TRUCE-TRUSS Truce. Suspension of hostilities, either general or partial (local), for a definite period, during which each army is to refrain from aggression, and the status quo to be maintained. Truce, FLAG OF. See FLAG OF TRUCE. Truce of God. See PEACE OF GOD. Truck System. That of paying wages, in whole or part, n commodities instead of money. It has invariably been found injurious, and has been abolished by law in various countries. True, CHARLES KITTRIDGE, D.D., 1809-1878. Prof. Wesleyan Univ. 1849-60; biographical writer. Trueba y Quintana, ANTONIO DE, 1821-1889. Spanish poet and novelist. True Cross. See HOLY ROOD. True Reformed Dutch Church. Body which was bsorbed into the Christian Reformed Church, 1889, and which ad separated from the Reformed Dutch Church in America n 1822. See REFORMED CHURCH. Truffle. Ascomycetous fungus of subterranean habit, its sporocarps large and highly esteemed for food. There are numerous species, mainly of the genus Tuber, most abundant in Europe. Truffle (Tuber æstivum). Trullan Councils. Held at Constantinople 680, to condemn the Monothelites, and 692 (Quinsext), to supplement the 5th and 6th General Councils; named from a domed hall in the palace. Trumbull, BENJAMIN, D.D., 1735-1820. Pastor in Conn. Hist. Conn., 1797; Hist. U. S. (to 1765), 1810.-His grandson, LYMAN, 1813-1896, was Justice Ill. Supreme Court 1848-53, and U. S. Senator 1855-73. Trumbull, JAMES HAMMOND, LL.D., 21-1897. Conn. antiquarian and philologist; writer on the gonquin and other Indian languages. His brother, HENRY LAY, D.D., b.1831, sec. Sunday-School Union 1871, and long . Sunday - School Times, is a prolific writer. Kadesharnea, 1884. Trumbull, JOHN, LL.D., 1750-1831. Poet and essayist; adge Conn. Superior Court 1801-19. His McFingal, 1774a satire, was long popular; some of its lines are still oted. Trumbull, JONATHAN, LL.D., 1710-1785. Assistant or uncilor in Conn. 1740-69; Chief-justice 1766-69; Gov. 1769; called by Washington "first of patriots" and "Brother nathan," whence probably that name as applied to the untry. Of his sons, JOSEPH, 1737-1778, was in Congress 1774and Commissary-gen. of the army 1775-77: JONATHAN, 174009, was army paymaster 1775-80, aid to Washington 1780-83, C. 1789-95, Speaker 1791-95, U. S. Senator 1795-96, Lieut.v. of Conn. 1796-98, and Gov. from 1798: JOHN, 1756-1843, s in the army 1775-77, and later won fame as a painter, inly of scenes from the Revolution and portraits of public n. He was long in England, and from 1816 mostly in New rk. Four large pictures of his are in the rotunda of the pitol at Washington. Most of his works, 57 in all, were d ab.1827 to Yale Coll. for an annuity of $1,000, and are preved in its museum. His importance is chiefly historical; for his time he was no mean artist. Trumbull, JOSEPH, LL.D., 1782-1861. Grandson of Jonan; M.C. 1834-35 and 1839-43; Gov. of Conn. 1849-50. Trumpet. Musical instrument of brass, consisting of a be ab. 8 ft. long, bent on itself for convenience in handling, dening into a bell on one end and terminating in a cup Valved Trumpet. -ped mouthpiece at the other. By means of crooks which y the length of the tube, it can be set in a large mber of keys. It now has valves like the CORNET (q.v.), 1557 pertaining to a natural tube. It is the most ancient wind instrument. Trumpet Creeper, or TRUMPET-FLOWER. Tecoma radicans. High climbing vine of the natural family Bignoniaceae, native of the s.e. U. S., bearing showy scarlet flowers and long pods. Trumpeter. Breed of pigeons, so called from the peculiarity of their cooing. The tarsi are well feathered, and the spreading crest overhanging the eyes must be trimmed, so that they can feed their young; white and black are the best colors. Trumpets. Sarracenia flava. Yellow-flowered bog plant, with pitcher-like leaves, growing in bogs in the s.e. U. S. Trumpet-Tree. Cecropia peltata. Tree of the Breadfruit family, native of tropical America, so called in the W. Indies. Trumpet-Weed. See JOE-PYE WEED. Truncated Cone, or PYRAMID. Part included between the base and a secant plane not parallel to the base. Truncus Arteriosus. Ventral aorta in Vertebrates from which the aortic arches spring; sometimes divided into a valvular conus arteriosus near the heart and a more distant bulbus arteriosus. Trunk Engine. Form of steam engine, in which the connecting-rod is pinned to the piston instead of to a crosshead connected by a rod to the piston. To admit of the angular motion of the connecting-rod without leakage of steam at the head of the cylinder, the effective diameter of the piston is reduced by a hollow tube or trunk, whose bore is big enough to admit of the swing of the connecting-rod inside of it, and whose outer surface fits the cylinder head steam tight by means of a stuffing-box. The trunk may be cylindrical, or of an oval shape. The engine is much shortened and compacted in this design, but the power of the two strokes is different, unless a second trunk is used on the other side, when the piston and cylinder become annular. Trunk-Fish. See PLECTOGNATHI. Truro. Old town of Cornwall, on an inlet, 12 m. n.n.e. of Falmouth, on a peninsula, at the junction of rivers Allen and Kenwyn. T. was formerly an important mining town, in a region of tin and copper mines; seat of a former bishopric, revived 1876. Pop., 1891, 11,131. Truro, THOMAS WILDE, BARON, 1782-1855. M.P. 1831 and later; knighted 1840; Atty.-gen. 1841; Chief-justice of Common Pleas 1846; Baron 1850; Lord Chancellor 1850-52. Truss. System of members consisting of an upper chord, a lower chord, and webbing, so arranged that each is strained only in tension or compression; everywhere used for roofs and bridges. The first trusses were employed in Italy and Germany in the 13th century, but the scientific method of arrangement was little studied until ab.1830. The first satisfactory theoretic discussion of the stresses in bridge trusses made in the U.S. was pub. by Whipple 1847. The Howe truss, introduced 1840. the Whipple 1850, the Pratt 1855, are those most extensively used for simple bridges. The stresses in the chords decrease, s made greater; the economic depth is that which requires he least quantity of material. The word is not applicable to Trussed Girder. a structure which exerts a horizontal pull or thrust upon its supports. Truss Bridge. One deriving its supporting power from russes which bring only vertical pressures on the piers. See BRIDGE and TRUSS. Trust. Beneficial interest in property, the legal title to which is in another. The owner of such interest is called the cestin que trust, the holder of the legal title, the rustee. This is one of the most important subjects in equity jurisprudence. Trusts. Trade combinations, in which several previously competing producers enter into an agreement to produce only certain quantity of goods within a specified time, and to sell these only at a certain price. They have excited much ecent attention and opposition in the U. S. Truth. Fact, reality, whether physical or spiritual; in a arrower sense, agreement of verbal expressions with the hought in the speaker's mind. Truth, SOJOURNER. See SOJOURNER TRUTH. With Truxtun, THOMAS, 1755-1822. Privateer 1776-82, distinguished in several engagements; Captain U.S.N. 1798. Che Constellation he fought and took a French frigate of superior force, L'Insurgente, Feb. 9, 1799; and defeated another, La Vengéance, Feb. 1, 1800. He left the navy 1802 chrough a misunderstanding.-His grandson, WILLIAM TALBOT, U.S.N., 1824-1887, served through the Civil War, became Commander 1866, Captain 1873, and Commodore 1882. Trygon. See RAYS. Trymberg, HUGO VON, d.ab.1300. German poet. painter. N.A. 1891. Tsaritsin, or ZARITZIN. Town of s.e. Russia, on the Volga. It is surrounded by vineyards, and has flour mills and tanmeries. Pop., 1890, 40,130. Tsarskoye-Selo. Russian town, 14 m. s. of St. Petersburg; site of two summer palaces. Pop. ab.17,000. Tschaikowsky, PETER ILITSCH, 1840-1893. Russian composer of great versatility, in New York 1891. His chief works are the operas Woiwode, 1869, Opritschnik, 1874, Wakula, 1876, Eugen Onegin, 1879, Maid of Orleans. 1881, Mazeppa, 1882, Tscharavitschki, 1886, Tscharodeika, 1887, Piquedame, 1890, and Iolanthe, 1893; two pianoforte concertos, in B-flat major and G minor; symphonic poems, and six symphonies, in G minor, C minor, D major, F minor, E minor, and B minor (Pathétique). Tschermigite. Natural ammonia alum; named from Tschermig, Bohemia, one of the localities at which it has been found. Tschudi. EGIDIUS. 1505-1572. Swiss chronicler. His work, Tschudi, JOHANN JAKOB VON, 1818-1889. Swiss naturalist, in Peru 1838-43; envoy at Vienna 1866-83. Fauna Peruana, 1844-47. Tseng, KwOH-FAN, 1807-1872. Gov.-gen of Kiang provinces. His son, KI-TSEH, MARQUIS, 1848-1890, was Chinese envoy to England, France, and Russia. 1878-86. Tsetse (GLOSSINA MORSITANS). S. African fly, destructive to cattle and other animals. Tsing. Ruling (Manchu) dynasty of China. T-Square. Flat ruler furnished with a short crosshead, used by draughtsmen for drawing parallel lines. Tuamotu. Group of coral islands in the s. Pacific, between 14° and 24° S. lat., and 135° and 150° W. long., forming a dependency of the French possession of Tahiti. Called Low Islands by Bougainville, who discovered them, and later named Dangerous Islands by Cook. There are ab. 80 in all, 3 being atolls. Area ab. 330 sq. m. Tuaregs. Berber tribes of central Sahara; nomadic warriors who exact tribute from caravans; distinguished from the n. Berbers, who are admixed with Arab blood, and w. Berbers, who are shepherds and have the upper part of the body naked; the T. are well clothed and wear a veil wrapped about the head and face, though the women go unveiled. They are Moslems, but monogamy prevails. Some agriculture is practiced on the oases. They hold negro slaves, and have sharp distinctions of caste. Tuat. Group of oases, in w. Sahara, s. of Algeria. There is abundance of subterranean water, and the country is very fertile, producing mostly dates. Tuatara. New Zealand name for the HATTERIA (q.v.). Tuaregs (Tuarics) on Journey. Tuba. Bass musical instrument, belonging to the valved horns; sometimes called bombardon. Its tube is so long that it is either rolled in a spiral like a horn or bent on itself like a contrabassoon. See SAXHORN. Tubal Cain. In Genesis, descendant of Cain; inventor of metallurgy. Tube. Hollow organ formed by the union of sepals, petals, or stamens; also, projection from a germinating pollen-grain. Tube, DRAWN. Cylindrical tubes for gun-barrels, etc., made without a weld (see PIPE). An ingot or other homogeneous mass of metal is perforated in the center to take a mandrel of the required size. This mass, of short length but considerable thickness, is then reduced by repeated pressures and rollings with reheatings, until its length and thinness has reached the desired limit, when the last mandrel is withdrawn. The proc ess is expensive, but is best adapted for certain classes of work, as in copper and brass. Tube, IN HYDRAULICS. Hollow cylinder whose length is ab. three times its interior diameter. The amount of water discharged through a tube is ab. 82 per cent of the theoretic amount. Tube of Force. Space inclosed by lines of force drawn through all the points of contour of a portion of Its lateral an equipotential surface in a field of force. parts are always lines of force, while the ends are always equipotential surfaces. Tuber. Thickened portion of a rhizome or subterranean stem, generally rendered fleshy by the accumulation of starchy matters, as in the potato. Tubercle. a Tubercle Bacilli in ph toration (x ab.1.800 a, bacilli; b, catar nivores, that hav Tuberculosis or pearl disease; c d TUBERCLE-TUCKER 1559 are placed in parallel calcareous tubes, united by horizontal plates; e.g., Organ-pipe coral. Tubitelæ, or TUBITELARIÆ. See SPIDERS. Tubman, HARRIET, b. ab.1821 in Md. Slave, who escaped 1849, and by 1861 had promoted the escape of over 300 negroes. Tubular. In the form of a tube, as the calyx or corolla of a gamosepalous or gamopetalous flower; also hollow stems. Tubular Bridge. Wrought-iron bridge having its sides, top and floor made of plate iron riveted together so as to form a rectangular tube, through which trains pass. The longest is b Tubercle Bacilli in phthisical expectoration (x ab.1,800 diameters): Tuberculin. LYMPH. See KOCH'S a, bacilli; b, catarrhal cells. Tuberculo-Sectorial Teeth. Molar teeth in carnivores, that have sharp-cutting projections in addition to crushing surfaces and tubercles on their crowns. Tuberculosis. Ordinarily called consumption, phthisis, or pearl disease; characterized by the formation of tubercles cation of the Bacillus -b tuberculosis, a microbe or disease-germ, parasitic in the organ. From -c one-seventh to one-third of all deaths are due to this disease, which is undoubtedly contracted in all cases, in various ways: (1) as congenital, transmitted to the foetus by a consumptive mother; (2) by nursing from a diseased mother to or taking milk from a consumptive cow(see Boby eating food containing germs that have not been killed by VINE TUBERCULOSIS); (3) exposure to sufficient heat, as in meat from comsumptive animals, or any food exposed to air containing tubercular dust; (4) by breathing tubercular dust. In all cases, certain constitutions (and all constitutions when run down) are especially liable to fall prey to this germ, which in many cases is successfully resisted. The most potent factors aiding in this infection are lack of pure air and sunlight in dwellings, dissipation, and sexual excess. Close inbreeding is considered potent in evolving the consumptive diathesis, but some doubt this. See KOCH'S LYMPH. Tubercle of Lung (x 50 diameters): caseate; d, branch of pulmonary artery; Tuberose. Polianthes tuberosa. Bulbous, fragrant whiteflowered plant of the Lily family, native of India, widely cultivated for ornament. Tuberous. Irregularly thickened roots or subterranean stems, as the Jerusalem artichoke. Tube Wells. See DRIVEN WELL. Tubicolæ (TUBICOLOUS ANNELIDS). See SEDENTARIA. Tübingen. Town of Würtemberg, on the Neckar. Its university, founded 1477, had, in 1895, 1,184 students, ab. 100 instructors, and a library of 200,000 vols. Tübingen School. Founded by F. C. Baur (1792-1860), for the free criticism of Scripture and of Church history. Its influence has been large and somewhat destructive, especially through D. F. Strauss' Leben Jesu, 1835-36. led by G. C. Storr (1746-1805), held Evangelical tenets; another An earlier school, was headed by J. A. Möhler (1796-1838), prof. of R. C. theology there. Tubiporidæ. Family of Alcyonaria, in which the polyps Britannia Tubular Bridge. the Britannia bridge in Wales, over Menai Straits, which has two spans each 230 ft. long, and two each 460 ft. Tubular bridges are very stiff, but expensive on account of the great amount of materal required. None have been built since 1870. Prague and Wm. Hebler of Küssnact, and called the KrukaTubular Bullet. Recent invention of Charles Kruka of ring attached to the exterior. The hollow tube has a sabot Hebler bullet. It is made of steel, having a copper rotating fitting closely to act as a gas check, which drops off after the bullet leaves the gun. This projectile is still in its experimental stage, and it is claimed that an initial velocity of nearly 3.000 f. s. under a gas pressure of 2,650 atmospheres has been obtained. Tubular Dispatch. See PNEUMATIC DISPATCH. Tubular Floret. One of the disk flowers in the Composita, whose corolla is small and regular, in distinction from the ligulate corolla of the ray-flowers. Tubulariæ (ATHECATA, TÆNIOLATA, GYMNOBLASTEA, CORYNIDA, GYMNOTOKA, OCELLATA, ANTHOMEDUSA). Hydromedusa whose polyp-stocks either are naked or have a chitinous periderm, but no cup-shaped hydrothecæ, as in Campanularians. The Medusa-buds are sometimes rudimentary. The sexual cells arise on the manubrium. Four to six ocelli are present at the canals. The families included are Clavida, Hydractinidæ, Tubases of the tentacles, and correspond in number to the radial bularida, Corynidae, Eudendrida. The group is best termed Gymnoblastea-Anthomedusa. cal). There is a chitinous periderm, and the proboscis has a Tubularidæ. Family of Tubularia (Tubularia being typicircle of tentacles, as well as the peristome. The generative buds are sessile and arise between the two circles of tentacles. The branches of the colony arise from a root-like stolon. In Tubularia they are much like straws in appearance, slightly branched; at the tip of each is the polyp with its fringes of numerous tentacles. The young pass their embryonic stages in the manubrium of the gonophores. Tubulosa. Fossil corals with imperfect partitions in their thecæ. See MADREPORARIA. Tuck, FRIAR. Chaplain of Robin Hood, represented as wearing the Franciscan habit; humorous and combative; introduced by Scott in Ivanhoe. Tuckahoe. Edible, but tasteless fungus, growing on the roots of trees in the s. U. S.; also called Indian Bread. glish author. Light of Nature Pursued, 7 vols., 1768–78. India. Tucker, GEORGE, 1775-1861. M.C. from Va. 1819-25; prof. N. Y.; compiler of tune-books, much used in P. E. Ch. Tucker, JOSIAH, D. D., 1711-1799. Dean of Gloucester, Eng., 8; writer on politica economy. Commerce and Taxes, 1753. Tucker, LUTHER, 1802-1873. Founder and ed. Genessee rmer, 1831, and Country Gentleman, 1853.-His son, WILLIS YLORD, M.D., became pres. Albany Coll. of Pharmacy 1883. Tucker, ST. GEORGE, LL.D., 1752-1828. Judge of Va. courts, 1 of U. S. District Court 1813-27; poet and legal writer; ed. ckstone 1803. Slavery, 1796; Alien and Sedition Laws, 1799. His son, NATHANIEL BEVERLEY, 1784-1851, was judge in Mo. 6-30, and law prof. William and Mary Coll. from 1834. His rtisan Leader, 1836, a romance, was repub. 1861 as A Key to Disunion Conspiracy.-His brother, HENRY ST. GEORGE, .D., 1780-1848, was M.C. 1815-19, Chancellor of Va. 1824-31, es. Va. Court of Appeals 1831-41, prof. Univ. Va. 1841-45, da writer on law. His son, JOHN RANDOLPH, LL.D., 182317, M.C. 1875-87, was noted as an orator and lawyer.-A isin, JOHN RANDOLPH, 1812-1883, was an officer U.S.N. and S. N., and in 1866 a Peruvian admiral. Tucker, SAMUEL, 1747-1833. Seaman of Mass.; Capt. S.N. 1776-85; pensioned 1821. Tucker, TILGHMAN M., d. 1859. Gov. of Miss. 1841-43; M.C. 13-45. Tucker, WILLIAM JEWETT, D.D., b. 1839. Prof. Andover 79; pres. Dartmouth 1892. Tuckerman, EDWARD, LL.D., 1817-1886. Prof. Amherst om 1858; lichenologist. N. American Lichens, 1845; Lichens New England, etc., 1848.-His cousin, BAYARD, b. 1855, wrote veral biographies. Hist. English Prose Fiction, 1882. Tuckerman, HENRY THEODORE, 1813-1871. American itic and essayist.-His brother, CHARLES KEATING, 1821-1896, as U. S. Minister to Greece 1868-72.-Their uncle, JOSEPH, D., 1778-1840, minister at large in Boston 1826, left his mark a methods of philanthropic work at home and in Europe. Tucson. Capital of Pima co., and of Arizona 1867-77; on e Santa Cruz; founded by Jesuits 1560; seat of State Univerty. The surrounding country is arid and the climate hot d dry. The prevailing industry is mining. Pop., 1890, 5,150. Tucuman. City of n. Argentina, 723 m. n.w. of Buenos Tufts College. At Medford, Mass.; founded 1852, opened 1855; comprising schools of letters, divinity, applied sciences, and medicine; controlled by Universalists; opened to women 1892. P. T. Barnum gave $95,000 to its museum. It has 14 buildings, 40 professors, 30 instructors, 251 students in letters, 35 in theology, 180 in medicine, and a library of 35,000 vols. Tugenbund. League of Virtue. Formed at Konigsberg in Prussia soon after the Peace of Tilsit, for the revival of morality and patriotism, but really for throwing off the French yoke. Napoleon demanded its suppression 1809. It numbered ab. 400. Tug of War. English school game, in which sides are chosen, and the opponents, taking the ends of a rope, endeavor to outpull each other; common amusement among schoolboys in Japan, as "rope pulling." It was formerly practiced in Japan between boys of rival villages on the 15th of the 8th month. In Corea it is still played about the 15th of the 1st month. In the country the entire population of districts and villages engage in the sport, and the village that wins expects to have a good harvest. Tuilleries. Palace in Paris, joined by wings to the Louvre; begun 1564 by Catharine de' Medici, and subsequently much enlarged; stormed by the people 1792, 1830, and 1848; burned by stuffed "Tulchan milk. Tulip. Plan widely cultivated to have originat the Levant and spread over Euro in the 17th centur Tulip Tree. yres; founded 1564; scene of a patriot victory 1812, and of Le declaration of Platine independence 1816. Pop. ab.40,000. Tudeschis, NICHOLAS DE (called PANORMITANUS), 1400-1445. cilian writer on canon law; Benedictine abbot; Cardinal 1440. is works were collected in 9 vols. 1617. Tudor. English royal family 1485-1603; descended from wen Tudor, of Welsh extraction, who married 1423 Catharine Valois, widow of Henry V. Its sovereigns were Henry VII., 85-1509, Henry VIII., 1509-47, Edward VI., 1547-53, Mary, 53-58, and Elizabeth, 1558-1603. Tudor, WILLIAM, 1779-1830. Founder and first ed. N. Ameran Review, 1815-18; Consul at Lima 1823; Chargé in Brazil 27. Life of Jas. Otis, 1823; Gebel Teir, 1829.-His father, ILLIAM, 1750-1819, was Col. and Judge-advocate 1775-78, and ass. Sec. of State 1809-10. Tudor Architecture. Usually applied to late Perpencular Style, the chapel at Westminster being the most perct specimen. Tudor flower is an upright flat leaf ornament, sed in crests or cornices in Perpendicular architecture. Tuesday. Day of Mars, the 3d day of the week, so called om Tuesco, a Saxon deity, worshiped on this day. Tufa, or TUFF. Kind of rock characterized by a loose and --lation of volcanic detri The Louvre and the Tuilleries (the latter in the background). Communists 1871; ruins not removed till 1883. The garden, enlarged 1889, now extends over the site of the palace. Napoleon I. and III. resided here, and the kings who came between. Tuke, DANIEL HACK, M.D., LL.D., 1827-1895. English writer on mental diseases. Insanity, 1878; Dict. Psychological Medicine, 1892. Tuke, HENRY, 1756-1814. English writer on Quakerism. Principles of Religion, 1805. Tula. Russian town, on the Upa, 110 m. s. of Moscow. It has large and varied manufactures, especially of arms and niello work. Pop., 1890, 66,111. Tulane, PAUL, 1801-1887. Merchant of New Orleans, who gave ab. $1,100,000 to found Tulane University. Tulane University. In New Orleans, La.; founded 1884. The Univ. of La., organized 1878, with all its property and franchises, was merged in it. It has also a medical department, dating from 1834, and a law school 1847. The Newcomb Memorial Coll., founded 1887 for women, has a separate foundation of $500,000, and an attendance of 96. There are 43 professors, 25 assistants, and 940 students. Tulare Lake. In s. central Cal.; fed by several streams, and partly drained by the San Joaquin. Area ab. 200 sq. m.; formerly much larger. Tulasne, LOUIS RENÉ, 1815-1885. French botanist, as was his brother, CHARLES, 1816-1884. They wrote chiefly on Fungi. Tulchan Bishops. Scottish clergymen, appointed 1572 to episcopal sees, without consecration or authority, giving Tulip Tree (Liriodend Tulloch, JOHN, Tullus Hostiliu Tully. See CICER Tunbridge Well With TULIP TUNICATA chan calves" used to persuade cows to give their Plants of the genus Tulipa, of the Lily family; vated for ornament in many forms, all supposed ginated from a single species. It is a native of and was brought to Augsburg 1559, whence it Europe. A mania for tulips occurred in Holland century; they are still much cultivated there. ree. Liriodendron tulipifera. Large forest tree of the Magnolia family, bearing large greenish-yellow flowers, native of e. N. America. Locally it is wrongly called Poplar. iriodendron era). Tull, JETHRO, ab. 1680-1740. English author of a system of improving agriculture by means of thorough culture without manure, exemplified in his Horse Hoeing Husbandry, 1733. See LOIS WEEDON. Tulle. Thin silk fabric, used for trimming gowns, for veils, etc.; named from a French town, where it was formerly made. Tullianum. Prison in ancient Rome. See MAMERTINE PRISON. Tullin, CHRISTIAN BRAUNMANN, 1728-1765. Norwegian poet. JOHN, D.D., LL.D., 1823-1886. Prof. St. Anprincipal 1860; a leader of liberal thought in Church. Theism, 1855; Leaders of the Reformaeginning Life, 1862; Rational Theology in 17th = Modern Theories, 1884. ostilius. In Roman legends, third king of B.C. He destroyed Alba and transferred its inRome upon learning of the Albans' treason, who ged the supremacy of Rome as a result of the en the Horatii and Curiatii, which took place -n. e CICERO. Lever. See GROUND LEVER. Enlargement or swelling, not the result of inof normal growth. The older classification of benign tumors, while not affording a sharp kation, affords a convenient grouping. Some no concern except for the annoyance they may ke the carcinoma, are very liable to terminate aginous tumors are composed of tissue similar They rank with the benign tumors. They are t the ends of the long bones, especially in the ment is surgical. Benign tumors are abnormal à do not produce constitutional derangement or except as a result of their pressure or location. row slowly and do not ulcerate. d wine measure 252 gals.; in old ale and beer als. The ton weight was probably taken from e, as a tun of water weighed a little more than - Wells. Inland watering place, especially ing the 18th century, 34 m. s.e. of London. springs were discovered by Lord North in l industry is in Tunbridge Ware, a kind of à veneer. Pop., 1891, 27,895. ee PLAIN. MELODY. -. Salts of tungstic acid. or WOLFRAM. W. At. wt. 183.6, sp. gr. 19.1, ement first isolated by Elhujar 1785; the oxide v Bergman and Scheele 1781-82. It occurs in gstite and scheelite. It is obtained by reducby hydrogen at a red heat. It is a gray, inwhich burns at a red heat. Introduced into percentages it gives great hardness for tools The conical points of Holtzer projectiles conSodium tungstate is used as a mordant, and, osphate, renders cloth uninflammable. hlorides. Dichloride. WCI,. Soluble, untance, made by treating the higher chlorides 1561 carbon dioxide.--Pentachloride. WC,. Lustrous black, needlelike crystals; mpt. 248° C.; soluble in carbon disulphide to a dioxide.-Hexachloride. WC. Black violet crystals; mpt. blue color; made by distilling the hexachloride in carbon 275° C. (Cor.); obtained by passing chlorine over the heated metal. Tungsten Dibromide. WBr,. Bluish-black compound, obtained by reducing the pentabromide with hydrogen. Tungsten Dioxide. WO,. Brown powder; sp. gr. 12.1; made by reducing the trioxide with carbon. Tungsten Disulphide. WS2. Black powder, made by melting tungsten with sulphur. Tungsten Pentabromide. WBr,. Dark brown needles; mpt. 276° C. (Cor.); obtained by heating tungsten in bromine vapor. Tungsten Trioxide. WOs. Tungstic anhydride; lemonyellow powder, becoming darker on heating; sp. gr. 5.2 to 7.1. It melts in blast-flame, and is made by fusing wolframite with sodium carbonate and nitrate. Tungsten Trisulphide. WS,. Liver-brown substance, obtained by fusing wolframite with carbon, sulphur, and soda. Tungstic Acid. H,WO,+H,O. White solid, made by treating POTASSIUM TUNGSTATE (q.v.) with a strong acid; soluble in water. Colloidal tungstic acid is made by dialyzing a 5 per cent solution of sodium tungstate to which hydrochloric acid has been added. It is very soluble in water, forming a mucilaginous mass. Tungstite. WO,. Natural tungsten oxide, occurring in small quantity as a yellowish or greenish earthy product of the decomposition of other tungsten minerals. Tungus. Important branch of the n. Turanians, inhabiting central and part of e. Siberia. The Manchurians are a closely related branch. The Tungus number ab. 80,000, but are disappearing before the encroachments of the Slav from the w. and the Yakut hoards of the n.e. They are considered the most moral of Mongolians. In height they average 5 ft. 4 in.; their figures are slender, their skulls square, mouth large, lips thin, beard scant. They use the reindeer as a beast of burden and for riding, as well as draught. A few are agriculturists, but most are hunters and live by barter in furs. Their food is meat carefully cooked. They are nominally Russian Christians, but at heart Shamanists. Tunic. Scaly coats of certain bulbs, as the Onion. Tunic. Shirt or inner garment worn by ancient Romans. Tunicata (UROCHORDA, ASCIDIOIDEA). Bilateral, barrel or sac-shaped animals, inclosed in a leathery tunic or testa. The anterior portion of the alimentary tract is pierced by openings, forming a branchial sac. The cloacal cavity is continued as an atrial chamber around the branchial basket. The testa has two openings, one, the mouth or incurrent orifice, leading into the branchial sac; the other, the excurrent orifice, leading out of the peribranchial space. Between the two (on the dorsal side) lies the nerve ganglion. A heart is present. The forms are hermaphrodite, but also reproduce asexually by budding. There are two classes: TETHYOIDEA and THALIACEA (q.v.). The development of the embryo Tunicate from the egg shows that these animals, which were once classed as Mollusks, are really closely allied to Vertebrata. There is a notochord in the caudal region, which persists in the lowest, least specialized Tunicates. The incurrent pore represents a mouth, and leads into a pharynx, whose walls are pierced by numerous pores representing the gill slits of fishes. The excurrent pore is an external gill opening, like that behind the operculum of a fish, but the cloaca |