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VAN DER STUCKEN-VAN NESS

41; Judge N. Y. Superior Court 1842-50.-His nephew, AARON J., LL.D., 1825-1887, was prominent at the New York bar.

Van der Stucken, FRANK, b. 1858 in Texas. Conductor Breslau Theater 1881-82, Männergesangverein Arion, New York, 1884-95, and Cincinnati Orchestra 1895; composer of an opera, Vlasda, music for Shakespeare's Tempest, overture to Heine's Ratcliff, etc.

Van de Velde, WILLEM, 1610-1693. Dutch marine painter, in England from 1675.-His son, WILLEM, 1633-1707, followed in his steps with still greater success.-His brother, ADRIAAN, 1639-1672, painted landscapes and animals.

Van Diemen's Land. See TASMANIA.

Van Dorn, EARL, 1820-1863. Major U.S.A. 1860; Majorgen. C.S.A. 1861; defeated at Pea Ridge, Ark., and Corinth, Miss., 1862.

Van Dyck, or Van Dyke, SIR ANTHONY, 1599-1641. Flemish painter, in England from 1632; pupil of Rubens, and superior to him in color, but not in strength of conception. The sentiment of his religious paintings is rather weak: in portraits he is at his best, and a master of the first rank. The Children

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Children of Charles I., by Van Dyck.

of Charles 1. in Dresden, similar paintings in Amsterdam, in Turin, and at Windsor, and the portrait of Charles I. in the Louvre, are among his greatest works. The Antwerp Gallery is especially rich in fine specimens. Several are in the Metropolitan Museum of New York.

Van Dyke, HENRY, D.D., b.1852. Presb. pastor in New York since 1882. Poetry of Tennyson, 1889-94; Christ-Child in Art, 1894; Little Rivers, 1895; Age of Doubt, 1896.-His father, HENRY JACKSON, D.D., 1822-1891, pastor in Brooklyn from 1853, pub. The Church, 1890.

Van Dyke, JOHN, 1807-1878. M.C. 1847-51; Judge N. J. Supreme Court 1859-66; Judge in Minn. 1868.-Of his sons, THEODORE STRONG, b. 1842, has written on Cal., and JOHN CHARLES, b.1856, prof. of Art, Rutgers, 1891.

Van Dyke, NICHOLAS, 1738-1789. Delegate to Congress 1777-83; Pres. of Delaware 1783-86.-His son, NICHOLAS, 17691826, was M.C. 1807-11, and U. S. Senator from 1817.

Vane. Plate of metal turning on a vertical spindle to show the direction of the wind, fixed to the tops of spires and pinnacles; often in the form of a cock, hence called a weathercock. They were in use by the Saxons, sometimes heraldic devices. In the Perpendicular and Elizabethan styles figures supported the vanes in elevated situations.

Vane (OF FEATHERS). See VEXILLUM.

Vane, CHARLES W. See LONDONDERRY, MARQUIS OF. Vane, SIR HENRY, 1612-1662. English Puritan, in Mass. 1635-37; Gov. 1636; M.P., knight, and treasurer of the navy 1640; Republican leader, active in public affairs till 1653; opposed to Cromwell as Protector; imprisoned 1656 and from 1660; executed for alleged high-treason. His writings are mystical and millenarian.

Van Eyck. See EYCK.

Van Helmont, JAN BAPTISTA, 1577-1644. Dutch iatrochemist. Pharmacopolium ac Dispensatorium Modernum; Ortus Medicinæ, vel Opera Omnia, 1648.

Vanilla. Vanilla planifolia. Epiphyte of the Orchid family, native of tropical America. Its fruit is collected in quantity and furnishes the well-known flavoring substance. The fruit is a pulpy pod ab. 6 to 12 in. long and in. thick, containing many black seeds. The best comes from Mexico,

Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia).

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Vanilla-Plant. Trilisia odoratissima. Tall herb of the Composite family, bearing purple flowers and foliage with the odor of vanilla; native of the s.e. U. S.

Vanillin. C.H, OH,OCH,,CHO. Compound at once aldehyde and phenol, derived from benzene; beautiful needles of vanilla odor; mpt. 81° C.; present in the vanilla bean, from which it is prepared, and in numerous other plants; also prepared by the oxidation of coniferin.

Vanini, LUCILIO, 1585-1619. Italian rationalist, falsely accused of atheism and burned at Toulouse. Amphitheatrum æternæ Providentiæ, 1615; De Admirandis Naturæ Arcanis, 1616. Vanishing Fraction. One having for some value of its x2-a2 variable the indeterminate form -; as ' in which, if x-a, each term of the fraction becomes zero. Such fractions may, in some cases, be evaluated algebraically by dividing both terms by a common factor: in other cases the differential calculus is required.

x-a

Vanity. Readiness to believe that one is admired, and elation of spirit accompanying such belief.

Van Laun, HENRY, 1820-1896. Dutch scholar in Great Britain from ab. 1845; teacher in Edinburgh; tr. of Taine's Hist. English Literature, 1872-73, of Molière, 1875-76, and of Gil Blas, 1885-86. Hist. French Literature, 3 vols., 1876-77; French Revolutionary Epoch, 1774-1870, 1879.

Van Lennep, HENRY JOHN, D.D., 1815-1889. American missionary in Turkey 1839-69. Travels in Asia Minor, 1870; Bible Lands, 1875.

Van Lennep, JACOB. See LENNEP, J.

Van Loo, CHARLES ANDRÉ, 1705-1765. French decadence painter. His brother, JEAN BAPTISTE, 1684-1745, gained eminence by his portraits in Italy, London, and Paris, and was admitted to the French Academy 1731.

Van Marcke, ÉMILE, 1827-1890. French painter.

Van Mildert, WILLIAM, D.D., 1765-1836. Prof. Oxford 1813; Dean of St. Paul's 1820; Bp. of Llandaff 1819, and of Durham 1826. Historical View of Infidelity, 1806; Scripture Interpretation, 1815.

Vanner. Ore-testing or ore-dressing apparatus on which the ore, in the shape of a fine sand or pulp, is agitated with water in such a way as to wash off the lighter and less valu

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Vanner.

able portions and to collect the richer grains by themselves. In hand-vanning a shovel is used, to which a peculiar jerky and rotary motion, to be learned only by practice, is given. Many machines of this general type are in use.

Van Ness, CORNELIUS PETER, LL.D., 1782-1852. Chiefjustice of Vt. 1821-23; Gov. 1823-29; U. S. Minister to Spain 1829-37.-His brother, WILLIAM PETER, 1778-1826, was Burr's second in the duel with Hamilton 1804, and U. S. judge for s.

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N. Y. from 1812.-His cousin, WILLIAM W., 1776-1826, was Justice N. Y. Supreme Court 1807-22.

Publisher of scientific

Van Nostrand, DAVID, 1811-1886. books in New York; founder Engineering Mag. 1869. Vannucci. See PERUGINO.

Vannuchi. Family name of SARTO (q.v.).

Van Oosterzee, JAN. See OOSTERZEE, JAN.
Van Ostade. See OSTADE.

Van Rensselaer, HENRY KILLIAN, 1744-1816. Great-greatgrandson of Killian; Col. of N. Y. troops; distinguished in battles with Burgoyne 1777.-His son, SOLOMON, 1774-1852, served with distinction in Wayne's Ohio campaign 1794, and at Queenston 1812. He was M.C. from N. Y. 1819-22.

Van Rensselaer, MARIANA (GRISWOLD), b.1851, m. 1874. American writer on art and architecture.

Van Rensselaer, STEPHEN, 1765-1839. Eighth patroon; inheritor of the American estates of Killian Van Rensselaer (1595-1644) of Amsterdam, who bought 1630 a tract on both sides of the Hudson, 24 by 48 m., including Albany and Rensselaer counties; Lieut.-gov. 1795; Major-gen. 1801; member of Constitutional Convention 1821; M.C. 1823-29; pres. of the boards in control of Erie and Champlain canals 1811-25; founder of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy 1824.-His son, STEPHEN, 1789-1868, was the last patroon. The anti-rent movement began 1839, and soon led to riot and bloodshed. In 184748 it formed an important issue in State politics; but was quieted by a decision of the Court of Appeals 1852, which favored the

recusant tenants.

N. Y. lawyer. Van Santvoord, GEORGE, 1819-1863. Pleading in Civil Actions, 1852-54; Lives of Chief Justices, 1854; Equity Actions, 1860-62.

Van Schaack, PETER, LL.D., 1747-1832. Lawyer of Kinderhook, N. Y. Laws of N. Y., 1773; Conductor Generalis, 1788. Van Schooten, FRANK, 1620-1661. Prof. Leyden; ed. Descartes' Geometry and Vieta's works.

Vansittart, HENRY, R.N., 1779-1844. Rear-admiral 1830. Vansittart, NICHOLAS, 1766-1851. M.P. 1796; diplomatist; Chancellor of the Exchequer 1812; Baron Bexley 1823.

Van Tromp. See TROMP.

Gov. of New

Van Twiller, WOUTER, ab.1580-ab.1650. Netherlands 1633-37; involved in difficulties with Mass.; noted for lavish expenditures.

Vanuxem, LARDNER, 1792-1848.

Prof. S. C. Coll. 1820-26;

geologist of 3d district of N. Y. 1836-41; author of a Report on the same 1842.

Vanuxemite. Clayey product of the decomposition of some of the zinc ores in n.w. N. J.

Van Valkenburg, ROBERT BRUCE, 1821-1888. M.C. from N. Y. 1861-65; U. S. Minister to Japan 1866-69; Justice Fla. Supreme Court from 1872.

Van Veen, OCTAVIO, 1558-1629. Dutch historical and por

good poet and scholar, publishing several books, which he illustrated himself. He is known by various names; the name Van Veen being sometimes given to HEEMSKERK (q.v.). Vanvitelli, LUIGI, 1700-1773. Neapolitan architect of Dutch parentage.

Van Winkle, PETER G., 1808-1872. U. S. Senator from W. Va. 1863-69.

Van Winkle, RIP. See RIP VAN WINKLE. Van Wyck, CHARLES HENRY, 1824-1895. M.C. from N. Y. 1859-63 and 1867-71; U. S. Senator from Neb. 1881-87.

Van Zandt, MARIE, b. 1861 in Tex. Opera singer. Van Zile, EDWARD S., b.1863. American novelist. Manhattaners, 1896.

Vapereau, LOUIS GUSTAVE, b. 1819. French lexicographer and historian of literature. Année littéraire et dramatique. 11 vols., 1859-69.

Vapor. Gas near its liquefying point. If the gas be partly condensed or be just at the condensing point, it is called a saturated vapor; in general, a saturated vapor is one in contact with its liquid. The term vapor is often used in a much wider sense: all gases are frequently called unsaturated vapors. Vaporization. Process of changing a liquid into a vapor. See EVAPORATION and EBULLITION.

Vapor Tension. Pressure exerted by a vapor on the surface of its liquid and the walls of the containing vessel: better called vapor pressure. It is different for the different vapors, and proportional to the temperature. Carefully prepared tables give the results of numerous experiments for many different vapors and for the various temperatures. Varahran. See BAHRAM.

Varangians. Scandinavian invaders of Russia, who settled at Novgorod in 862 and became the ruling class; so named by Nestor.

Varano, ALFONSO, MARQUIS DE, 1705-1788. Italian Dantesque poet.

Varas, ANTONIO, 1817-1886. Chilian jurist; Minister of Justice 1845-50; Premier 1850-56 and 1861.

Varchi, BENEDETTO, 1503-1565. Florentine poet, critic, and historian.

Vardo. Island of Norway, in the Arctic Ocean, in lat. 70° 20′ N., long. 31° 10′ E., 175 m. e.s.e. of Hammerfest. It contains a town and fort, the latter being built in 1310, and

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Vardo in 1594.

Nothing lasts so that everything may last, by Van Veen.

trait painter of the Flemish school. At Antwerp he painted for the churches and had Rubens for his pupil. He was a

exports salt and dried fish, whale and cod oil, guano, etc. It is one of the most northerly inhabited towns of Europe. Pop. ab. 3,000.

Varela, FLORENCIO, 1807-1848. Argentine author and journalist, as is also his son, HECTOR FLORENCIO, b. 1832. Varela y Morales, FÉLIX. 1788-1853. Cuban priest and author, in New York 1824-49. Filosofia, 1819.

Vargas, José MARIA, 1786-1854. Venezuelan physician and legislator; rector Univ. of Caracas 1827; Pres. 1835-36; Senator 1838-46.

Vargas, LUIS DE, 1502-1568. Spanish painter, chiefly of biblical scenes.

Vargas y Ponce, JUAN JOSÉ, 1755-1821. Spanish geographer.

Variability. Changes above or below a normal condition: changeability or uncertainty of any phenomena; expressed by a COEFFICIENT (q.v.) of variability. The relative variability of any climatic element at any two stations is determined by a comparison of the two coefficients.

Variable. Quantity which assumes in a discussion a series of consecutive values. A general variable passes through all values from zero to infinity. A limited variable passes through

VARIABLE PERIOD-VASA ABERRENTIA

consecutive values intermediate between those fixed by its law of movement. A variable is continuous between two points when all its values between those points are real; it is discontinuous when any of its values between those points become imaginary. Variables are also considered as independent, when considered as primary in the discussion, and dependent, when they are functions of other variables.

Variable Period. Period of adjustment between the instant at which a current of electricity begins to flow into a wire and that at which it becomes steady.

Variables.

1. Winds of certain latitudes. 2. Latitudes where these winds prevail.

Variable Stars. Stars whose light regularly increases to a maximum, then diminishes to a minimum. The period may be from 1 or 2 days to a year, or perhaps in some cases several years.

Variable State. See CONDUCTION.

Variation. Tendency of offspring to differ slightly from the parent forms. Biologists fall into two schools according to their view of the nature of variation. Darwinians believe that the variations are fortuitous, and that natural selection alone determines a definite line of progress. The Lamarckians believe that there is a tendency toward the transmission of definite characters acquired by an organism which is under a strain from imperfect adaptation to its environment. Both schools adopt the evolutionary theory; viz., that species become established through the emphasis of variations in definite and different directions among the offspring of nearly similar ancestors. Darwinians look to outside forces as the sole determinants, Lamarckians to factors internal to the organism.

Variation. In Algebra, increase or decrease of one quantity proportionally to the change in another. Its sign is a. Variation is direct if the two quantities change in the same sense, inverse if in different senses. Direct variation implies a constant quotient, indirect a constant product.-In the Calculus of Variations, arbitrary indeterminate increment added to a primitive function of two or more variables, whence is deduced the variation of the derived function.

Variation. In Botany, slight difference between an individual and the type of its species.

Variation, LUNAR. Inequality in the moon's motion, due to the tangential component of the sun's disturbing action; discovered by Tycho Brahe.

Variation of the Needle. Due to solar influences or to magnetic storms. The daily variation often equals onequarter of a degree. The secular variation has a period of two or three centuries: its amount is several degrees. The absolute variation from the true meridian is called the declination of the needle.

Variations. Departure in kind or quality or quantity of any phenomenon from an average or normal condition; e.g., magnetic variation is the difference in azimuth between the meridian and magnetic needle. The variations of temperature and pressure from the normal values are now generally called departures. Variations are classified as irregular or accidental, when they follow no known law; periodic or cyclic, when they go through a systematic series of changes, diurnal, annual, or secular, returning to their original value and then repeating themselves; non-periodic or acyclic, when the changes follow some system, but do not repeat themselves after a definite period.

Variations. In Music, transformations by means of embellishments, or other melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic devices, of a fundamental melody called a theme. It was formerly customary to leave the harmony unchanged, but now the greatest latitude is allowed in every particular. The variation form is frequently chosen for slow movements in SONATAS (q.v.) and symphonies.

Varices. Ridges that cross the whorls of the shell of Gastropods.

Varick, THEODORE ROMEYN, M.D., 1825-1887. Practitioner in Jersey City; introducer of improvements in surgery.

Varicose Veins. Condition of enlarged and twisted veins, usually of the lower extremities, due first to some obstacle in the venous circulation whereby the veins become overdistended, then tortuous, and enlarged or knotted, with thinned walls. The walls may eventually give away, causing hemorrhages or varicose ulcers. Persons inflicted with varicose veins should wear an elastic bandage or stocking to support the parts.

Variegated Copper. BORNITE (q.v.); so called from an iridescent tarnish on the surface.

Variegation in Plants. This is a condition in which other colors are found in parts of which the normal color is

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green. The chlorophyll is more or less suppressed. It is regarded as a disease, of which the causes are not known. It may be made permanent by proper methods and is compatible with health. It is rarely perpetuated by seed; it can be increased by cuttings, layers, division, budding or grafting. Sometimes the stock causes the cion to revert to the normal state as in budding; sometimes the stock develops variegation in other branches. In the former case the bud should be pruned away. These variegations in color are much used in ornamental gardening.

Variety. Group of plants subordinate to a species, differing from the type by small and inconstant characters. Variola. See SMALLPOX.

Varna. Town of Bulgaria, on the Black Sea; scene of a Turkish victory over Hungarians Nov. 11, 1444; taken by Rus

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sians 1828; occupied by French and British 1854 as the depot for the allied armies fighting against Russia at Sebastopol: strongly fortified till 1878. Pop., 1893, 28,174.

Varnhagen, FRANCISCO ADOLPHE DE, 1816-1878. Brazilian historian, of German parentage; Viscount 1874.

Varnhagen von Ense, KARL AUGUST, 1785-1858. German literary biographer of Goethe, 1823, of his wife, Rahel Levin (1771-1833), 1834-36, and others. Tagebucher, 14 vols., 1861-71; Schriften, 19 vols., 1871-77.

Varnish. Gum resins dissolved in spirit or some other liquid. There are many varieties; copal, mastic, shellac, benzoin. colophony, amber and sandarac are among the gum resins; and alcohol, methyl alcohol, ether, naphtha, linseed oil and sweet oil are among the liquids employed. Various colors are given to varnishes by the use of gamboge, cochineal, annatto, turmeric and other substances. Oil varnishes are the most durable and take the highest polish. Spirit varnishes are not suited for much exposure to the air, but are adapted for cabinet work, maps and toys. If too much spirit is used they crack in drying, and too much oil keeps them from drying.

Varnish Tree. Name given to trees whose resinous juice is used for varnishing. They belong to several distinct natural orders. Among these are the Black Varnish tree of India, and the Japan, New Granada and Sylhet Varnish trees.

Varnum, JAMES MITCHEL, 1748-1789. Col. R. I. troops 1775; Brig.-gen. 1776-79; in Congress 1780-82 and 1786-87; Judge of Northwest Territory 1788.-His brother, JOSEPH BRADLEY, 1750-1821, was M.C. from Mass. 1795-1811, Speaker 1807-11, U. S. Senator 1811-17, and Major-gen. Mass. militia from 1805.

Varoli, COSTANZO, 1543-1575. Prof. Bologna; writer on anatomy.

Varona, ENRIQUE JOSÉ, b.1849. Cuban poet and philosopher. Logica, 1880.

Varotari, ALESSANDRO, 1590-1650. Italian painter. Varro, MARCUS TERENTIUS, 116-27 B.C. Roman writer, celebrated for learning. He took the side of Pompey in the civil wars, but was pardoned by Cæsar. Under the second triumvirate he was proscribed, but escaped. He wrote on a wide range of subjects, as Agriculture, the Latin Language, and Antiquities. Fragments of his Menippean Satires and of other treatises survive.

Varro, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS ("ATACINUS"), 82-37 B.C. Latin poet, tr. Argonautica.

Varus, PUBLIUS QUINTILIUS, d.9. Consul 13 B.C.; Gov. of Syria 6-4 B.C., of Germany A.D. 6. Marching with 3 legions and auxiliaries through a pass in the Lippische Wald, he was attacked by Arminius, and his army utterly destroyed after 3 days' battle.

Vasa. Surname of Gustavus I., King of Sweden 1523. The male line of the V. dynasty expired with Charles XII. 16821718: other branches reigned till 1818. See GUSTAVUS I.

Vasa Aberrentia. Relics of branches from the Wolffian

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tubules, posterior to the vasa efferentia in the male. They form the paro-ophoron in the female, which also includes part of the posterior portion of the Wolffian duct, present as the par-epididymis (paradidymis) in the male.

Vasa Efferentia. Branches from the Wolffian tubules that enter the testes to convey the semen to the Wolffian duct; present as rudiments in some female vertebrates. In the male they form the head of the epididymis, the remainder being the coiled Wolffian duct.

Vasarhely, HOD MEZO. Town of e. central Hungary, 20 m. n.e. of Szegedin. It has a good trade and a large cattlemarket. Pop., 1890, 55,483.

Vasari, GIORGIO, 1511-1574. Florentine painter of the decadence period, and architect of the Uffizi palace; famous for his history of Italian artists, 1550, tr. 1850, our main

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Vasquez de Coronado, FRANCISCO, ab.1500-ab.1543. Explorer of n. Mexico 1540-42.-His relative, JUAN, 1525-1565, was an official and explorer in Central America.

Vassar, MATTHEW, 1792-1868. Brewer of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., founder of V. Coll.-His nephews, MATTHEW, 1809-1881, and JOHN GUY, 1811-1888, were benefactors of it and of other institutions.-Their cousin, JOHN ELLISON, 1813-1878, was noted as a lay evangelist.

Vassar College. For women; at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; founded 1861, opened 1865. Its endowment is over $1,100,000, with buildings and collections worth as much. It has an astronomical observatory, with laboratories for the study of chemistry, physics, biology, mineralogy, and geology. It has (1897) 20 professors and 31 assistants of both sexes, 537 students, and a library of 25,000 volumes.

Vater, JOHANN SEVERIN, 1771-1826. Prof. Jena 1796, Halle 1800-9 and from 1820, and Königsberg 1809-20; author of Hebrew and other grammars, and of a commentary on the Pentateuch, 1802-5. Tables of Ch. History, 1809, tr. 1831.

Vatican Codex. Uncial manuscript of the Greek Bible in the Vatican Library, dating from the 4th century. Tischendorf considers it one of the 30 copies of the Scriptures which Eusebius had prepared by order of Constantine in 330. It contains the greater part of the O.T. and the new as far as Hebrews ix. 14. The first reproduction of it appeared 1857.

Vatican Council. Dec. 8, 1869-July 18, 1870; reckoned in R. C. Ch. the 21st Ecumenical Council. It defined the doctrinal infallibility and universal episcopate of the Pope, and led to the Old Catholic secession.

Vatican Palace. Usual residence of the popes since 1377; enlarged 1450 and later. It is 1,151 ft. long and 767 ft.

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The Six Poets, by Vasari.

original authority. Its value does not lie in its critical accuracy, but in its nearness to the life-time of the men described and substantial fidelity to the facts then known.

Vasco da Gama. See GAMA.

Vasco Nunez. See BALBOA.

Vasconcellos, ANDRES DE. Portuguese seaman who sailed with De Soto 1538 and explored the Florida coast. His narrative appeared in a Spanish version 1545.

Vasconcellos, JOAQUIM ANTONIO FONSECA DE, b. 1849. Prof. Oporto 1883; historian of music and art.-His wife, KAROLINA WILHELMA (MICHAELIS). b.1851 in Berlin, m.1876, is an authority on old Spanish and Portuguese literature.

Vasconcellos, SIMAO DE, 1599-1670. Historian of the Jesuits in Brazil, 1663.

Vascular. Composed of vessels or ducts, either wholly or in part.

Vascular Cryptogams. See PTERIDOPHYTA. Vascular Cylinder. That of woody tissue in herbaceous stems and young shoots of woody plants.

Vascular Pore. Opening in the anterior and ventral part of the body of nematode worms of the lateral line organs (segmental tubes).

Vascular System. Portions of a plant or one of its organs which are composed of vascular tissue, collectively

considered.

Vasculose. Modification of cellulose, not readily soluble in sulphuric acid.

Vasculum. Metallic case used in the field for malling botanical collections.

Vase. Large cup with handles; a kind of urn. Modern vases are solely ornamental. Ancient vases were made of glass, earthenware, metal or stone. See GLASS, ANCIENT.

Vaseline. Lubricant consisting of semi-solid and high boiling hydrocarbons present in petroleum; prepared usually by distilling off the volatile portions in vacuo and filtering the residuum, sometimes by dissolving paraffine in a heavy oil. It does not become rancid on standing.

Vasey, GEORGE, M.D., 1822-1893. Botanist of U. S. Dept. of Agriculture from 1872; writer on grasses.

Vashti. Persian queen, wife of Ahasuerus (supposed to be Xerxes). He divorced her and married Esther, the Jewess.

wide, contains ab.11,000 rooms, and communicates with St. Peter's, which is the Vatican Basilica. Its collections of books, MSS., statuary, and antiquities are large and valuable.

Vatke, JOHANN KARL WILHELM, 1806-1882. Prof. Berlin from 1837. His Religion des Alten Test., 1835, and other works, criticism. Religionsphilosophie, 1888. were of some importance in the early history of the higher

French official and writer; Sec. to De Grasse 1780-82, and then Vatry, MARC ANTOINE BOURDON, BARON DE, 1761-1828. to Vaudreuil; Sec. Navy 1798-1800; Minister to U. S. 1800; in office till 1815.

Vattel, EMMERIC DE, 1714-1767. Swiss jurist, Saxon envoy at Berne 1746-58. His Law of Nations, 1758, tr. 1760, had great repute. Droit naturel, 1762.

Vattemare, ALEXANDRE, 1796-1864. French ventriloquist, advocate of international exchanges of books, maps, museum specimens, and art objects.

Vauban, SEBASTIEN LE PRESTRE DE, 1633-1707. French military engineer of highest rank. He created or perfected the bastioned system of fortification, invented parallels in sieges and the ricochet fire, conducted 53 sieges, bore part in 140 battles, built 33 fortresses, repaired ab. 100 others, and was made marshal of France 1703. His chief writings were reprinted 1796. Vaucanson, JACQUES DE, 1709-1782. French inventor of

VAUCHER-VEDDAHS

a player of musical instruments, a weaving ass, and other automatons.

Vaucher, JEAN PIERRE ÉTIENNE, 1763-1841. Prof. Geneva. Histoire des Conferves, 1803; Plantes d'Europe, 1841.

Vaucluse. Village of s.e. France, 19 m. e. of Avignon; noted for its scenery, and as a residence of Petrarch.

Vaud. Canton of w. Switzerland, held successively by Burgundy, Savoy, and Berne till 1803. Area 1,244 sq. m.; pop., 1894, 256,242, chiefly French Protestants.

Vaudeville. Light comic drama, including songs and dances. See BASSELIN, O.

Vaudois. See WALDENSES.

Vaudreuil, PHILIPPE DE RIGAUD, MARQUIS DE, 1640-1725. French commander in Canada 1687; defender of Quebec 1690 and 1710; Gov. of Montreal 1698, and of Canada from 1703.His son, PIERRE, 1698-1765, Gov. of La. 1742, and of Canada 1755, was defeated at Quebec 1759, and at Montreal 1760.-His brother, LOUIS PHILIPPE, 1691-1763, served through many_campaigns in Europe, and became Lieut.-gen. 1753.-His son, LOUIS PHILIPPE, 1724-1802, held command in American waters 1779-82, won several victories, became Lieut.-gen. 1782, and was in England 1791-1800.

Vaughan, BENJAMIN, M.D., LL.D., 1751-1835. AngloAmerican diplomatist. Calm Observer, 1793; Klyogg, or Rural Socrates, 1806.

Vaughan, CHARLES JOHN, D.D., b. 1816. Headmaster of Harrow 1844-59; master of the Temple, London, 1869-94; Dean of Llandaff since 1879; N. T. reviser and commentator.

Vaughan, HENRY, 1621-1695. English poet of Herbert's school. Silex Scintillans. 1650-55. His fame is chiefly since the reprint of 1847. Works, 4 vols., 1868-71.

Vaughan, HERBERT, D.D., b.1832. R. C. Bp. of Salford 1872; Abp. of Westminster 1892; Cardinal 1893.

Vaughan, ROBERT, D.D., 1795-1868. Prof. London Univ. 1830-42; pres. Lancashire Coll. 1843-57; founder and ed. British Quarterly, 1845-66; prolific writer. Life of Wycliffe, 1828-53; Revolutions in English History, 1859-63: Nonconformity, 1862. Vaughan, SIR WILLIAM, LL.D., 1577-1640. Welsh settler in Newfoundland ab.1625; poet. Golden Fleece, 1626; Ch. Militant, 1640.

Vaugiraud, PIERRE RENÉ MARIE, COMTE DE, 1741-1819. French naval officer, in America 1780-82; Gov.-gen. of the Antilles 1815-18.

Vault. Continuous arch, which may be cylindrical or pointed. This was used by the Romans and to the end of

1595

ample of this, 142 ft. diameter. In the Norman style, cylindrical and groined vaulting are used. In the Early English style, ribs were used, and often the main vault has double the width of the cross-vault. In the Perpendicular style, pendants were used at the junction of ribs.

Vaulting-Shaft. Small column supporting the ribs of a vault; sometimes the shaft rises from the floor, as in the Norman and Early English styles; or from the capital of a pillar or a corbel or other projection, as in the 14th century.

Vauquelin, LOUIS NICOLAS, 1763-1829. French chemist, discoverer of the element chromium 1497, and author of numerous papers.

Vauquelinite. Rare mineral, containing lead, phosphorus and chromium; found in Siberia and, very sparingly, in a few U. S. localities.

Vautier, BENJAMIN, b.1829. Swiss genre painter. Vauvenargues, LUC DE CLAPIERS, MARQUIS DE, 1715-1747. French moralist. Connaissance de l'Esprit Humain, 1746. Vaux, CALVERT, 1824-1895. Anglo-American landscape architect, designer of many parks and buildings. Villas and Cottages, 1860.

Vaux, RICHARD, 1816-1895. Recorder of Phila. 1842-49; inspector of State prison 1843; Mayor 1856; M.C. 1890-91. Reports of Penitentiary, 45 vols., 1842-86; Recorder's Decisions, 1845.-His father, ROBERTS, 1786-1836, was an eminent lawyer and penologist.

Vaux, THOMAS, LORD, ab.1510-1556. English lyric poet. Vaux, WILLIAM SANSOM, 1811-1882. American mineralogist and archæologist. His extensive collections were bequeathed to the Phila. Academy of Natural Sciences.

Vauxhall. Place of amusement in Lambeth, London, open 1660-1859.

Veatch, JAMES CLIFFORD, b.1819. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1862-65, serving chiefly in Tenn., Miss., Ga., and Ala. Vecellio. See TITIAN.

Vector. Directed line or expression of transference in a given direction. Its symbol is V. The unit vector is usually indicated by a Greek letter, and becomes a finite vector by means of a coefficient called a Tensor.. Addition and subtraction of vectors give the result rather than the amount of movement. Multiplication and division of vectors are called geometric, and produce QUATERNIONS (q.v.). Physical quantities involving the element of direction, as velocity, acceleration, force, are vector quantities. Quantities without direction, as time, mass, speed, are called scalar quantities.

Vectorial Angle. That between the initial line and the radius vector in the polar system of co-ordinates.

Vedanta. Most orthodox of the six Brahmanical philosophies.

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times of different widths and heights; they also practiced hemispherical vaulting. The Pantheon is a magnificent ex

Veddahs.

caves or the forest trees; they clothe themselves with foliage, and they devour uncooked vermin and reptiles. They can

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