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VILLARS-VINCENT DE PAUL

tension increases the magnetization. In nickel the magnetization is always diminished. The effects of transverse expansive stress are opposed to those of longitudinal stretching." Villars, CHARLES, ab. 1760-1814. French physician, introducer of vaccination in Spanish America.

Villars, CLAUDE LOUIS HECTOR, DUC DE, 1653-1734. French general; Ambassador to Austria 1699-1701; commander in Germany 1702-3; Marshal 1702; victorious at Höchstädt Sept. 1703; defeated at Malplaquet Sept. 1709. He defeated the British and Dutch at Denain July 1712.

Villars, DOMINIQUE, 1745-1814. French botanist. Prof. Paris 1794, Strasburg 1805. Histoire des plantes du Dauphiné, 1786-89; Catalogue des substances végétales.

Villasenor y Sanchez, JOSÉ ANTONIO, ab. 1700-ab.1760. Mexican geographer.

Villaverde, CIRILO, b. 1812. Cuban novelist, in exile from 1849. Cecilia Valdés, 1881.

Villefranche, CHARLES PIERRE DE, 1756–1809. Cuban historical writer, b. at Mobile.

Villegagnon, NICOLAS DURAND, CHEVALIER DE, 15101571. French soldier and writer, founder of an unsuccessful colony in Brazil, 1555-67.

Villegas, ESTEBAN MANUEL DE, 1595-1669. Spanish lyric poet. Amatorias, 1618.

Villehardouin, GEOFFROI DE, ab.1160-ab.1213. French historian of the Latin conquest of Constantinople, in which he took part. His book (if it be his) extends 1198-1207, was pub. 1585, and is highly valued.

Villeins, or VILLAINS. Class of non-free inhabitants in early English law, who were tied to the land, but held it so long as they rendered due service to their lords.

Villèle, JEAN BAPTISTE SERAPHIN JOSEPH, COMTE DE, 17731854. French royalist; Deputy 1815; ennobled 1820; Finance Minister 1821-28.

Villemain, ABEL FRANÇOIS, 1790-1870. Prof. Paris 1810; Academician 1821; Peer 1831; perpetual sec. of the Academy 1832; Minister of Instruction 1839-44; historian and critic. Cromwell, 1819; Lascaris, 1825; Melanges, 1823-27; Cours de Littérature Française, 1828-30; Chateaubriand, 1857; Grégoire VII., 1873.

Villemarque. See LA VILLEMARQUE.

Villemarque, HOUSART DE LA, VICOMTE, 1815-1895. Collector of Breton folklore.

Villena, ENRIQUE DE, 1384-1434. Spanish poet, tr. Virgil

and Dante.

Villeneuve, ALEXANDRE LOUIS DUCREST DE, 1777-1852. French Post-captain 1814, Rear-admiral 1829; author of W. Indian charts.

Villeneuve, JULES EDMOND FRANÇOIS DE, 1804-1863. French writer on Brazil.

Villeneuve, PIERRE CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE SYLVESTRE DE, 1763-1806. French Rear-admiral 1797; commander of the rear division at the battle of the Nile Aug. 1, 1798, from which he escaped with 5 ships; Vice-admiral 1804; defeated by Nelson at Trafalgar Oct. 21, 1805.

Villeraye, CHARLES STANISLAS, VISCOUNT DE, ab. 1820-1854. French filibuster in n.w. Mexico.

Villeré, JACQUES, 1761-1831. Gov. of La. 1818-22. Villermet, JULES GUILLAUME FERDINAND DE, 1802-1859. French explorer in Mexico and Central America 1854-59. Voyage, 1860.

Villeroi, FRANÇOIS DE NEUVILLE, DUC DE, 1644-1730. Marshal of France 1693; defeated at Ramillies by Marlborough; guardian to Louis XV.

Villers, CHARLES FRANÇOIS DOMINIQUE DE, 1765-1815. French writer, in Germany from 1793. Spirit of the Reformation, tr. 1805.

Villiers, BARBARA, 1640-1709. Wife of Roger Palmer. Mistress of Charles II. of England ab.1659, Countess of Castlemaine 1661, Duchess of Cleveland 1670, m. Robert (Beau) Fielding 1705; mother of Dukes of Cleveland (1662-1730), Grafton (1663-1690), and Northumberland (1665-1716).

Villiers, CHARLES PELHAM, 1802-1898. M.P. from 1835; reformer.

Villiers, FREDERIC, b.1852. English war correspondent. Villiers, GEORGE. See BUCKINGHAM.

1611

Villiers, G. W. See CLARENDON. Villmorgen, BATTLE OF. In Switzerland 1712. It gave Zurich and Berne ascendency in the Confederation.

Villoison, JEAN BAPTISTE GASPARD D'ANSE, 1753-1805. Prof. Coll. de France 1800; writer on Greek classics.

Villon, FRANÇOIS (MONTCORBIER), 1431-ab.1489. French poet, of fine talent and scandalous life; sentenced to banishment for homicide 1455, and to death for burglary 1456; again in prison 1461. Petit Testament, 1456; Jargon; Grand Testament, 1461. His works were collected 1489, often reprinted, and tr. 1878.

Vilmar, AUGUST FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN, 1800-1868. Prof. Marburg 1855. Hist. German Literature, 1845; Theology of Fact, 1854.

Vilna, or WILNA. Town of w. central Russia, on a branch of the Niemen; capital of Lithuania from 1323; site of a univ.

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Vincennes. E. suburb of Paris; noted for its park and old castle, now a fort. Here Duc d'Enghien was executed by Napoleon's order 1804. Pop., 1891, 24,626.

Vincennes. Oldest town in Indiana; capital of Knox co.; on the Wabash; site of a French fort ab. 1722; held by the British 1763-79, and by Va. till 1783; capital of Northwest Territory 1800-13. Pop., 1890, 8,853.

Vincennes, JEAN BAPTISTE BISSOT, SIEUR DE, 1688-1736. Canadian explorer, b. in Quebec. He preserved Detroit from an Indian invasion 1712, built an earth fort at Vincennes, Ind., ab.1722, and was taken and burned by Chickasaws.

Vincent, ST., d.304. Spanish martyr, celebrated Jan. 22. Vincent, CHARLES EDWARD HOWARD, b.1849. Journalist; M.P. 1884; writer on military and police topics.

Vincent, FRANCIS, 1822-1884. Journalist at Wilmington, Del. Hist. Delaware, 1870.

Vincent, FRANK, b.1848. American traveler. Land of the White Elephant, 1874; Burmah, 1877; Cambodia, 1878; S. America, 1888; Central America, 1889; Actual Africa, 1895.

Vincent, JOHN HEYL, D.D., LL.D., b.1832. Chancellor of Chautauqua Assembly 1884; M.E. Bp. 1888; writer on Sundayschools.

Vincent, MARVIN RICHARDSON, D.D., b.1834. Prof. Union Theol. Sem., New York, 1888. Word Studies in N. T., 1887-90. Vincent, MARY ANNE (FARLEY), 1818-1887. Anglo-American actress.

Vincent de Paul, ST., 1577-1660. French priest, slave in Tunis 1605-7; active philanthropist; founder of the Sisters

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of Charity, and of the Lazarists or Priests of the Missions; canonized 1737. His day is July 19.

Vincentians. Secular R.C. priests, not under a monastic rule, but under obligations to hear confession and preach among the poor.

Vincent of Beauvais, d. ab. 1264. French Dominican. Speculum majus, pub. 1473.

Vincent of Lerins, 5th cent. Author of Commonitorium, a semi-Pelagian work of repute.

Vinci, LEONARDO DA, 1452-1519. Florentine painter. His Last Supper at Milan, finished ab.1498, was an epoch-making work, having no even remotely equal predecessor and no following superior. In all things he was the forerunner, founder, and spiritual father of the greatest Italian art. His works are rare: several ascribed to him are known to be by scholars. His most accessible authentic oil paintings are the Mona Lisa portrait and The Virgin and St. Anne of the Louvre. His car

Leonardo da Vinci.

toon of The Battle of the Standard, designed for a fresco in Florence which was never executed, survives in an old engraving of one of its groups. He was a talented sculptor, but no works of his survive. He was also musician, poet, military and civil engineer, expert in gunnery and irrigation, author, and scientist of wide attainments. He was prominent at Milan till 1498, then served for some years as engineer to Cesare Borgia. He left Italy for France 1516. See LORD'S SUPPER.

Vincis, PETRUS. See PETER DE VINCIS.

Vinculum. Straight line placed above an expression to show that it is taken as one quantity and subject to one or more operations. Its most common use is in connection with the radical sign.

Vine. Grapes have been cultivated and wine has been made from them from the earliest times. The vines of Europe came from Asia by the Mediterranean. They were carried to England by the Romans early in the Christian era; in Gaul 270. Madeira received its vines from Cyprus 1420; to America they were indigenous. The best wines are obtained from grapes grown on clayey, sandy, and slaty soil, of indifferent value for the growth of cereals. The volcanic soil of Madeira produces rich wines, but would hardly support other vegetation. The soil affects the quality of the wine. The higher the average temperature the larger the quantity of wine and the higher the percentage of alcohol. The quality, however, will not be proportionate to the quantity. vines are generally kept to a height of 3 ft., so that the grapes are exposed to the sun and the reflection from the ground. In the Burgundy wine district, the ground is laid out in ditches 5 ft. apart and 1 ft. deep, partly filled with manure. Vine-cuttings 14 ft. long are placed in these, foot apart, bending toward the ridge; they are covered with earth, with two buds above it. The first and second years they are hoed two or three times. In the latter year they are pruned to two buds and manured. The third year they are pruned to two branches, each with two buds, and furnished with a stake of 4 ft. length. In the 4th or 5th year ditches are made from the vine to the middle of the rows and the vine is drawn into this

The

ditch, one branch remaining with the root and the other being bent to the middle of the row. Thus the rows of vines are about 2 ft. apart. Each vine has one stem and begins to bear in the fifth or sixth year. When the vine has grown too high, it is laid down in a ditch and the yearling branch is bent upward and pruned to three buds. About are so laid yearly, so that the vineyard is renewed every ten years. A variety of grapes are grown here, the Pineau and the Gamay being the chief ones. The Pineau bear up to 14 lbs. of grapes, the Gamay three times as much. Small proprietors sell their grapes to wine-dealers, or make an inferior wine. The larger growers make their wines. In the U. S. the vines are often trained to a wire trellis, 5 to 6 ft. high, with 2 or 3 wires. The vines are planted 6 to 8 ft. apart. The U. S. has 500 varieties of indigenous grapes; of these 25 are valuable. In 1890 there were 51,000 acres of vineyards in N. Y. region; 42,633 in Ohio-Illinois region; 17,306 in Kansas-Missouri region; 17,092 in Virginia-Georgia region; 213,230 in Pacific region; elsewhere in the U. S. 60,000: total, 401,261 acres. The diseases of the vine are the European mildew, Oidium, which is cured by dusting with sulphur; downy mildew, Peronospora viticola, which is treated with ammonio-carbonate of copper solution. These two affect the leaves. The black rot, Læstadia bidwellii, causes shriveling and decay of the grapes, and is treated as the last. Of insects are the thrip or leaf-hopper, which is sprayed with petroleum emulsion; and the PHYLLOXERA (q.v.), which attacks the roots; for this, coal-tar and sulpho-carbonate of lime have been used. This last pest was carried from the U. S. to Europe. Many American vines resist this disease, and a large acreage of land in France has been planted with these vines as stocks on which to graft the French vines.

Vine. Properly, the grape; in America, any climbing plant.

Vine, SIR JOHN RICHARD SOMERS, b.1847. London official, knighted 1886. Municipal Institutions, 1878.

Vinegar. The best vinegar is made from cider in which the fermentation has proceeded till acetic acid is formed. Of late acetic acid is so easily and cheaply made from the destructive distillation of wood that the manufacture of vinegar from apples is seldom profitable. It is also made by the acetic fermentation of wine, solution of malt, and dilute alcohol, by action of the vinegar plant. It contains 2.5 to 4.6 per cent of acetic acid.

Vinegar, AROMATIC. Dilute solution of acetic acid flavored with oils of lavender, rosemary, juniper, peppermint, cinnamon, lemon, and cloves; or flavored with rose-geranium and oil of cloves.

Vinegar Eel. See ANGUILLIDE.

Vinegar Plant. Saccharomyce mycoderma. Minute plant of the subkingdom Protophyta, causing the acetous fermentation of alcoholic solutions.

Vinegar Hill. In s.e. Ireland; scene of defeat of rebels by British troops June 21, 1798.

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Vine Mildew. See OIDIUM.

Viner, CHARLES, 1680-1756. Benefactor of Oxford. General Abridgment of Law and Equity, 24 vols., 1741-51.

Vines, RICHARD, ab.1585-1651. Agent of Sir F. Gorges in Me. 1616-17; founder of Saco, Me.

Vines, SYDNEY HOWARD, F.R.S., b.1849. Prof. of Botany at Oxford 1888. Physiology of Plants, 1886.

Vinet, ALEXANDRE RUDOLPHE, D.D., 1797-1847. Swiss Reformed theologian, prof. Lausanne 1837-45; eminent as a literary critic. Pastoral Theology, tr. 1852; Homiletics, tr. 1853; Hist. French Literature in 18th Century, tr. 1854; Studies in Pascal, tr. 1859; Outlines of Philosophy, tr. 1865.

Vingt-Un. Game of cards, played by any number of persons, with pack of 52 cards; aces counting 1 or 11, others according to the spots, face cards 10. After the stakes are made, one card is dealt face down to each player, beginning at the left and this repeated; sometimes the first card is examined before the stake is made and the dealer may require the players to double their stakes, after seeing his first card. The players then examine their hands; if one has a natural Vingt-un, an ace and a face card or 10, he declares it and receives double his stake. The dealer deals to the players successively as many cards as requested, face up. If the hand amounts to more than 21, the player bursts and pays his stake to the dealer. When all have played, the dealer turns his cards and stands, or draws cards. If he bursts he pays those remaining in; if he does not burst, he pays those nearer 21 and stands off ties; he receives from those lower, and if he has a natural he receives double.

Vining, JOHN, 1758-1802. Delegate to Congress 1784-86; M.C. from Del. 1789-93; U. S. Senator 1793-98.

VINLAND-VIRGINIA

Vinland. Part of N. American continent discovered by Norsemen ab.1000; probably in Mass. or R. I. A stone tower has been erected at Waltham, Mass., by Prof. Hosford, to mark the site of an old Norse settlement, which he claims to have identified with this locality.

Vinometer. Form of HYDROMETER (q.v.), used for testing the alcoholic strength of wine.

Vinton, ALEXANDER HAMILTON, D.D., 1807-1881. Rector in Boston 1842-58 and 1869-77, Phila. 1858-61, and New York 186169; eminent as a preacher.-Of his brothers, FRANCIS, D.D., S.T.D., D.C.L., 1809-1872, rector in Providence 1840-42, Newport 1842-44, Brooklyn 1844-46, and Trinity, New York, 185572; pub. Evidences, 1855, and Canon Law, 1870: DAVID HAMMOND, U.S.A., 1803-1873, was chief quartermaster in Mexico, 1846-48, and elsewhere: JOHN ROGERS, U.S. A., 1801-1847, was killed at Vera Cruz.-His son, FRANCIS LAURENS, 1835-1879, was Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1862-63, and prof. Columbia 1864-77. Vinton, FREDERIC PORTER, b.1846. Boston painter, chiefly of portraits. American genealogist.

Vinton, JOHN ADAMS, 1801-1877. Vinton, SAMUEL FINLEY, 1792-1862. M.C. from Ohio 182337 and 1843-51.

Vinyl. Chemical group CH,:CH.

Vio, THOMAS. See CAJETAN.

Viola. Alto violin, called tenor in England, larger than the violin and having its four strings tuned a fifth lower. Its tone is not brilliant, but has great richness and is productive of fine effects in the orchestra. It was formerly called viola da braccio, or arm viol, to distinguish it from the viola da gamba, or knee viol.

Viola da Gamba. See VIOLONCELLO.

Violaniline. See INDULINE.

Violaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma, subclass Dicotyledons, and series Polypetalo, comprising 24 genera and ab. 270 species, distributed throughout all parts of the earth; called the Violet family.

Violet. Plants of the genus Viola; low herbs of the natural family Violacea, of numerous species and wide distribution. The cultivated Sweet Violet is native of Europe, and highly esteemed as an ornamental and fragrant flower. See PANSY. Violet, DoG's-TOOTH. See ADDER'S TONGUE.

Violet, GREEN. Cubelium concolor. Large herb of the Violet family, native of the e. U. S.

Violet, WATER. See FEATHERFOIL.

Violet Stones. Stones found upon the Riesengebirge and the Brocken, which emit a smell due to the Violet Moss with which they are covered.

Violin. Small viol; stringed instrument, played upon with a bow of resined horsehair; most useful member of the orchestra, and after the human voice the most expressive of all musical instruments. Its origin, which was doubtless Oriental, cannot be traced with exactness. It was developed out of the

Violin.

larger viols ab.1480-1530, and reached its perfection in the masterpieces of the Cremona school ab.1710. It has a range of over three octaves, G below the treble staff upward, with all the semitones between, and is capable of many effects due to various devices in manipulation.

Violle, JULES. b. 1841. Prof. Paris 1890; writer on light and heat. Cours de Physique, 1881.

Viollet-le-Duc, EUGÈNE, 1814-1879. French architect and authority on Medieval architecture. His great Dictionary, 10 vols., 1854-69, and Discourses on Architecture, 1858-68, are his best-known works-the latter has been translated by Van Brunt.

1613

Violoncello. Bass instrument of the viol tribe, midway in size between the viola and the double bass. It has four strings, tuned like those of the viola, but an octave lower, and is held between the knees when played, wherefore in its earlier form it was called viola da gamba, or knee viol.

Vioménil, ANTOINE CHARLES DU HOUX, BARON DE, 17281792. French general, active in Corsica, Poland, and the U. S.: Gov. of La Rochelle 1783-89; mortally wounded in defending Louis XVI.-His brother. CHARLES JOSEPH HYACINTHE, became Major-gen. 1780, fought with Condé 1792-97, served in Russia, commanded the Portuguese army 1801-8, and was made Marshal 1816 and Marquis 1817.

Vionville, BATTLE OF. Aug. 16, 1870. See MARS-LA

TOUR.

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Virchow, RUDOLF, b.1821. Prof. of Pathology at Würzburg 1849, and Berlin since 1856; father of the cellular theory; member Prussian Diet 1862; political liberal and sanitary reformer. Cellular Pathology, 1850, tr. 1860; Famine Fever, tr. 1868; Freedom of Science, tr. 1878.

Viret, PIERRE, 1511-1571. Swiss reformer and theological writer.

Virgil, or PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARO, 70-19 B.C. Greatest of Latin poets; born near Mantua, educated at Rome. When the empire was established, he became a friend of Mæcenas and Augustus, and enjoyed the companionship of the literary men of the Golden Age. Besides several poems that have been attributed to him with some doubtfulness, we possess the ten Eclogues or Bucolics, pastoral poems in imitation of Theocritus; the Georgics, in four books, a didactic poem upon agriculture, considered his most finished work; and the Eneid, an epic in twelve books, which recounts the adventures of Æneas, the mythical ancestor of the Julian family, from the taking of Troy until the defeat and death of Turnus in Latium. The perfection of its hexameter verse, beauty of its descriptions, and general interest of the action, have given the Eneid a high place in the world's literature.

Virginal. Musical instrument with keyboard, one of the precursors of the pianoforte.

Virginia. One of the e. States. Its area is 42,450 sq. m. The e. part is low and level, and contains much alluvial and marshy land. Further back the country rises, gradually becoming more broken until the Blue Ridge is reached, which within the State has an elevation of from 1,300 to over 5,000 ft. Beyond the Blue Ridge succeeds the great Appalachian valley, which is here considerably broken by parallel ridges. The line separating V. from W. Va. follows approximately the ridges which limit this valley on the w. It has numerous rivers, flowing from the Blue Ridge s.e. to the Atlantic. The larger

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VIRGINIA-VISCHER

of these, as the Potomac, Rappahannock, and James, are tidal and navigable to the Fall Line; i.e., the line between the Archæan and the Cretaceous formations, where the rivers of the Atlantic slope generally have falls or rapids. A geological section across the State, running n.w. and s.e., characterizes the distribution of formations. The Appalachian valley shows an alternation of Silurian and Devonian rocks. With the Blue Ridge the Archæan rocks come to the surface and continue e. to the Fall Line, where they are succeeded by Cretaceous, Eocene, and finally Neocene beds, which extend to the coast. The industries of V. are mainly agricultural; the greatest attention is paid to tobacco. The value of farms in 1890 was $254,490,600; of agricultural products, 1889, $42,244,458. Manufactures are by no means as important; they consist of flour, tobacco, lumber, iron and steel. The mileage of railroads in 1896 was 3,605. The capital is Richmond, at the head of navigation and tidewater on the James. V. was one of the 13 original States. It was reduced in area in 1863 by the formation of W. Va. The first permanent English settlement in America was made at Jamestown, May 1607; its shores had been visited 1498 by Sebastian Cabot, and afterward by Sir W. Raleigh, who named it in honor of Queen Elizabeth. The company of English gentlemen which settled at Jamestown was re-enforced or superseded two years later by the London company sent out by the king with a charter granting them 400 miles of seacoast and all the country back "throughout from sea to sea." The colony flourished: in 1619 was organized the first legislative body in N. America. In 1624 James I. deprived the London company of its charter, and V. became a royal province. It took a leading part in the war for independence, and after the formation of the Union furnished four of the first five Presidents. The State capital, Richmond, was the center of the Confederacy during the Civil War. Pop., 1890, 1,655,980, or 39 per sq. m., 640,807 were colored.

Virginia. In Roman Legend, daughter of the Roman centurion Virginius; slain by her father to save her from the lust of the decemvir Appius Claudius; avenged by a revolution; celebrated by Macaulay.

Virginia, UNIVERSITY OF. At Charlottesville; chartered 1819, opened 1825. Jefferson had much to do with its organization, and was its first rector. It consists of 22 separate schools, each under a professor; the students elect their schools or courses. It has received from the State, since 1884, $40,000 annually. It has (1897) 27 instructors in the academic staff, and 29 in the medical, with 504 students in all, of whom 248 are in the department of arts, 119 in law, and 151 in medicine. Summer courses are offered in mathematics, chemistry, and law.

Virginia, WEST. See WEST VIRGINIA.

Virginia City. Capital of Storey co., Nevada; on the side of Mt. Davidson, over the COMSTOCK LODE (q. v.), with which its fortunes are closely connected; founded 1859. Pop., 1890, 8,511.

Virginia Creeper. Parthenocissus quinquefolia. High

Virginia Creeper (Porthenocissus quinquefolia). climbing vine of the Grape family, native of the e. U. S., much planted for ornament; called American Ivy. The tendrils

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terminate in a kind of sucker, it is a rapid grower, and its leaves have a brilliant autumnal coloring.

Virginian Deer (CARIACUS VIRGINIANUS). Species of deer found in all parts of N. America, from Mexico to ab. 45° N. lat. and from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It grows to be 3 ft. high at the shoulder; the color varies, being light reddishbrown in summer and dull brown in winter, the belly and the inner parts of the limbs being white.

Virginian Snake-root. See SNAKE-ROOT, VIRGINIAN.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute. At Blacksburg, Va. It was opened in 1872; enlarged 1896. It offers seven four-year courses leading to the B S. degree. It has 15 professors, 12 assistants, 24 graduate and 223 undergraduate students; the total enrollment is 335.

Virgin Islands. W. Indian group of ab. 50, mostly very small, e. of Porto Rico. The two largest, St. Thomas and Santa Cruz, with St. John, are Danish; a few are Spanish, the rest British. Total area ab. 245 sq. m.; pop. ab. 45,000.

Virgin's Bower. Vines of the genus Clematis, natural family Ranunculaceae, of wide geographical distribution. Virgo. See ZODIAC.

Virgula. Solid chitinous axis which runs along the dorsal side of the polypary of a Graptolite.

Viriathus, d. 140 B.C. Peasant of Lusitania (Portugal and w. Spain), who raised war against the Romans ab. 150 B.C., defeated a consular army 141, and secured independence for his region, but was soon treacherously slain.

Viridine. C,,H,,N,SO,Na. Dark green powder, produced from the substance obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on an oxidized product of the action of benzyl chloride on diphenylamine.

Viridite. Greenish products of alteration often seen in rock sections when studied under the microscope; and probably of a chloritic or serpentinous character; so named by Vogelsang.

Virtual Image. See FOCUS.

Virtual Moment. See VIRTUAL VELOCITY.

Virtual Temperature. Absolute temperature that would have to be given to a unit volume of dry air in order to bring it to the same density that a unit volume of given ordinary moist air has. both being under a common pressure; so named 1876 by Guldberg and Mohn.

Virtual Velocity, or VIRTUAL WORK. Component of the displacement in the direction in which the force acts, if the point of its application be displaced through a small distance As. This is positive or negative according as it is in the same or in the opposite direction to that of the force. The product of the force into the virtual velocity of its point of application is called by Duhamel its virtual moment. The principle of virtual velocities is applied to the solution of many problems in statics, and may be thus enunciated: If any material system be in equilibrium, and if we conceive a displacement of all its parts, which is consistent with the conditions to which they are subject, the sum of the virtual moments of all the forces is zero, whatever be the displacement; and conversely, if this relation hold for all the virtual displacements, the system is in equilibrium.

Virtue. Habit of mind by which duties are performed, accompanied by a disposition toward their performance, and moved by a love of right.

Virus. Originally the specific contagious material obtained in cowpox and used for vaccination, and then the specific contagiuni of any infectious disease. It has now a wider signification, being applied to any poison causing a morbid process, including pathogenic microbes.

Viscellinus, SPURIUS CASSIUS, d.485 B.C. In Roman Legend, thrice consul; author of an alliance with the Hernici of Campania, dangerous foes of Rome, and of the first agrarian law. Patrician jealousy of this law caused his death by exe

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cution.

Visceral Arches AND Clefts. See BRANCHIAL ARCHES and BRANCHIAL APERTURES or CLEFTS.

Visceral Hump. Great dorsal development of Gastropod mollusks, which contains the generative organs, liver, etc., and occupies the upper turns of the shell, usually spirally wound.

Vischer, FRIEDRICH THEODOR, 1807-1887. Prof. Tübingen 1837, Zurich 1855, and Stuttgart 1866; essayist and critic of

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