and is usually represented with a staff and a globe in her hands. 2. Surname of Aphrodite. In Mythology, one of the

1581

US, Dark gray powder, obtained by the action of hydrogen sulphide upon the heated tetrachloride.

Uranium Tetrafluoride. UF. Green insoluble powder, made by treating the oxide, U,Os, with hydrofluoric acid. Uranium Yellow. See SODIUM DIURANATE.

Uranoliths. See METEORITES.

Uranometria. Understood by astronomers to mean a catalogue of naked-eye stars, as the U. Nova of Argelander, and the U. Argentina of Gould.

Uranus. Except Neptune, furthest planet from the Sun, 1.781,900,000 m.; diameter 31,900 m.; volume 65 times that of the earth, mass 14.7 that of the earth: density 1.22 that of water; time of revolution about sun 84.02 years; time of revolution about axis not known: discovered March 13, 1781, by Herschel, who supposed it to be a comet. Belts have been seen on the surface similar to those of Jupiter, but they are of the faintest possible character. After the computation of

Urania.

nine MUSES (q.v.), represented as the daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne.

Uranine. C,,H1,Na,O,. Sodium salt of fluorescein. It is a yellow solution employed in volumetric analysis, as its fluorescence is destroyed by an acid solution.

Uraninite. Mineral consisting chiefly of two uranium oxides, UO, and UO,, with smaller quantities of lead and some of the rarer chemical elements. In some varieties nitrogen has also been detected. In a massive form, as it occurs in Bohemia, from which most of the uranium of commerce is obtained, it is known as pitchblende.

Uranite. TORBERNITE (q.v.), or uranium mica.

Uranium. U. At. wt. 239.6, sp. gr. 18.7, sp. ht. .0276, valence II, IV. VI. One of the rarer chemical elements; discovered by Klaproth 1789; found in small quantities in several minerals, and as an essential element in uraninite. The metal is prepared from the tetrachloride by treating it with sodium. It has the color of nickel, oxidizes when heated, and is soluble in the ordinary acids. Its compounds are used in coloring glass fluorescent greenish-yellow and painting on porcelain.

Uranium Bromides. Tribromide. UBr,. Dark-red, volatile, hygroscopic needles, made by treating the tetrabromide with hydrogen.-Tetrabromide. UBr.. Brown to black fusible leaflets, made by fusing the oxide, U,O,, with carbon in presence of bromine vapors.

Uranium Chlorides. Uranium Tetrachloride, Uranous Chloride. UC. Dark-green octahedra, prepared by passing chlorine over heated uranium.-Uranium Trichloride. UCI,. Dark-brown powder, obtained by passing hydrogen over the tetrachloride.-Uranium Pentachloride. UCIs. Found in two forms: in black crystals, and a brown powder; made by passing chlorine over the tetrachloride.

Uranium Oxides. Green Oxide. U,O,. Found in pitchblende; made by heating the di- or trioxide; dark-green powder of satiny luster.-Uranic Trioxide, UO3, or Uranyl Oxide, (UO)O. Formed by heating uranic nitrate in a tube to 250° C.; brownish-yellow powder.-Uranium Dioxide. UJO. Brown or copper-red powder, formed by heating the trioxide or uranic oxalate in a stream of hydrogen. It takes fire when heated, and is soluble in strong acids.-Uranium Tetroxide. UO.. Colorless, crystalline powder, formed by adding a solution of uranyl nitrate to a mixture of hydrogen dioxide and sulphuric acid, and allowing it to stand.

Uranium Sulphate. U(SO4)2+4H,O. Deep-green crystals, made by treating the oxide, U,O,, with sulphuric acid.

Uranium Sulphides. Monosulphide. US. Black amorphous powder, made by the reduction of the sesquisulphide. Sesquisulphide. US.. Grayish-black substance, made by treating the heated tribromide with hydrogen sulphide.-Disulphide.

The inclination of the orbits to the plane of the ecliptic is 75° 18': the motion is retrograde.

Uranus. Son and husband of Gæa (Earth); father of Oceanus, Themis, Cronos, the Cyclopes, etc. He hated his children and shut them up in Tartarus, for which he was dethroned by Cronos at Gaea's instigation.

Uranyl Compounds. Those derived from acids by the replacement of the hydrogen by the bivalent group uranyl, UO; e.g., uranyl sulphate, UO,SO,.

Urao. Variety of TRONA (q.v.) found in Venezuela.

Urari. Strychnos toxifera. Small tree of the natural family Loganiaceae, native of n. S. America. Its sap is poisonous, and is used by the Indians in tipping arrows. See CURARA.

lore. The story furnishes subjects for art treatment. Urashimo Taro. The Rip Van Winkle in Japanese folk

Urates. Salts of uric acid.

Urban I. Bp. of Rome 222-230; supposed martyr.-II. EUDES DE LAGNY, monk of Cluny; Bp. of Ostia; pope 1088-99. He expelled the Emperor Henry IV. from Rome, and raised the first crusade, and was opposed by an antipope, Clement III.-III. UBERTO CRIVELLI, Abp. of Milan, pope 1185-87. He quarreled with Barbarossa.-IV. JACQUES PANTALÉON, Bp. of Verdun and Patriarch of Jerusalem; pope 1261-64; at war with Manfred of Sicily.-V. GUILLAUME DE GRIMOARD, Abbot at Marseilles; pope 1362-70; at Avignon till 1367. then at Rome till near his end.-VI. BARTOLOMMEO PRIGNANI, Abp. of Bari; pope 1378-89; opposed by a French antipope, Clement VII., 1378-94.-VII. J. B. CASTAGNA, pope Sept. 15-27, 1580.-VIII. MAFFEO BARBERINI, 1568-1644; cardinal 1605; pope 1623. He

Monument over the grave of Pope Urban VIII., by Bernini,
in St. Peter's at Rome.

wrote hymns, revised the bull In Coena Domini, canonized Loyola and Xavier, and supported France against Spain and the Empire. Under him Galileo was condemned.

Urbanists. Followers of the Order of St. Clara, who adhered to the rules as modified by Urban IV. See CLARA, ST. Urbi et Orbi. Phrase signifying univeral application; used in papal bulls.

Urbino. Ancient town of e. Italy, birthplace of Raphael; governed by dukes 1474-1631; part of the papal states 16311860; now secluded and decayed, as is its univ., founded 1564. It has a fine palace and other notable old buildings. Pop. ab. 5,100, commune ab. 17,250.

Urceolate.

shaped.

Cup-shaped, with a narrowed top; urn

Urdaneta, RAFAEL, 1789-1845. Venezuelan general, active in the war of liberation; Sec. of War; acting Pres. of Colombia 1830-31.-His cousin, FRANCISCO, 1791-1861, was a Colombian general.

Ure, ANDREW, M.D., F.R.S, 1778-1857. Scottish chemist, in London from 1830. Dict. Chemistry, 1821: Geology, 1829; Manufactures, 1835; Cotton Manufacture, 1836; Dict. of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, 1837.

Urea. O:C:(NH,),. Solid base, contained in the urine of mammals, birds, and in other animal fluids; prisms, mpt. 132° C.; separated from urine as a nitrate, or prepared by heating ammonium cyanate; by the latter process, discovered by Wöhler 1828, it was the first organic compound made artificially.

Uredineæ. Subclass of Fungi, including an immense number of minute species, mainly parasitic on flowering plants and ferns, and often extremely destructive; also called RUST and SMUT (q.v.).

Uredospores. Spores produced in the Uredo state of Fungi, of the subclass Uredineæ. It is this phase of the life-history of these parasites which is so destructive to their hosts.

.NH:CO ẢNH:CO

+2H,0

Ureter. When the urine is secreted by the kidneys it is gathered into a cavity of that organ known as the pelvis of the kidney, whence it is conveyed to the bladder by a duct, known as the ureter. It is from 16 to 18 in. long. is placed along the back of the abdomen and enters the bladder at its base.

Urethane. O:C:NH,.OC,H. Ethyl carbamate: colorless plates, mpt. 50° C., formed by the action of ammonia on ethyl chlorocarbonate; soporific, used in pharmacy. See CARBAMIC ACID.

Urethra. Canal through which the urine is voided from the bladder.

Urga. Capital of n. Mongolia; on the Tola; noted for its Buddhist monasteries. Pop. ab. 30,000.

Uri. Rural Swiss canton, s. of Lake Lucerne. Area 416 sq. m.; pop. ab. 17,250, mostly R. C. and German.

Uriah. Officer and victim of King David. His wrongs were denounced by the prophet Nathan, II. Sam. xii. 1-12. Uric Acid. C,H,N,O,. Weak dibasic acid of complicated structure, occurring in urine

and other animal fluids; white powder, soluble with difficulty in water. Upon oxidation it furnishes urea, alloxan and other products. It occurs in urinary calculi; ab. 5 grams are daily excreted in human urine.

Uriel. In Jewish (not Biblical) Angelology, one of the seven archangels.

Urim. See THUMMIM.

Urinatores. Group of Natatores, with short or rudimen tary wings, and feet placed far back and webbed. They are all strong swimmers, and mostly confined to cold seas. Here belong the Auks (Alcidae), Guillemots, Divers, and Grebes The last group has its toes more or less separately webbed. The second and third have completely webbed feet with rudimentary hallux in the former, and free hallux in the latter.

Urine. Fluid secreted by the kidneys, conveyed to the bladder by the ureters, and voided by the urethra. The normal urine of man is a clear yellowish fluid with a specific gravity approximating 1.020, having an acid reaction. The more important solids held in solution are urea and uric acid (nitroge nous crystalline bodies), sodium chloride, sodium, calcium and magnesium phosphates. Urine may become abnormal by the presence of unusual components, as albumen in Bright's disease, or sugar in diabetes; or by an excess of a normal constituent, as uric acid in a gouty diathesis. Urine contains a large part of the nitrogen of animal voidings, and is therefore valuable as a fertilizer, but it so readily undergoes fermentation and decomposition that great care is necessary to prevent the escape of the nitrogen into the atmosphere.

Urine, RETENTION OF. See RETENTION OF URINE.
Urinogenital. See UROGENITAL.

Urinometer. Form of hydrometer for determination of the density of urine.

Urmia. See URUMIAH.

Urn. In general any vase; specially, the vessel in which the ashes of the dead are preserved. See CREMATION.

Urochorda. Tunicates; so called because some of the forms, and the young generally, possess a notochord in the tail. See CHORDATA.

Urocyst. Urinary bladder.

Urodæum. Middle portion of the cloaca, into which the urinogenital organs open.

Urodela (SAUROBATRACHIA, SOZURA, ICHTHYOMORPHA, CAUDATA). Elongated, naked-skinned Amphibia, having a persistent tail and two pairs of short limbs. External gills are present, at least in the early stages. Two suborders are included, ICHTHYOIDEA and SALAMANDRINA (q.v.).

Urogenital Sinus. Sort of cloaca into which the urinary and genital ducts open, the intestinal opening being shut off by itself. Better Urinogenital Sinus.

Uropeltidæ. See COLUBRIFORMIA.

throughout the temperate and warm regions of the globe; called the Nettle family.

Urticaria. See HIVES.

Urticating Cells. See NETTLE CELLS.

Uruguay. Branch of the Rio de la Plata, heading in s. Brazil, and flowing s. w. and s., forming the boundary between Brazil and U. on the e., and the Argentine Republic on the w. Length 1,020 m.

Uropygial Gland. Oil gland in the pygostyle of birds. Urostyle. Long central bone which forms the hinder portion of the vertebral column in frogs and toads. It is formed from the two anterior caudal vertebræ.

Urpethite. Natural hydrocarbon compound, brownish in color and very soft, allied to ozokerite.

Urquhart, DAVID, 1805-1877. Scottish writer on Russia and Asia. Spirit of the East, 1838; Progress of Russia, 1853. Urquhart, SIR THOMAS, 1605-1660. Scottish royalist, translator of Rabelais 1653-61. Epigrams, 1461; Works, 1834.

Urquiza, JUSTO JOSÉ DE, 1800-1870. Argentine general and despot, ally of Rosas till 1851, then his foe and conqueror; Pres. 1853-59; slain by malcontents.

Urrutia, IGNACIO DE, 1730-1798. Cuban historian 1795. Ursa Major AND Minor. Two constellations, known to the ancients; so named by Ptolemy. The former includes the Dipper, the latter the Pole Star. In Ursa Major, the seven

Uruguay. Republic of S. America, s. of Brazil and e. of Argentina; area 72,170 sq. m. Near the coast the surface is low, level and open: it becomes more undulating inland, gradhorses and cattle constitute the principal industry. The capital is Montevideo. It was first explored 1512 by Solis, who found it occupied by the Charruas and other tribes. Unsuccessful attempts to subdue the natives were made through a series of years. The Spaniards were finally established ab. 1729. After a long struggle between Brazil and the revolutionists in Buenos Ayres for supremacy in U., it was declared independent 1828; but for years its history was filled with invasions from without and financial and political disasters from within. Pop., 1892, 728,447.

Urumiah, or URMIA. Town of n.w. Persia, 75 m. s. w. of Tabriz; seat of important missions. Pop. ab. 35,000. The lake of the same name is 12 m. from the town; altitude 4,100 ft., area 1,600 sq. m., greatest depth 46 ft. It has no outlet. The water contains saline matter 8.5 times that in ocean water.

Urumtsi. City of Zungaria, w. China. n. of Tian-Shan Mts.; important commercially. Pop. ab. 40,000.

Urus. Species of ox, now extinct, which lived in the forests of Europe, and was described by Cæsar. It is said to have survived to the 16th century.

Usage. Business practice which has become habitual. If known to both parties to a contract, it may modify its written terms. It must be proved by the party who depends on its existence.

Usance of Wealth. Benefits derived by the owner; more than interest, which is only the money income arising from the use of that part of wealth known as capital.

Usbeks, or UZBEGS. Principal tribe of Turkestan, extending w. to the Caspian Sea. It consists of a union of heterogeneous Turkish and Mongolian elements, cowardly, though

Ursa Major.

principal stars are arranged as shown in the figure, and are known as the Plow or Charles's Wain in England. The two brightest stars, a and ẞ, are termed the pointers, because they always point to the Pole Star.

Ursidæ. Family of Arctoidea, including the BEARS (q.v.), characterized among Carnivora by possessing short tails, elongated muzzle, long but non-retractile claws fitted for digging, circular pupil, short ears, smooth tongue, and teeth partly vegetarian in character, the carnassial teeth having tuberculated crowns. None exist in Australia and Africa. S. America has but one species, the Spectacled Bear of Peru.

Ursinus, ZACHARIAS, 1534-1583. Prof. Heidelberg 1561-68; framer, with Olevianus, of the Heidelberg Catechism. He wrote against the Lutheran Formula Concordiæ.

Ursinus College. At Collegeville, Pa.; incorporated 1869; controlled by Reformed Ch. It maintains collegiate, preparatory, and theological departments. Teaching staff, 23: students, 24 theological, 80 collegiate, total 213.

Ursua, or Orsua, PEDRO DE, ab. 1510-1561. Spanish soldier and explorer in S. America; murdered on the Amazon.

Ursula, ST. Legendary daughter of a British chief, slain by Huns near Cologne, with her "11,000 virgins," while returning from a pilgrimage to Rome, in the 3d, 4th, or 5th century.

Ursulines. Order of nuns, founded 1537 in Italy, confirmed 1544. They are engaged in teaching and charitable work, and have spread widely.

Urticaceæ. Natural order of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma, subclass Dicotyledons, and series Apetala, comprising 110 genera and ab.1,560 species, widely distributed

Usbek.

passionate and revengeful, noted robbers, and fanatical Mohammedans. Some are agriculturists, some nomads. They number ab. 2,000,000, half of whom are in Bokhara.

Use and Occupation. Action brought for the use of real property, when no rent has been agreed upon.

Usener, HERMANN, b. 1834. Prof. Bonn 1866; prolific writer on ancient Greek topics. Pelagia, 1879; Epicurea, 1887.

Uses. Equitable interests in land, the legal title to which is in another. They originated in the English Statute of Uses under Henry VIII., and are regulated to a great extent by statute in America.

Usk. Beautiful river of s. Wales, celebrated for its salmon. It rises in the Black Mts. and flows 57 m. s.e. into the Bristol Channel.

Ussher, or Usher, JAMES, D.D., 1581-1656. Prof. Dublin 1607; Bp. of Meath 1621; Abp. of Armagh 1625; in England from 1640; acting Bp. of Carlisle; preacher at Lincoln's Inn 1647-55; respected by all parties for learning and moderation. The chronology of his Annales V. et N. Test., 1650-54, tr. 1658, was long accepted.

Ustilagineæ. Order of Fungi, of the subclass Zygomycetes, parasitic on flowering plants, causing the diseases of grasses commonly known as Rust and Smut.

Ust Urt. Desert plateau from 600 to 1,000 ft. high between the Caspian and Sea of Aral. Area ab. 92,000 sq. m.

Usufruct. Civil law term for the right of using and taking the fruits of any property of another, without, however, consuming or injuring it.

Usumacinta. River of Central America, formed by several branches, rising in the e. part of Guatemala, flowing n.w. 400 m. and joining the Tobasco or Grijalva.

Usury. Originally, interest, payment for the use of money; in modern usage, excessive interest, higher than a certain maximum rate prescribed by law. Such laws are mostly retained in the U. S., though repealed 1854 in England. The Jews were forbidden to receive interest, except from foreigners.

Utah. One of the w. States, between Col. and Nev.; area 84,970 sq. m. It is divided into two parts by the Wasatch Mts. and by a line of high plateaus. Extending s.e. of this is a plateau region descending to the Col. and Green rivers; w. of it is the Great Basin, a region which has no outlet to either ocean, and consists of narrow mountain ranges, separated by broad desert valleys. The industries consist of agriculture, which is carried on universally by the aid of irrigation, with some stock-raising and mining. The capital is Salt Lake City, near the shore of Great Salt Lake. U. was a portion of the territory ceded by Mexico to the U. S. 1848. It was organized as a territory 1850, and then included the area covered by Nev., Col., and Wyo., which were subsequently set off and have become States. U. is the center of the Mormon Church; its settlement in the region of Salt Lake was begun under the leadership of Brigham Young 1847 (see MORMONS and NAUVOO). U. was admitted Jan. 1896 as the 45th State. Pop., 1890, 207,905; estimated, 1895, 254,743.

Utah, UNIVERSITY OF. At Salt Lake City; head of the school system; successor of the Univ. of Deseret, incorporated 1850; rechartered 1892 with the present name. It has 12 professors, 11 instructors, 65 collegiate students, 320 in the normal courses, and 520 in all.

Utah Lake. In n. central Utah, at w. base of the Wasatch Mts. It is drained into Great Salt Lake by Jordan River. Area 150 sq. m.

Utah State Agricultural College. At Logan, founded 1888. It has 22 instructors, 129 students in college courses, and a total of 497.

Uterine Diseases. Uterus is liable to disease depending upon a pathological change in any of the tissues which enter into its composition; e.g., there may be a catarrh of its lining mucous membrane; upon a malposition, either in whole or in part of the organ itself, as retroversion or retroflexion; or upon an abnormal manifestation of its function, as metrorrhagia. Because of the large distribution of nerve tissue to the organ and its surrounding parts, uterine diseases often assume a seriousness far beyond the extent of the local lesion.

In

Uterus. In the Mammalia, the organ that receives and cares for the fecundated ovum, after conception, during the period of embryonic life, and expels it by the process of parturition at the expiration of the period of gestation. woman the non-gravid uterus is pear shaped, ab. 3 in. in length, 2 in. broad at its upper and broader portion, 1 in. in thickness, and weighing from 1 oz. to 1 oz. During pregnancy it increases enormously in size, weighing from 1 lb. to 3 lbs.

Utes. Utahs, including the Pah-utes, Gosh-utes, Pi-utes, etc.; ab. 15,000 Indians of Shoshone stock, inhabiting Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; now on various reserva

for its benevolent institutions and cotton mills. It is ab.500 ft. above sea level, and has 13 public parks and squares. A State asylum for the insane is here. Pop., 1890, 44,007.

Utica. Phoenician city of n. Africa, founded ab. 1100 B.C., 20 m. n.w. of Carthage; capital of a Roman colony from 146 B.C.; held for the republicans by Cato, who killed himself here 46 B.C.; destroyed by Arabs ab.750. Its ruins are extensive. Utica Shale. Thick bed overlying the Trenton Limestone in the Eastern States. See ORDOVICIAN.

Utilitarianism. Form of ethics and politics which judges the rightfulness or wrongfulness of all institutions and actions by their utility to society; opposed to idealism; advocated by Cumberland, Hume, Bentham, and Mill.

Utility. Quality of answering to some felt human want. It is to be carefully distinguished from value, which supposes a process of exchange as well as one of use.-In Ethics, either that which will be of ultimate advantage, as Hume uses the term, or that which gives immediate happiness, as Bentham uses it.

Utopia. 1. Latin political romance pub. by Sir Thomas More 1516; tr. 1551. 2. Any imaginary community with institutions supposed to be perfect.

Utraquists. See CALIXTINES.

Utrecht. Ancient city of the Netherlands, on the "Old" Rhine. It has important manufactures, a large trade, two

cathedrals, and a university, founded 1634, with ab. 700 stu dents and a library of 160,000 vols. Pop., 1890, 86,116.

Utrecht, PEACE OF. Made up of nine separate treaties, signed April 11, 1713. It ended the war of the Spanish Succession; secured the separation of the French and Spanish crowns, the Protestant succession in England, and satisfaction for claims of the allies.

Utrecht, UNION OF. League of the seven Protestant provinces of n. Netherlands under William of Orange, 1579. for defense against Parma, who controlled the ten Catholic provinces.