop., 1890, 14,445.

Wad. Indefinite mixture of the oxides of several metals, as iron, copper, cobalt, and manganese, occurring in earthy accumulations, and often in quantity to have value as an ore; then known as bog manganese or earthy cobalt. See MANGANESE ORES.

Wadai. Arab state of the Soudan, n. central Africa, w. of Darfur; powerful in n. central Africa. Area ab.150,000 sq. m., pop. ab.3,000,000. Capital Abeshr.

Waddel, JAMES, D.D., 1739-1805. Presb. minister in Va.; noted for eloquence; celebrated by Wm. Wirt as "the blind preacher."

Waddell, JAMES IREDELL, 1824-1886. Confederate naval officer. As commander of the Shenandoah, 1864–65, he sunk or burned 32 vessels, chiefly whalers.

Waddell, MOSES, D.D., 1770-1840. Teacher in S. C. 1804; pres. Univ. Ga. 1819-29.-His son, JOHN NEWTON, D.D., LL.D., b.1812, was prof. and pres. of colleges in Miss. and Tenn. up to 1874.

Wadding, LUKE, 1588-1657. Irish historian of the Franciscans; prof. at Salamanca and Rome; editor of Duns Scotus 1639. Annales Ordinis Minorum, 8 vols., 1626-40.

Waddington, GEORGE, D D., 1793-1869. Dean of Durham 1840. Hist. Ch., 1833; Hist. Reformation, 1841.

Waddington, WILLIAM HENRY, 1826-1894. French Deputy 1871: of English family and education; Senator 1876-85; Foreign Minister 1876-77; Pres. Council 1879; Envoy to England 1883-92; writer on numismatics and archæology.

Wade, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1800-1878. U. S. Senator from Ohio 1851-69; Republican leader; acting Vice-Pres. 1865; Commissioner to San Domingo 1871.

Wade, GEORGE, 1668-1748. British general, commanding in Scotland 1715-30; maker of roads in the Highlands.

Wade, SIR THOMAS FRANCIS, 1818-1895. English envoy to China 1871; knighted 1875.

Waders. Designation often applied to the whole order of birds Grallatores, but really only appropriate to some of them, the more aquatic in their habits, as Herons, Snipes, and Rails. They have long legs and beaks, the latter of different forms, varying with the nature of the food.

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Wadsworth, JAMES SAMUEL, 1807-1864. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1861; Republican candidate for Gov. of N. Y. 1864; distinguished at Fredericksburg and Gettysburg; killed in the Wilderness, Va.

Wadsworth, MARSHMAN EDWARD, b.1847. Teacher of Mineralogy at Harvard 1874-85; Director Mich. Mining School 1887; State Geologist of Mich. 1888; writer on Western geology. Wafer, LIONEL, ab.1640-ab.1705. English surgeon, and traveler; on the Isthmus of Darien 1680–84. New Voyage, 1699. Wafers. Thin disks of bread, used in R. C. and Anglican churches for Holy Communion.

Wage-fund Theory. Doctrine, now generally discredited, that there is in any country, at any time, an amount of wealth set apart by economic forces for the payment of wages, and that this sum is divided among all the laborers at work in that country, making the average rate of wages equal to the result of this division, unaffected by the action of government, employers, or workmen themselves.

Wager. Agreement that property shall belong to one or other of different parties on the occurrence of an uncertain event; valid in common law, but generally declared illegal by modern decisions or statutes.

Wager Policy. One in which the party assured has no

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interest in the thing assured, and could not sustain any loss by the event insured against if he had not made such wager. Wages. That share of the general product of industry which goes to laborers as remuneration for their services.

Wages, LAW OF. Statement of the economic reason for the prevailing rate of wages. None is generally accepted now, but numerous such generalizations have been proposed and received with favor; as the wage-fund theory, the "iron law" of wages of Ricardo, and the residual theory.

Wagner, ADOLF, b. 1835. Political economist, prof. Dorpat 1864, Freiburg 1868, and Berlin 1870; at first a free-trader, later a leading State socialist. Die Geld und Kredit Theorie der Peelschen Bankakte, 1862; System der deutschen Zettelbankgesetzgebung, 1870; Lehrbuch der Politischen Oekonomie, 1871. Wagner, JOHN, M.D., 1791-1841. Surgeon of Charleston. Eminent as an operator; prof. S. C. Medical Coll. from 1829. Wagner, MORITZ FRIEDRICH, 1813-1887. Bavarian traveler and author, prof. Munich 1860. Persia, tr. 1854.-His brother, RUDOLF, 1805-1864, prof. Erlangen 1833, and Göttingen 1840. Anatomie, 1834, tr. 1845; Physiologie, 4 vols., 1842-53.

Wagner, WEBSTER, 1817-1892. American inventor of sleeping cars 1857-58, and drawing-room or palace cars 1867.

Wagner, WILHELM RICHARD, 1813-1883. German dramatist, philosopher and musician, reformer of the opera, or regenerator of the lyric drama; one of the most striking figures in modern artistic history. He had no thorough academic training. He began his career 1832 with an incomplete opera, Die Hochzeit. While chorus-master at Würzburg, 1833, he wrote Die Feen, which was revived at Munich 1888. In Magdeburg he composed and brought forward Das Liebesverbot 1834, an opera based on Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.

Wilhelm Richard Wagner.

He now married, went to Königsberg as conductor, and to Riga 1837. In Paris, where he lived 1839-42, he finished Rienzi and The Flying Dutchman, the production of which in Dresden 1842-43 established his fame and won the conductorship of the opera. This he retained until forced to become a political refugee by his participation in the uprising of May 1849. He lived in Paris and Zurich till 1864, when Ludwig II. of Bavaria secured his amnesty and provided the means to carry out his stupendous plans, which culminated in the erection of a theater for the production of his Ring of the Nibelung at Bayreuth 1876, the Bayreuth festivals. Besides the operas mentioned and the tetralogy composing The Ring of the Nibelung (Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Die Götterdämmerung), W. wrote words and music of Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, Tristan und Isolde, Die Meistersinger, and Parsifal. His principal literary works, written to make propaganda for his artistic system. were gathered in 9 vols. 1871-83, again, 10 vols., 1888, and partly tr. by W. A. Ellis 1892-96.

Wagner, WILLIAM. 1796-1885. Founder and pres. W. Free Institute of Science in Phila. 1855.

Wagner, FORT. In Charleston Harbor, S. C.; assaulted unsuccessfully by the Union troops July 17-18, 1863.

Wagon Boiler. Generator of steam, introduced by Boulton and Watt, but now no longer made; named from the shape, which, from the end, resembled a canvas-topped wagon of Conestoga type. It had a flat or concave bottom, straight or inclined sides, and cylindrical top. Gases passed back under the bottom, and forward on one side to the front, and backward on the other side to the chimney. This was the wheel-draft. These boilers had automatic damper regulator and automatic feed devices, but were for low pressures only. Wagon Vault. See VAULT.

Wagram. Village 12 m. n.e. of Vienna; site of Napoleon's victory over Archduke Charles July 5-6, 1809. The French took 20,000 Austrians prisoners: each side lost ab. 25,000 men. The battle resulted in the treaty of Schönbrunn Oct. 14. Wagtail. See DENTIROSTRES.

Wah. See PANDA.

Wahabees. Austere sect of Mohammedan Puritans, founded in Arabia ab.1760. They made conquests, were overthrown 1812-18, but are still powerful in Nejd, and have offshoots in India.

Wahlenberg, GÖRAN GEORGE, 1780-1851. Prof. Upsala. Flora Lapponica, 1812; De vegetatione et climate in Helvetia, 1813; Flora Carpatorum principalium, 1814; Flora suecica, 1824-26.

Wahsatch Mts. See WASATCH MTS.

Waihu Island. See EASTER ISLAND.

Wainwright, JONATHAN MAYHEW, D.D., D.C.L., 17921854. P.E. Bp. of N. Y. 1852; musical and liturgical compiler. Land of Bondage, 1852.

Wait, WILLIAM, 1821-1880. Lawyer of Fulton co., N. Y. Law and Practice in Justices' Courts, 1865: Actions at Law and in Equity, 7 vols., 1877-79.

Waite, MORRISON REMICK, LL.D., 1816-1888. Ohio lawyer; counsel in Geneva Arbitration 1871-72; Chief-justice U. S. Supreme Court from 1874.-His father, HENRY MATSON, LL.D., 1787-1869, was long Judge of Conn. courts, and Chief-justice 1854.

Waits. English singers of carols at Christmas; originally watchmen with horns to mark the hours of night.

Waitz, GEORG, 1813-1886. Prof. Kiel 1842, and Göttingen 1849-75; ed. Monumenta Germania Historica, 1875. Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, 8 vols., 1843-78; Grundzüge dei Politik,

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1862.

Waitz, THEODOR, 1821-1864. Prof. Marburg 1848. Psychologie, 1846-49; Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 6 vols., 1859-71. Waiver. Voluntary giving up of a legal right. In certain cases one may waive his right to sue another for a tort, and proceed as though the defendant's obligation were imposed by contract. See QUASI CONTRACT.

Wake. Watch over a corpse till burial; once practiced in Scotland, and still common among the Irish; not seldom attended with drunkenness and disorder. Candles were usually placed at the head and foot of the coffin, and spirits and food provided for the watchers. It is probably a survival from heathen times, and in its original sense a vigil. In early days in England a vigil used to be observed on the eve of the anniversary of the consecration of a church, or of the birthday of the saint to whom it was dedicated, the morrow being a holiday. These holidays came at last to be fairs and scenes of merry-making; so wake came to signify any festive gathering. Wake, WILLIAM, D.D., 1657-1737. Bp. of Lincoln 1705, Abp. of Canterbury 1716. His tr. Epistles of Apostolic Fathers, 1693, is still valued.

Wakefield. Town of Yorkshire, on the Calder, 9 m. s.s.e. of Leeds. Here the Duke of York was defeated and slain with 3,000 men by Queen Margaret's army, Dec. 31, 1640. Manufactures still important, although the cloth trade has declined. Pop., 1891, 37,269.

Wakefield, EDWARD GIBBON, 1796-1862. English student of colonial questions, prominent in the organization of New Zealand.

Wakefield, GILBERT, 1756-1801. English controversialist, attacking with equal zeal Bp. Horsley, Paine, and Wilberforce; ed. Horace, Virgil, and Lucretius; imprisoned 1798-1801. Tr. N. T., 1791; Silva Critica, 1789-95; Memoirs, 1792. Wake-Robin. Several showy-flowered herbs of the genus Trillium, natural family Liliaceae, natives of N. America. Wakley, THOMAS, 1795-1862. English medical reformer;

WALAFRIDUS STRABUS-WALKER

M.P. 1835-52; coroner of Middlesex from 1839; founder (1823) and editor of The Lancet. which was continued by his son, JAMES GOODCHILD, 1821-1886.

Walafridus Strabus. See STRABO, WALAHFRID.

Walch, JOHANN GEORG, 1693-1775. Prof. Jena 1724; historian of Lutheran and other controversies, in 10 vols., 173039.-His son, CHRISTIAN WILHELM FRANZ, 1726-1784, became prof. at Jena 1750, and at Göttingen 1753. Hist. der Kétzereien, 11 vols., 1762-85; Neueste Religionsgeschichte, 9 vols., 1771-83.

Walcheren. Dutch island, at the Scheldt's mouth; part of Zeeland; occupied by a British force 1809, in a vain expedition against Antwerp. This expedition was planned in 1807

1625

eral; Chief of Staff 1888, succeeding Von Moltke.-His wife, MARY (LEE), b. 1837 in New York, m.1874, had in 1864 married Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein, who d. 1865.

Waldeyer, HEINRICH WILHELM GOTTFRIED, b. 1836. Prof. Breslau 1867, Strasburg 1872, and Berlin 1883; writer on anatomy.

Waldo, PETER. See WALDENSES.

Waldseemüller, MARTIN, ab.1470-ab.1525. German geographer. His Cosmographic Introductio, 1507, first proposed to call the New World America.

Waldstein. See WALLENSTEIN.

Waldstein, CHARLES, L.H.D., b.1856 in New York. Director American School at Athens 1888; writer on archæology. Wales. Timbers around a ship a little above the water line.

Wales. W. central portion of the island of Great Britain. Area 7,467 sq. m. Its surface is very broken and mountainous. It has great mineral wealth; iron, copper, coal, lead, and silver are mined. Anciently Cambria, the land of the Cymry, a Celtic race; it was invaded repeatedly by the Romans, but never really conquered. Many Britons retired ab. 450 from before the Saxons to the mountains of W., where

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The Stadhuis, Middleburg.

and was one of the most disastrous failures in the history of modern warfare. The people are mostly employed in agriculture. Area 81 sq. m., pop. ab. 45,000.

Walckenaer, CHARLES ATHENASE, BARON, 1771-1852. French naturalist and historical writer.

Walcot, CHARLES MELTON, 1815-1868. Anglo-American comedian and playwright.

Walcott, CHARLES DOOLITTLE, b. 1850. Assistant on the U. S. Geological Survey 1879, chiefly in Utah and Nevada; paleontologist 1883, and director 1894; investigator of the Cambrian rocks and their fossils.

Waldeck, JEAN FRÉDÉRIC DE, 1766-1875. French explorer in Central America. Yucatan, 1837. When nearly a centenarian, he engraved the plates of Monuments anciens de Mexique,

1866.

Waldeck-Pyrmont. Province in n.w. Germany; formerly a constitutional hereditary monarchy; since 1868 administered by Prussia. Chief products are grain, beet-root for sugar and forage crops. Cattle-raising is of some importance. Area 438 sq. m.; pop., 1890, 57,283.

Walden (NETTER), THOMAS, ab. 1874-1430. English Carmelite, active in persecuting the Lollards; prior 1414; propagandist in Lithuania 1419; founder of Carmelite nuns; writer against Wiclif's tenets; confessor to Henry V. and VI.

Waldenses. Followers of Peter Waldo (d.1197), merchant of Lyons, who gave his goods to the poor, adopted the mendicant life, and became an itinerant preacher: hence called Poor Men of Lyons. They opposed the corruptions of the Ch., basing their doctrines immediately upon Scripture; were forbidden to preach 1179, and excommunicated for disobedience 1184. Many perished in the Albigensian crusade; others were driven into the valleys of the Alps. Their bitter persecutions from 1655 called forth Cromwell's protest and Milton's famous sonnet. Many emigrated; their troubles lasted till 1848. They now number ab. 25,000 in Piedmont, and have churches and schools in various parts of Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, and colonies in America.

Waldersee, ALFRED, GRAF VON, b.1832. Prussian gen

Huntsman's Leap-Effects of Erosion on South Coast.

they maintained their independence, though paying tribute to the English king. This they refused to William the Norman, who invaded and conquered them, but allowed them to retain S. W. 1157; Edward I. finished the work 1282, and bestowed their own princes. Rebellions followed; Henry II. subdued the title of Prince of W. on the heir of the English throne 1284. Complete incorporation into the kingdom was deferred until 1536.

Wales, JAMES ALBERT, 1852-1886. Cartoonist of New York Puck and Judge.

Navy 1880-84; medical writer.
Wales, PHILIP SKINNER, M.D., b.1837. Surgeon-gen. U. S.

Wales, PRINCE OF. See ALBERT EDWARD. Wales, PRINCESS OF. See ALEXANDRA, CAROLINE. Walewski, ALEXANDER FLORIAN JOSEPH COLONNA, COUNT, 1810-1868. Polish patriot, in France from 1832; envoy to Naples and England; Foreign Minister 1855-60; Duke 1866. Walhalla. Imitation of the Parthenon, erected 1830-41 near Ratisbon, Bavaria. It contains many statues, busts, and tablets, illustrative of German history. See VALHALLA.

Walk. See GAITS and WALKING.

Walke, HENRY, U.S.N., 1808-1896. Commander 1855, Captain 1862; distinguished on the Mississippi; Commodore 1866, Rear-admiral 1870. Naval Scenes, 1877.

Walker, ABRAHAM JOSEPH, 1818-1872. Chief-justice of Ala. 1859-68.

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