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at right angles to each other divide the space about their common point into eight equal trihedral angles, each a right trihedral. Trihedrals are measured by the spherical surface included within the planes of their faces.

Trilobites. Fossil Gigantostraca, allied to the Merostomata, and found in rocks from the Cambrian to the Devonian. The group became extinct in the Carboniferous period. The body

of a Trilobite is oval, with a central elevated ridge, the rhachis flanked on each side by broad flat pleural regions. From front to back are 3 regions, first the anterior crescentic cephalothorax, bearing compound eyes. Then follows the many-jointed abdomen, and finally the body terminates in a heart-shaped caudal plate or pygidium, whose base is as wide as the abdomen. No appendages had been found up to 1880, but in 1881 Walcott announced the discovery of biramous appendages, bearing gills, present on every segment. In 1892 Valiant discovered delicate but perfect antennæ in Triarthrus beckii, so that, with the mouth parts, the adult possessed 48 pairs of appendages. The nearest relative of this group now existing is Limulus, the king crab or horse-foot crab.

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blumenbachii.

Trilocular. Pericarp having three cells.

Trilogy. Series of three dramas, tragic or historical, usually with subjects more or less closely related. Eschylus, Shakespeare, and Schiller afford examples.

Trimble, ALLEN, 1783-1870. Gov. of Ohio 1826-30.-His brother, WILLIAM, 1786-1821, officer in the War of 1812, was U. S. Senator from 1819.

Trimble, ISAAC RIDGEWAY, 1802-1888. Engineer; Brig.gen. C.S.A. 1861, Major-gen. 1863; active in Va. and at Gettysburg. His uncle, DAVID, ab.1782-1842, was M.C. from Ky.

1817-27.

Trimble, ROBERT, 1777-1828. Chief-justice of Ky. 1810; U. S. District Judge 1816-26; Justice U. S. Supreme Court from 1826.

Trimera (PSEUDOTRIMERA, or CRYPTOTETRAMERA). Coleoptera, with apparently three-jointed tarsus, but with an extra rudimentary joint. The Lady-birds (Coccinellidae) are examples. Trimerous. Flowers constructed on the ternary plan; i.e., with three members of each circle of parts.

Trimethylamine. N(CH). Strong organic base, supposed to be derived from ammonia, NH,, by the replacement of the hydrogen by methyl; gas, easily condensed to a liquid; found in the vegetable world and in herring brine; prepared by the distillation of beet-sugar molasses.

Trinacria. Sicily; supposed to be so called from its triangular shape.

Trine. In Astrology, aspect of two planets when 120° or one-third of a circumference apart.

Trinidad. Island off n.e. coast of Venezuela; discovered by Columbus 1498; settled by Spaniards 1532; held by Gt. Britain since 1797. The soil is extremely fertile and is seldom sub

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Trinidad-Digging Asphalt.

ject to drought. It exports sugar, molasses, cacao, coffee, fruit, and asphalt. La Brea is an asphalt lake of 100 acres. Port of Spain is the only harbor of commercial importance. Area 1,754 sq. m.; pop., 1891, 208,030.

Trimorphism. 1. Flowers whose stamens or pistils are of three different kinds, generally adapted for cross-fertilization, as in most species of Oxalis. 2. Species having three forms of animals, as in the sexual trimorphism of certain butterflies, in which males and two sorts of females are present. Essentially the same is true of bees, the workers being infertile females. Trimountain. Earliest name of Boston, from the three summits of Beacon Hill. The name Boston was adopted Sept. 7, 1630, Old Style.

Trimurti. Hindu trinity, represented as one body with three heads, Brahma the creator in the middle. Vishnu the

Trinidad. Town on s. coast of Cuba. Pop. ab.30,000. Trinitarians. 1. Believers in the Trinity. 2. Order founded 1197 to ransom Christian captives held by Mohammedans or pagans. See REDEMPTIONISTS.

Trinitrocellulose. See NITROCELLULOSE.
Trinitroglycerin. See NITROGLYCERIN.
Trinitrophenol. See PICRIC ACID.
Trinitroresorcin. See STYPHNIC ACID.

Trinity. Deity as existing in three Persons, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. The doctrine is not formally stated in Scripture (I. John v. 7 being admittedly spurious), but is held by most Christians to be implied there, though denied by Arians, Socinians, and Unitarians.

Trinity Church, NEW YORK. This church was built by the colony of New York 1697, at the instigation of Gov. Benjamin Fletcher, the word Protestant in the Act being construed to mean Episcopal, thus compelling the inhabitants to support the Church of England. The church was enlarged 1735 and 1737, burned 1776, rebuilt 1788, consecrated by Bishop Provost 1791. There were two chapels attached to this church. In 1839 it was demolished for the building of the present church, which was opened 1846; it was designed by Richard Upjohn. The parish includes St. George's in Beekman Street, erected 1752; St. Paul's, Broadway, erected 1766; St. John's, Varick Street, erected 1807; and Trinity Chapel, Twenty-fifth Street, erected 1854. In 1703 a cemetery was donated to Trinity Church by the city and in the same year Queen Anne granted to the church King's Farm, originally the property of the Dutch West India Co., which had been increased by land of Aneka Jans or Jansen, bought from her heirs by the Colonial Government in 1671, one heir failing to join in the conveyance. This land was granted to Roelef Jansen, husband of Aneka, in lands; it consisted of 62 acres. 1636, by Wouter Van Twiller, Director-general of New NetherThis grant was the foundation of the wealth of this church, fronting on Broadway, from Warren to Duane Street, thence northwest to Christopher Street and North River, forming an unequal triangle.

Trinity College. At Hartford, Conn.; chartered as Washington Coll. 1823; Episcopal; named Trinity 1845. Its former site is now occupied by the State Capitol, the college having been moved 1878. It has 11 professors, 9 lecturers, ab. 130 students, and a library of 37,000 vols.

Trinity College, DUBLIN. See DUBLIN UNIVERSITY. Trinity House, CORPORATION OF. On Tower Hill, London; chartered 1514; charged with the licensing of coast pilots, and the maintenance of buoys, beacons, and lighthouses. Trinity River. In e. Texas. It heads in two forks, and flows generally s.e. to Galveston Bay. Drainage area 17,960 sq. m., length 550 m.

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TRINIUS-TRISTICHOUS

served from ab.1000, more generally from ab.1200; approved by Popes 1305 and 1334. The Sundays following till Advent are numbered from it.

Trinius, KARL BERNHARD, 1778-1844. German botanist. Fundamenta Agrostographic, 1820; Clavis Agrostographic antiquioris, 1822; De graminibus paniceis, 1826; Species graminum iconibus et descriptionibus illustravit, 1828-36; Agrostidea, 1840-41.

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coast, but arid and sandy in the interior, which is imperfectly known. Area ab.400,000 sq. m. This region was anciently subject to Phoenicians, Cyrenians, Carthaginians, and Romans; was known in the 3d century as Regio Tripolitana, from its the rest of n. Africa by the Arabs, and by the Turks 1551; bethree chief cities, then leagued together; was conquered with came partly independent 1714, and was made a province of the Turkish empire 1835. It is governed by a pasha, appointed by the Sultan. War with the U. S. was begun to terms by a successful attack on Derne and the bombardment of Tripoli 1806. Pop. ab.1,000,000, chiefly Berbers and Arabs.

Triod. Sponge spicule having three equal rays making 1801, to obtain increase of tribute; the Bashaw was brought equal angles with each other.

Triolein. See OLEINES.

Trionychidae (SOFT-SHELLED TORTOISES). Family of Chelonia, characterized by having the carapace covered with soft skin in place of epidermal plates: the webbed toes have three claws; the body is flat and circular. They are carnivorous, fond of mussels, and burrow in the mud, especially during drought. Aspidonectes spinifer has pointed nostrils on a flexible snout: it abounds in salt water creeks. A. ferox of the Gulf Coast grows to a length of 18 in. It lays over 60 eggs, and is palatable as food. It is aquatic and carnivorous, destroying many young alligators.

Tripalmitin. See PALMITINES.

Tripe. Dish prepared from the stomachs of sheep or cattle. Plain tripe is the paunch or rumen; honeycomb tripe is the reticulum. See RUMINANTS.

Tripe de Roche. Large, fleshy lichens of the genus Umbillicaria, natives of rocky, mountainous regions; sometimes used as food.

Tripestone. Variety of the mineral anhydrite, presenting a peculiar irregular appearance that suggested the

name.

Triphenylmethane. CH (CH). Solid hydrocarbon, crystallizing in beautiful white plates; mpt. 93° C.; prepared from chloroform and benzene in the presence of aluminium chloride. The amido compounds derived from it are important coloring matters. See PARAFUCHSINE.

Triphenylrosaniline. C,,H,,N,. Product of the action of aniline upon rosaniline. See SPIRIT BLUE.

Tripitaka. Sacred books of Buddhism, named from their having arranged in baskets the leaves of the palm, in time replaced by written paper.

Triple Alliance. 1. Between England, Sweden and the Netherlands, against France, Jan. 23, 1668. 2. Between England, France and Holland, against Spain and the Pretender, Jan. 1717. 3. Between England, Austria and Russia, Sept. 28, 1795. 4. Between Germany, Austria and Italy, 1883, incended to check Russia and France.

Triple Expansion. Compound engines in which expansion takes place in three cylinders instead of two. Higher

Triple Expansion Engine. ressures of steam are thus applied, and the recent claims are at the triple forms give an increased economy of 25 per cent er the two-cylinder engines.

Triplicate Ratio. That of the third powers of two antities.

Triploblastic. Having three layers in the embryo; viz., doderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, as in most Metazoa. Triplopy. See DIPLOPY.

Tripoli. Easternmost of the Barbary States of n. Africa.

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but a large trade with the interior. Pop. ab. 35,000. 2. Seaport of Syria, 40 m. n.n.e. of Beyrout; anciently Tripolis, a Phoenician city; taken by Crusaders 1104, by Mamelukes 1289. Pop. ab. 20,000.

Tripoli, or TRIPOLITE. Diatomaceous earth; rotten stone, in part a decomposed siliceous limestone from which the calcareous portions have been removed, leaving the silica behind; used for the cleaning and polishing of metals. Some tripoli is an aggregation of the siliceous remains of minute animal and vegetable organisms, or infusorial earth.

Tripos. Examination for honors at Cambridge Univ., ab. June 1; covering ten or more subjects.

Tripp, BARTLETT, b.1843. Chief-justice of Dakota 1885; Minister to Austria 1893.

Triptych. Three tablets joined by hinges, to hold a painting or inscription. See DIPTYCH.

Triqueti, HENRI, BARON DE, 1802-1874. French painter and sculptor.

Triquetrous. See TRIGONOUS.

Trirectangular (or TRIQUADRANTAL) Triangle. Spherical triangle having all its angles right angles and all its arcs quadrants. It subtends a right trihedral, and is one-eighth the surface of the sphere.

Trireme. Galley with three banks of oars, first used 664 B.C. by Corinthians against Corcyra; it had a crew of 200 men; largest known to the ancients till ab. 350 B.C. Later, five (quiquireme) and even ten rows were used in war vessels.

Trisagion. Greek doxology, found in the Syriac and other liturgies.

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Trismegistus. See HERMES.

Trissino, GIOVANNI GIORGIO, 1478-1550. Italian poet, reformer of the alphabet; author of a tragedy, Sofonisba, 1524, and an epic, Italia liberata, 1548.

of Cornwall, and lover of Yseult of Ireland; celebrated by M.
Tristan, or TRISTRAM. Legendary nephew of King Mark
Arnold and other poets. The story is of Celtic origin, and ex-
isted from 1100 or earlier in various forms.

Tristan da Cunha. Island in s. Atlantic, lat. 37° 6' S.,
long. 12° 19' W.; named from its discoverer, 1506; occupied by
England 1817. Area ab. 40 sq. m.; pop., 1895, 61.
Tristearin. See STEARINES.

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Tristram. See TRISTAN.

TRISTRAM-TROGLODYTES NIGER

Tritheism. Belief in three gods; supposed to have been taught, in substance or tendency, by Philoponus in Egypt, ab. 600, and Roscelin in France, 1092, in their anxiety to maintain the doctrine of the Trinity.

Trithemius, JOHANN, 1462-1516. Abbot of Spanheim and Würzburg. Earliest German writer on Ch. history and on shorthand. Polygraphia, 1518.

Trithionic Acid. See DITHIONIC ACID.

Triton. In Greek Mythology, son of Poseidon and Amphitrite; marine deity, half man, half fish, who dwells with his parents in a golden palace at the bottom of the sea. He

Trochu, LOUIS JULES, 1815-1896. French general 1854; prominent in the Crimea and at Solferino; obnoxious to the emperor through a pamphlet exposing the condition of the army and approving the Prussian system 1867; Gov. and defender of Paris 1870; Deputy 1871-72. Memoires, 1896.

Troctolite. Variety of gabbro, composed of white feldspar and dark olivine.

Træzen. City of e. Argolis, near the Myrtoum Sea; settled in remote antiquity by Ionians: supposed birthplace of Theseus; ally of Athens, and later of Sparta; important till 200 B.C. or later, but long since in ruins. Troglodytes. See ANTHROPOMORPHA.

Troglodytes Gorilla. Largest of the Anthropomorpha or man-like Apes. When full grown, the male attains a height of five and a half feet. The canines, muzzle, and superciliary crest become enormously developed. The arms reach to the knees when the animal is erect. It is arboreal, and constructs

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stilled the waves by blowing his shell trumpet. Later poets speak of Tritons as subordinate sea-deities. Pausanias describes them as having sea-green hair and eyes, scales on their bodies, and a dolphin's tail.

Triton. See SALAMANDRINA.

Triton (SEA-SLUG). See AILOBRANCHIA.

Tritozoöid. Zooid of third generation, produced by a deuterozoöid.

Triumph. Highest honor paid in ancient Rome to a victorious general. He entered the city in a solemn procession, riding in a chariot with four horses. In his train marched his army, with their spoils, the principal captives, and musicians. The general wore a gold-embroidered toga and flowered tunic; his head was crowned with a laurel wreath. He held a laurel branch in his right hand and a scepter in his left. After marching up the Sacred Way, through the Forum, he dismounted, climbed the Capitol Hill, and offered a sacrifice to Jupiter. The festivities closed with a banquet.

Triumvirates, ROMAN. Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus formed the first, 60 B.C. It lasted 10 years, and was followed by civil war. The second, formed 43 B.C., consisted of Octavius Cæsar, Antony, and Lepidus; Octavius gained absolute power in 31 B.C.

Triurideæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiospermae and subclass Monocotyledons, comprising 2 genera and ab. 16 species, natives of e. S. America, e. India, and the Malayan Archipelago.

Trivium. Three rays or arms of the starfish, opposite the BIVIUM (q.v.).

Trivium. See SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS.

Troad. Territory of Troy, or Ilium, in n.w. Mysia, Asia Minor. It contained numerous cities. The siege of Troy by the Greeks is said to have occupied 10 years, ending 1184 B.C. The exact site of the city is disputed: Schliemann believed he had discovered it by his excavations at Hissarlik 1871-73.

Trocar. See CANNULA and TAPPING.

Trochal Disk. Expanded region around the Rotifer's mouth, which carries a circle of cilia.

Trochanter. Short ring-like second joint of the insect's leg, counting from the body. It may be in several parts; serves for attachment of muscles, and bears the thigh distally.

Gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla).

nests, in which the female brings forth its young. The palms and soles are black and naked, and the three middle digits are united at their bases by the integument. The cranial capacity is ab. 31 cu. in.; that of an Australian is 71 cu. in., and of an average European 93 cu. in.

Trochee. Foot of one long and one short syllable; basis of trochaic meters.

Trochilidæ. See TENUIROSTRES.

Troglodytes Niger. Chimpanzee, one of the Anthropomorpha, inhabiting w. Africa e. to Abyssinia. The arms are long, and reach to the knees when the animal is erect, which is not its natural position when walking, though assumed at times when at rest. The body is covered with reddish-brown

Trochoids. Class of curves generated by a point on the radius, or radius extended, of a circle rolling upon a fixed base; often identified with cycloids, but usually confined to curves traced by points not on the circumference, while cycloids are curves traced by points on the circumference of the moving

Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger).

hair, except the hands and face; the face is wrinkled. It lives in societies in forests, constructs nests, and can defend itself against its largest foes. The Bald-headed Chimpanzee

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have been described, but they may be mere varieties. Chimpanzees average a foot shorter in height than gorillas. The nest is used only by the female during confinement. As in gorillas, 13 pairs of ribs are present.

Trogons. Picarian birds, frequenting retired tropical forests; in the Miocene they were more widely distributed. They have a character unique among birds, in that both the first and second toes are turned backward; but these are weak, and not used for climbing. They are schizognathic; ab. 50 species are known. The Old World forms feed on insects, but the New World ones eat fruit, snatching it from the tree while on the wing. They range in size from that of a thrush to a crow. The most brilliant species is the Quesal, with golden green color, black tail and crimson beneath. The male has the middle tail and the wing-coverts lengthened; the former are streamers 3 ft. long.

Trogus Pompeius, ab.40 B.C.-30. Latin author of a universal history in 44 books, of which an epitome by M. Junianus Justinus (2d cent.) survives.

Trolley. Small metallic wheel, fastened to a flexible conductor or trolley pole, which travels in contact with the overhead wire, thus conveying the electric current to the motors on an electric car. See ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.

Trollope, ANTHONY, 1815-1882. English realistic novelist, voluminous and popular; best in his sketches of clerical life, as The Warden, 1855, Barchester Towers. 1857, and Last Chroniles of Barset, 1867. Autobiography, 1883.-His mother, FRANCES (MILTON), 1780-1863, caused much wrath by her Manners of the Americans, 1832, and pub. several novels.

Trollope, EDWARD, D.D., b. 1817. Bp. suffragan of Notingham 1877; writer on history and architecture.

Trollope, THOMAS ADOLPHUS, 1810-1892. English novelist nd historical writer, long resident in Florence and Rome: rother of Anthony. Beppo, 1864: The Garstangs, 1869.-His wife, FRANCES ELEANOR, is the 4th novelist of this family. Aunt Margaret's Trouble, 1866; That Unfortunate Marriage, 888.

Trolls. Legendary giants of Scandinavia; dull-witted, and nemies of men.

Tröltsch, ANTON FRIEDRICH, FREIHERR VON, 1829-1890. rof. Würzburg from 1864; eminent as an aurist. Anatomie es Ohres, 1860; Ohrenheilkunde, 1862.

Trombidium. Bright-colored Mite, with hairy body, with yes and tracheal respiration. The young are hexapodous, and e parasitic on Insects, Arachnids, and Mammals.

Trombone. Large trumpet so constructed that its tube in be lengthened, one portion sliding over the other, so as to mmand a greater range of tones than would be possible in tube of fixed length. Formerly there were four kinds, bear

Tenor Trombone.

g the names of the voices, soprano, alto, tenor and bass; e first two are seldom seen now. A double quartet is ed at Moravian funerals at Bethlehem, Pa. In a symony orchestra there are generally three, two tenors and bass. The instrument is ancient, having been found at mpeii.

Trommel. See DRUM.

Fromp, MARTIN HARPERTZOON VAN, 1597-1653. Dutch miral 1537; victorious over Spanish fleets Feb. and Oct. 39, and over BLAKE (q.v.) Dec. 10, 1652; said to have led up the English Channel with a broom at his mastad; defeated by the British Feb. 28, 1653, June 12-13, and g. 8-9; slain in the last action.-His son, CORNELIS, 16291, Admiral 1653, was prominent in several battles, escially 1666 and 1673. He was made an English baron 5. and succeeded De Ruyter in chief command of the tch navy 1676.

Frompe. Water blowing-engine; used as a furnace blast Europe and America. It can only be used where a fall of ter can be obtained, as it is based upon the principle that ter falling through a pipe, with an opening in the side, I draw in air, which, by a simple arrangement, can be de to supply a constant blast.

Tromsö. Commercial and fishing port of n. Norway, on

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mostly burned 1530, has lately been restored: the choir is old. The town has a good export trade, chiefly dried fish, sulphur and copper. Pop., 1891, 25,051.

Troop. Smallest tactical unit of cavalry. In the U. S. service it consists of a captain, 2 lieutenants, 6 sergeants, 4 corporals, 2 trumpeters, 2 farriers, 1 saddler, 1 wagoner, 50 privates: a total of 3 commissioned officers and 66 enlisted men. Four troops form a squadron. In the plural, any body of soldiers.

Troopial, or TROUPIAL. American tropical bird of genus Icterus, ab. size of a large robin; black, with beautiful yellow and white markings. It has a clear and pleasing but short

whistling song, repeated at intervals.

Troost, GERARD, 1776-1850. B. in Holland; first pres. Phila. Academy of Natural Sciences 1817-21; Prof. of Mineralogy in Phila. Museum 1821; prof. Univ. Nashville from 1828; State geologist of Tenn. 1831-49.

Tropæolines. Sodium salts of compounds formed by the action of phenols upon the diazo compound of sulphanilic acid. They dye wool various shades of orange in an acid bath, and are used as indicators in alkalimetry and acidimetry.

Trope. Figure of speech involving a departure from literal and prosaic truth. Thus metaphor is a trope; simile is not, nor is antithesis.

Trophi. In Insects, parts of the mouth which function in the acquisition of food.

Trophonius, ORACLE OF. In a cave in Lebadeia, Boeotia. then of that of Recollection, then descended by a ladder and Whoever would consult it, drank first of the well of Oblivion, put his feet into an opening in the cave's side and was drawn in bodily by some invisible power. This oracle was highly esteemed, and in Plutarch's time was the only one where responses were given.

Trophoplast. Certain Leucites or Plastids found in vegetable cells; term applied by Meyer.

Trophosome. General assemblage of nutritive polyps of a Hydrozoön.

Trophy. Spoils of war, usually armor, set up by the Greeks and Romans on a battlefield, originally at the point where the enemy turned to flight.

Tropical Year. Time required for an apparent revolution of the sun from one equinox to the same. Owing to precession, the arc passed over is a little less than 360 degrees.

Tropic Birds. Three species (Red-billed, Yellow-billed, and White-tailed) of oceanic birds, resembling gulls; but in flight they beat their wings rapidly like ducks. The middle

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Red-billed Tropic Birds (Phaeton aethereus).

out making a nest. The Red-billed species is Indian and Pacific; the Yellow-billed has a body as large as a pigeon, and breeds in Bermuda.

Tropics. 1. Two small circles of the celestial sphere, parallel to the equator, and distant from it 23° 27'. That of Cancer is n., that of Capricorn s., of the equator. They are so called from the signs of the Zodiac, which begin at the points where these circles touch the ecliptic. 2. Two similar circles on the earth.

Tropidonotus. See WATER-SNAKES.

Tropine. C.H,,NO. Base, mpt. 61° C.; prepared by the decomposing action of acids or alkalies on atropine or hyoscyamine.

Troplong, RAYMOND THEODORE, 1795-1869. French judge, Peer 1846, Senator 1852. Code civil expliqué, 28 vols., 1833-58.

Troppau. Capital of Austrian Silesia; on the Oppa; scene of a futile congress of the powers Oct.-Nov. 1820. Pop., 1890, 22,867.

1. Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar); 2. Sea or Salmon Trout (Salmo trutta). Chars, including the genus Salvelinus, of which the species S. alpinus, S. oquassa, S. fontinalis, and S. namaycush are examples. See SALMO and SALVELINUS.

Trouvères. Medieval poets of n. France. See TROUBA

DOURS.

Trouville. Seacoast resort of n. France, 10 m. s. w. of Honfleur. Pop. ab. 7,000.

Trover. Legal action for CONVERSION (q.v.). Trow, JOHN FOWLER, 1810-1886. Printer in New York; publisher of directories from 1849.

Trowbridge, EDMUND, 1709-1792. Judge of Mass. Supreme Court 1767-72.

Trowbridge, JOHN, b. 1843. Prof. Harvard since 1880; noted for electrical researches; author of many papers. New

Trossachs. Glen of Perthshire, celebrated by Scott; much Physics, 1884. visited by tourists.

Trot. See GAITS and HORSE RACING.

Trott, NICHOLAS, 1663-1740. Judge in S. C. Laws Relating to Ch. and Clergy, 1721; Laws of S. C., 1736.

Trowbridge, JOHN TOWNSEND. b.1827. American novelist, poet, and writer for boys. Cudjo's Cave, 1863.

Trowbridge, WILLIAM PETIT, LL.D., 1828-1892. Assistant on U. S. Coast Survey 1857-63; Prof. of Engineering in Yale Trotzendorf, VALENTIN. Name given to FRIEDLAND (q. v.); 1870, and Columbia from 1877. Heat, 1874; Turbine Wheels, being born at Trotzendorf, Germany.

Troubadours. Knightly, noble, and royal minstrels of France 1000-1300, corresponding to the MINNESINGERS (q. v.) of Germany. The most famous were Raoul de Coucy, King Thibaut IV. of Navarre, ADAM DE LA HALLE (q. v.), and Guillaume Machault.

Trouble. In Mining, any disturbance of regularity in a formation or in a mass of ore, whether produced by faulting or otherwise.

Trough of Low Pressure. Long narrow region or very elongated oval portion of the earth's surface, over which the barometric pressure is lower than on either side. Usually the winds are found blowing toward such belts or troughs over which calms and rains prevail. The equatorial belt is a permanent belt of this kind; minor belts frequently occur in the U. S., lasting for from 1 to 3 days, and closing up into a circular storm center.

Troup, GEORGE MCINTOSH, 1780-1856. M.C. 1807-15; U. S. Senator 1816-19 and 1829-33; Gov. of Ga. 1823-27. During his term the Creeks ceded their lands to the State.

Troup, ROBERT, 1757-1832. American officer; U. S. Dist. Judge for N. Y. ab. 1784.

Trousdale WTTTTAM 1790-1879

Col in war with Mexico:

1879.

Trowel Bayonet. Bayonet shaped like a trowel and intended to be used as an intrenching tool: invented by Lieut. Rice of the U. S. army.

Troy. Capital of Rensselaer co., N. Y., on the e. bank of the Hudson, at the head of steam navigation; 5 m. n. of Albany; founded 1659, incorporated 1816. It has several railshirts, and collars. It is the seat of the Rensselaer Polytechnic roads, two canals, and varied manufactures, especially of iron, Institute. Pop., 1890, 60,956.

Troy. See TROAD.

Troya, CARLO, 1785-1858. Italian historian.

Troyes. City of France, on the Seine, 104 m. e.s.e. of Paris; important in the later Middle Ages. It has a good trade, and cotton and other manufactures. By a treaty concluded here May 21, 1420, Henry V. of England agreed to marry Catherine, daughter of Charles VI., and was recognized as his heir and regent. Pop., 1891, 49,808.

Troyon, CONSTANT, 1810-1865. French painter of landscape and cattle; at his best the equal of any modern landscape painter, and superior of any in animals.

Troy Weight. See PoUND.

Trübner. NICHOLAS, 1817-1884. German-English publisher

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