TRAVELER'S JOY-TREBLE Traveler's Joy. Clematis vitalba. Wayside plant, native of Britain, belonging to the natural order Ranuncu laceœ. Traveler's Tree. Ravenala madagascariensis. Found in great abundance in Madagascar. It derives its name from the fact that large quantities of pure water are found in the cup-like sheaths of its leaf stalks, which is obtained by tapping the sheaths at the base. A similar tree is found in the Malay Peninsula, and called Traveler's Fountain. Traveling Crane. Traveling Side- Traveler's Tree (Ravenala madagascariensis). Travemunde. Port of Lubeck, at mouth of Trave. Traverse Table. Tabulation of the lengths of the sides of right-angled triangles for lengths of the hypotenuse ranging from 1 to 1,000; used by surveyors in computing distances and areas. Travertine. Calcareous rock or variety of limestone formed by deposition from the water of springs or rivers; usually open in texture or irregularly banded; named from large deposits of the material found on the Tiber near Rome. Travis, WILLIAM BARRETT, 1811-1836. Texan immigrant from Ala. ab. 1832. With 140 men he held Fort Alamo for ten days against 4,000 Mexicans under Santa Anna. It was taken by storm March 6, 1836, and all the Americans slain. Trawling. Fishing by hooks or nets sunk to the bottom. Trayastrinsha. Second of the DEVALOKAS (q.v.). Treacle Mustard. See MUSTARD, TREACLE. Treadmill. Devised by W. Cubitt ab.1818; used in English prisons for enforcing a portion of the sentences of imprisonment with hard labor. It consists of a wooden cylinder on an iron 1547 Treadwell, JOHN, LL.D., 1745-1823. Delegate to Congress 1785-86; judge in Conn. 1789-1809; Gov. 1809-11. journalist in Mich. American Liberties, 1838. Treason. Acts of violence against the person of the sovereign, against the state in favor of a foreign enemy, or against the internal government of the country. In the U. S. it is generally defined by statute. Treasure Trove. Money found hidden in the earth, whose owner is unknown. At common law, it belonged to the crown. In the U. S. it generally belongs to the finder. Widespread belief in buried treasure naturally arose from the cusconcealing jewelry and valuables for safe keeping in the tom still practiced in India and other parts of the East of ground. In the search for such treasure magical arts are commonly employed, the superstition being current that such treasure is guarded by demons or genii, who can only be overcome by magic. In America, the reputed treasures of the ancient Incas and of the pirates and buccaneers of the Spanish Main are still sought. Treasury, U. S. Constituted by law Sept. 2, 1789; Alexander Hamilton was the first secretary. There are a treasurer, 3 assistant treasurers, 3 comptrollers, 6 auditors, register, commissioners of customs and internal revenue, solicitor, director of the mint. There are 18 bureaus, including the mint, statistics, coast survey, life-saving service, lighthouse board; most heads of bureaus are independent of the nominal head, many are appointed by the President. Treat, ROBERT, 1622-1710. Gov. of Conn. 1683-87 and 168998. His descendant, SAMUEL HUBBELL, 1811-1887, was Judge of Ill. Supreme Court 1841-55, and U. S. Judge for s. Ill. from. 1855. Treaty. Agreement, usually in writing, between nations. The manner of negotiating for it and of making it effective is determined by the law of each country. In the U. S., an authorized treaty becomes part of the supreme law of the land. It is made by the President and requires two-thirds of the votes of the Senate for ratification. If a payment of money is involved a majority of the House of Representatives must approve. sians under Suwarow defeated the French June 1799. Trebbia. Branch of the Po, on whose bank Hannibal gained a victory over the Romans 218 B.C. Here the Rus Trebelli, ZELIA, 1838-1892. Mezzo-soprano singer of German descent, known through Europe from 1859, and in the U. S. 1884. Trebellius Pollio, 4th cent. Latin biographer of the emperors from Philip to Claudius, 244-270. His work from 254 survives. Trebizond. Seaport of n.e. Asia Minor, on the Black B.C., after their retreat from Cunaxa in Babylonia: under Sea; anciently Trapezus; founded ab.700 B.C. from Sinope. Here Xenophon and the Ten Thousand Greeks emerged 400 Trebizond. Roman rule it was the capital of Pontus. Here Alexis Com- Treble. Highest voice in a chorus or other 1548 TRECUL-TRENDELENBURG Trecul, AUGUSTE ADOLPHE LUCIEN, 1818-1896. botanist. French English engineer and Tredgold, THOMAS, 1788-1829. architect. Carpentry, 1820; Cast Iron, 1821; Steam-engine, 1827. Trediakofsky, VASILI, 1703-1769. Russian critic, versifier, and translator. Tree, CHRISTMAS. The tree erected at the Christmas festival in the U. S. and in Germany, from whence it was introduced, is a survival from primitive times before Christianity, when it was connected with the festival of the revival of the sun after the winter-solstice. This festival was widely celebrated by the nations of antiquity with ceremonies relative to the new light which the new sun brought into the world. The tree with its candles, symbolic of the new light, is found widely distributed. It existed in China before the Christian era, and still survives in China and Japan, in a form_not unlike our own Christmas tree, at the festival of the New Year. Tree, HERBERT BEERBOHм, b. 1853. manager. English actor and Trefoil. Foliation in Gothic Architecture in window heads, Trefoil, SHRUBBY. See HOP-TREE. P S th Concordance, 1839 Tregelles, SAMUEL PRIDEAUX, LL.D., 1813-1875. English Tree-Ducks (DENDROCYGNA). Ab. 12 species of arboreal, tropical ducks, with long necks and long hind toes. See ANATINE. Tree Frog. See DISCODACTYLIA. Treitschke, HEINRICH GOTTHARDT VON, 1834-1896. Prof. Freiburg 1863, Heidelberg 1867, Berlin 1874; Prussian histori ographer 1886. Sozialismus, 1875-78; Deutsche Geschichte, 5 vols., 1879-85. Companion of Trelawney, EDWARD JOHN, 1792-1881. Prof. Univ. Wis. 1881-85; Trelease, WILLIAM, b.1857. Shelley and Byron, of whom he pub. Recollections, 1858-78. director Mo. Botanic Garden 1889. Natural family of flowering plants, of Tremandreæ. the class Angiosperma, subclass Dicotyledons, and series Polypetala, comprising 3 genera and ab. 27 species, distributed throughout the tropical parts of Australia. Tremarec, KERGUELEN-. Breton sailor who discovered It was called DesoKerguelen's Land 1772, in the Antarctic Ocean, 48° 39′ S. lat. and 68° 42' E. long. It is 85 m. by 79 m. lation Island by Captain Cook 1776. Trematoda (FLUKES). Treenails, or TRUNNELS. Wooden pins employed to fasten flattened, ovoid, unsegmented bodies, having one or more suckthe planks of a ship's side and bottom to the timbers. Tree of Heaven. See AILANTHUS. Trees. Woody plants, generally forming a single main trunk of indefinite size and duration. Tree-Snakes. The common southern green snake is one of the Colubrida. The tropical Tree-snakes represent the families Dendrophidae, Dipsadida, and Dryophidae. They are all brightly colored, green as a rule predominating. In the first family, the ventral scutes are keeled; the largest (Goniosoma, of Borneo) attains a length of 8 ft. They are good climbers, can descend a smooth tree trunk, and are very swift in their motions. Some species dart ferociously at intruders. As in Tree-Snake (Dryophis pulverulentus). Parasitic Platyhelminths, with ers for attachment. They have a forked intestine, a mouth, Most are hermaphroditic, and many have combut no anus. plicated alternation of generations, developing by sporocysts or rediæ, and cercaria stages, as in Distomum. There are two suborders, DISTOMEA and POLYSTOMEA (q.v.). Trembles. Two entirely different conditions, the one a disease of neat cattle, communicable to those who drink their milk or eat their flesh, and known as Milk-sickness. It is marked by chills, vomiting, and disordered nutrition. -The other condition is that of paralysis agitans or PALSY (q.v.). Tremellineæ. Order of gelatinous Fungi, of indefinite forms, occurring on dead wood. Tremellius, EMMANUEL, ab.1510-1580. Italian of Jewish parentage, prof. Sedan; author, with F. Junius, of a Latin version of the Bible, 1575-79. Tremelloid. In Botany, gelatinous. Tremie. Wooden rectangular closed trough, placed in a nearly vertical position in water. In it mortar is allowed to slide down to a foundation at the bottom of the stream; its office is to prevent the current from washing away the mortar. Tremolite. Light-colored variety of the mineral amphibole, usually columnar or fibrous in texture; named from the Tremola Valley in the Alps. Ditch with vertical sides, which are often held Trench. in place by sheet piling. Trench, RICHARD CHENEVIX, D.D., 1807-1886. Prof. King's Coll., London. 1847; Dean of Westminster 1856; Abp. of Dublin 1864-84. Poems, 1835-65; Parables, 1841; Miracles, 1846; Synonyms of N. T., 1854-63; English Past and Present, 1855. His Study of Words, 1851, was especially valued. Trenchard, STEPHEN DECATUR, U.S.N.. 1818-1883. Commander 1862; prominent in the two attacks on Fort Fisher; Captain 1866, Commodore 1871, Rear-admiral 1875. all non-poisonous snakes, the loreal scale is present. The second family includes crepuscular and nocturnal forms. An E. Indian species grows to a length of 7 ft.: it is black, with yellow bars, and gentle in captivity. The third family is characterized by great slenderness of body (1 in. diameter, to 5 ft. Janeth); the nose is a pointed proboscis. The green snake and is greatly feared, as it Austrian Trench Cavalier. Earthen parapet constructed, during siege operations, a short distance from the covered way, to enable the besieger to command that defensive work and to drive the defenders from it by an enfilade fire. Trenck, FRANZ, FREIHERR VON, 1711-1749. officer, notorious for his atrocities in Bavaria and elsewhere 1740-45. He committed suicide in prison. - His cousin, FRIEDRICH, 1726-1794, accused of an intrigue with Princess Amalia, sister of Frederick II., was imprisoned at Glatz 1746-47. and at Magdeburg 1758-63, after serving in Austria. His Memoirs, 1787, made him famous; his other writ ings are forgotten. After many travels and adventures he was guillotined in Paris. Trendelenburg, FRIEDRICH ADOLF, 1802-1872. Prof. Berlin from 1833; reviver of the study of Aristotle; critic of the Kantian and Hegelian philosophy. Logic, 1837, tr. 1881; Logische Untersuchungen, 1840; Naturrecht auf dem Grunde der Ethik, 1860. cal o after 1564. Tr Tr Tr on th chiefl ber an Dec. 2 Tre where rian st alent d Tre Utica: TRENT-TRIENE Trent. British mail steamer, from which Mason and Sli- Trent, COUNCIL OF. Held 1545-52 and 1562-63 at Trent, a 1549 Minister of India 1862-65; opponent of the purchase of commisand reformer, knighted 1848; Gov. of Madras 1859-60; Finance Minister 1884, Sec. for Scotland 1886 and 1895, pub. a Life of sions in the army; Baronet 1874. Christianity and Hinduism, 1881.-His son, Sir GEORGE OTTO, b. 1838, M.P. 1845, Cabinet his uncle, Lord Macaulay, 1876. Cawnpore, 1865; Early Hist. of C. J. Fox, 1880. Trevelyan's Rocker. Mass of copper, the bottom of which is curved so that it may rest upon the long edges formed on either side of a groove in a block of lead, upon which it is placed. If this be heated and placed on the lead, the points of contact suddenly expand by the heat and the rocker is pushed upward; the temperature as suddenly falls at these points, and the piece settles back, only to be forced up again by the local expansion. The whole thus oscillates rapidly and emits a sound the pitch of which depends upon the conditions of the experiment. Treves, or TRIER. Ancient city of Rhenish Prussia, prominent under Roman rule as Augusta Trevirorum; sacked by Attila 451; held by Lorraine 843-870 and 895-924; long ruled cal or General Council. It settled R.C. doctrine and discipline after the shock of the Reformation. Its decrees were confirmed 1564. Trente et Quarante. See ROUGE ET NOIR. Trente et Un. See ROUGE ET NOIR. Trenton. Capital of N. J. (since 1790) and of Mercer co., on the Delaware, at the head of navigation; chartered 1792; chiefly noted for its manufactures of iron, steel, pottery, rubber and wool, and for Washington's capture of 1,000 Hessians, Dec. 26, 1776. Pop., 1890, 57,458. Trenton. Fossiliferous limestone, first studied in N. Y., where it forms the main fossiliferous mass of the Lower Silurian strata, now known as Ordovician. It is in part the equivalent of the Llandeilo group of Wales. See ORDOVICIAN. Trenton Falls. In Oneida co., N. Y., 17 m. n.w. of Utica; series of fine cascades, descending 312 ft. within two miles. Trent River. Rising in Rice Lake, Ontario, it flows 150 m. into Bay of Quintè, Lake Ontario.-Also river of England which joins the Ouse ab.15 m. w. of Hull, forming the Humber, after a s.e. course of ab.150 m. Trepang. Dried body of several species of sea-cucumbers, which are found on reefs on the s.e. coast of Asia. The animal is from 8 to 24 in. long. Large quantities are prepared for the Chinese market. See HOLOTHUROIDEA. Trephining, or TREPANNING. Surgical operation, consistng in removing a circular section of bone, usually the skull, by means of a trephine; this is a cylindrical instrument, lightly conical, up to 2 in. diameter, burred in its sides, with aw-teeth on its lower edge and a center-pin on which it turns; -gimlet handle is attached to the top. It is performed to elieve pressure on the brain, as in case of fracture of the kull, for the drainage of abscesses or removal of tumors. Crephining was practiced in the Stone Age, and later to a onsiderable extent. Quite recently it was applied in most ead injuries, but it is now much restricted. Trepidation. Slow oscillation of the Ecliptic, imagined y the Arabian astronomers to account for the discrepancy in e determination of the precession of the equinoxes. The peod was supposed to be 7,000 years. See PRECESSION OF THE QUINOXES. Trescott, WILLIAM HENRY, b.1822. American diplomat; Cenipotentiary to China 1880, to Chili, Peru and Bolivia 1881, nd to Mexico with Gen. Grant 1882. Diplomatic Hist. of ashington and Adams, 1857. Trespass. Unlawful interference with another's person property. Trestle. Structure of wood or iron, built on land, instead an embankment to carry a railroad track or roadway. See ENT. Tretenterata. See ECARDINES. Porta Nigra at Treves. by its abps., who were Electors of the Empire from ab.1200. Trevithick, RICHARD, 1771-1833. English engineer, in Trevor, SIR JOHN, 1633-1717. Speaker of the Commons Triacetine. C2H(C,H,O2),. Thick liquid, prepared by the action of acetic acid upon glycerin; used in cotton printing. See ACETINES. Triadelphous. Flowers whose stamens are united into three sets, as in St. John's Wort and related plants. Triad Society. Chinese secret society, so called from the cosmical triad of Heaven, Earth, and Man. Its object is the overthrow of the present Manchu dynasty and the reestablishment of the last Chinese dynasty of the Mings. It is a common source of disturbance in s. China, and practically governs the Chinese in their foreign colonies. Trevelyan, SIR CHARLES, 1807-1886. Anglo-Indian official ally at one end. Such spicules are present Triæne. Cladose rhabdus, the branches (cladi) being usu. 1550 TRIAL-TRICHINOSIS of sponges. There are several modifications, as amphitriæne, protriæne, dichotriæne, found in other genera. Trial. Judicial examination of the issues of fact or of law involved in a legal proceeding. Trial by Court-Martial. See COURT-MARTIAL. Triandria. Linnæan class of plants, comprising those which have three stamens, as Crocus, Iris, and most of the Grass family. ΔΙ Triangle. Musical instrument consisting of a steel rod bent in the form of an isosceles triangle, open at one angle. It is struck with a rod of the At the Grand Opera in Paris they same metal. are 7 in. on the longest sides and 7 in. on the short side; the rod is in. diameter. It has been used by many composers as an adjunct Triangle. to the drums and in most military bands. Half the product of its base and altiTriangle, AREA OF. tude; half the product of two sides into the sine of the included angle; half the square of one side into the product of the sines of the adjacent angles, divided by the sine of the sum of these angles; square root of the continued product of the half sum of the three sides into this half sum diminished by each side successively. Tribune. Roman official title, used to designate several different offices. The military tribunes were lieutenants of the commanders; when the contest between the orders was raging over the choice of Consuls, military tribunes were elected with consular power for a number of annual terms, and exercised the highest magistracy of the state. The tribunes of the treasury were, perhaps, army paymasters. The tribunes of the people were the most important, and were applebeians. This office maintained itself with varying success, pointed first 490 B.C., to be the advocates of the oppressed and its occupants were leaders in the struggle which won for the lower order equal political rights. Being endowed with an absolute power of veto in all public assemblies, it was a and under the Gracchi brought on revolution. The emperors real menace, in the hands of demagogues, to the constitution, chose to veil their power under the name of the tribunician office. equilateral, isosceles the Triangle, PLANE. Plane polygon of three sides. It is or scalene, as three sides are equal, two, or none: it is right, obtuse or one angle acute, as is right, one obtuse, or all acute. The sum of the interior angles equals two right angles. A spherical triangle is bounded by three arcs of circles. See SPHERICAL TRIANGLES. Triangles. Triangle of Forces. Whenever three forces acting at a common point are in equilibrium, they can be represented by the sides of a triangle whose lengths are proportional to the magnitudes of the forces, and whose directions are parallel to those of the forces. Several forces in equilibrium can be represented by a polygon. See FORCES, POLYGON OF. Triangular Truss. Bridge truss in which the struts and ties of the webbing have the same inclination; generally one truss having a single system of webbing. Triangulation. See PRIMARY TRIANGULATION and GE ODESY. Tributer. Miner who engages to work a mine, or section of a mine, on condition of delivering to the owner a specified part of the gross yield, retaining the remainder. Tributyrin. See BUTYRINES and BUTTER. Trichechidæ. Family of Pinnipedia, including the Walrus. Except in the dentition and the absence of external ears, they are similar to the Otariada. Nearly all the incisors are lost in early life, while the upper canines grow from persistent pulps into two downward-turned tusks, which the animal uses for digging, for lifting itself upon ice floes, and for offense and defense. The Atlantic and Pacific species are distinct. Triassic. Lowest division of the Mesozoic rocks; named from its threefold division in Europe; often accompanied in America with erupted volcanic materials, and chiefly found See in Nova Scotia, Connecticut Valley. N. J., Pa. and N. C. The oldest reptilian remains are found in this formation. COLUMN. Trichechodont Dentition. Form of molar teeth of the antiodont-lophodont series, having the tubercular ridges of their crowns confluent into two or more transverse crests, as in the teeth of the elephant, dinotherium, kangaroo, manatee, and lower jaw of the tapir. Tribal State. That stage in the development of mankind in which the tribe is the only unit of social organization, land being held in common, and little or no complexity of industrial condition existing. Tribasic Acid. See ACID. Tribe. In Botany, group of genera subordinate to a family. Trichechus. See MANATEE. Trichiasis. Misplaced eyelashes, their mal position causing them to rub against and to irritate the eye-ball. Relief can be obtained by extracting the lash, which will return and irritate. A cure can be brought about by destroying the hair follicle producing the lash, or changing the direction of the growth of the lash. Tribes. Twelve divisions of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of Jacob, Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, Benjamin, Gad, Asher, Dan, Naphtali. Levi having been made a priestly caste, Joseph was divided into the two tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, to maintain the number. Trichina Spiralis. Parasitic nematode, found in the alimentary canal of man, carnivorous mammals, the pig, and the rat; discovered by Richard Owen 1835. The eggs develop within its body, and the young burrow into the muscles of the host, where they become encysted. Then, if eaten, they escape from Tribonianus, d. ab.545. Jurist and official under Justinian; one of the framers of the Code and Institutes, and chief compiler of the Pandects or Digest. Tribromacetaldehyde. See BROMAL. Tribromphenol. C.H, OH. Br,. White needles; mpt. Tribune. Originally the seat of the ruler or judge in a Sexually mature female Trichina spiralis (highly magnified). Trichina lying coiled the cysts and become sexually mature. Each female can pro- Trichinosis, or TRICHINIASIS. Disease due to food con- TRICHITES-TRIHEDRAL ANGLE There is no means of destroying the parasite when in the muscles. When the disease is suspected calomel and castor oil are given to expel the embryos from the intestines; glycerin is said to kill them. Trichites. Bundle of delicate spicules, originating in a single cell of a sponge. Trichloracetaldehyde. See CHLORAL. Trichloracetic Acid. CCI.COOH. Colorless prisms, exceedingly soluble in water; mpt. 52° C.; produced by the action of chlorine in sunlight upon acetic acid, or by the oxidation of chloral; strong monobasic acid. Trichoblast. Vegetable cell of branching form, serving as a receptacle for some secretion. Trichocephalus. See TRICHOTRACHELIDÆ. Trichocysts. Organs present in some Infusoria (as in Paramecium), resembling the nettle-cells of Coelenterates. Trichogyne. Simplest form of the female organ of reproduction, consisting of a single cell with a hair-like projection in certain Algae and Fungi. Trichomes. Various appendages to and outgrowths from the epidermis of plants, as hairs, glands, and scales. Trichophore. Cells which aid in the conveyance of pollinoids to the carpogone or female organ of reproduction in certain Algæ, etc. Trichoptera. Suborder of Neuroptera, including forms having the wings covered with hairs or scales, thus resembling Lepidoptera. The hind wings can be folded. The mandibles are aborted; the other mouth parts form a sucking proboscis, or are sometimes aborted. The larvæ live in the water, in cases (cocoons) fastened to stones, and made from leaves, sticks, snail shells, grains of sand, etc., which they can drag about. The Phryganida or Spring-flies are examples. Trichoscolices. Group of Vermes, including Rotifers and Platyhelminths. Trichosporangium. Sporangium morphologically rep-esenting a hair. Trichotrachelidæ. Nematode worms with a long threadke neck and small mouth without papillæ. Trichocephalus ves half-buried in the intestinal walls of man and other aninals. The eggs are passed out and develop in the water, which, if imbibed, introduces the larvæ into the intestine. "RICHINA (q.v.) is a member of this family. Triclinium. Roman dining-room.-Also the couch on which they reclined at meals. Tricolor. Flag of France, adopted ab.1790; white, red, nd blue. Triconodont Teeth. Molar teeth with three subequal, rominent, conic and cutting tubercles, as in the cat. Tricoupis, SPIRIDION, 1788-1873. Greek Minister, diploatist. and poet. Speeches, 1836; Hist. Greek Revolution, 353-57.-His son, CHARILAOs, 1832-1896, was five times Pre■ier, alternating with his rival, Delyannis, from 1875. Trident. Three-pronged spear, associated with Neptune nd Britannia on coins and other representations. Tridentin 1551 recent. It has a fine harbor, a large commerce, much shipbuilding, and extensive manufactures. Pop., 1890, 120,333; district 158,344. Triewald, SAMUEL, 1688-1742. Swedish satirical poet. Trifid. In Botany, cleft into three parts ab. half way to the base. Trifoliolate. Compound leaf, composed of three leaflets, as in clover. Triforium. Arcade or gallery in a church, above aisle or nave. Trigeminus. Fifth pair of cranial nerves, the largest of the nerves derived from the brain. They are the great sensitive nerves of the head and face, being distributed to the forehead, the eyelids, cheeks, nose, and upper and lower jaws, including the teeth. They also supply motor impulses to the muscles of mastication, and the lingual branch is one of the nerves of the special sense of taste; known as the trifacial nerves. Trigger. Pivoted lever, which acts against a projection on the long arm of the sear; the short arm of the sear fits into the full-cock, half-cock, or safety notch of the tumbler. When the trigger is pulled by the finger the sear is withdrawn from its notch and allows the main-spring to operate the tumbler and hammer and drive the firing-pin against the cartridge. Triglycerides. Compounds, composed of three molecules of a monobasic fat acid and one of glycerin; e.g., tripalmitin, CH,(O.C1,H310)3. See GLYCERIDES. Triglyph. In the Doric frieze, three_vertical angular flutes, separated by narrow flat spaces; in Roman Architecture, placed over the center of the column; in Grecian, close to the angle of the entablature. Trigonometric Functions OF AN ANGLE. Ratios between the lines which determine the position of any point on the terminal line of the angle in reference to its initial line. They are constant for the same angle: they depend on the position of the terminal line, not upon the points on this line. They are periodic, the same value recurring at least once in each revolution. The primary functions are sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, cosecant; the secondary, versedsine, coversedsine. Trigonometry. Branch of Mathematics which treats of Trigonous. Of triangular prismatic form. Trigynia. Orders of plants having three pistils. |