32 TOBACCO-TOKIO ab. 678 lbs. Europe produces about the same amount as e U. S. In the U. S., in 1893, 84,428,797 lbs. were made Gathering the Crop. Todd, CHARLES SCOTT. 1791-1871. Officer in the war of Todd, DAVID PECK, b.1855. Prof. of Astronomy at Am- Todd, ELI, M.D., 1769-1833. Founder and supt. Retreat for the Insane at Hartford, Conn. Todd, HENRY JOHN, 1763-1845. Archdeacon of Cleveland 1832; editor and biographer of Milton and Spenser. Todd, JOHN, D.D., 1800-1873. Cong. pastor at Pittsfield, Mass., 1842-72; prolific writer. Student's Manual, 1835; Lectures to Children, 1834-58; Autobiography, 1876. Todd, JOHN BLAIR SMITH, 1814-1872. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1861-62; M.C. from Dakota 1863-65; Gov. 1869-71. Toddy. In the E. Indies, the fermented juice of the palm English mathematician. Todleben, FRANZ EDUARD, 1818-1884. Russian officer, Toe of Switch. Ends of the movable rails of a railroad switch. into 4,341,240,981 cigars, and 12,497,183 lbs. into 3,660.755,959 topol, 1863. cigarettes. See PIPES, TOBACCO. Tobacco, INDIAN. Lobelia inflata. Low, blue-flowered herb of the Lobelia family, with an intensely bitter foliage, native of e. N. America. The powdered leaves and seeds affect the brain and spinal marrow, and irritate the stomach and bowls; they have produced death. It contains a narcotic alkaloid, lobelin, a non-volatile oil, which forms crystalline salts. Tobago. One of the Windward Isles, W. Indies; area 114 sq. m.; held by Dutch and French 1632-1763, and since by Britain; connected with Trinidad. Pop., 1891, 18,353. Tobit. Apocryphal book, describing sundry marvelous deliverances and cures in the family of a Jewish exile; called in the Vulgate Tobias. Toboggan. Swiss traveler in Palestine. Tobler, TITUS, 1806-1871. Topographio von Jerusalem, 1853-54; Nazareth, 1868; Palestina Descriptiones (300-1500), 1867-74.-His son, ADOLF, b. 1835, prof. Berlin since 1867, is an authority on Romance philology. This was originally an Indian pack-sled, It was made From this peculiar especially to the Canadian-French. of thin strips of wood curled up at the front. was developed the sled of sport, of birch in. thick, 16 in. wide, and carrying 3 to 8 persons; made to run on snow or ice with runners, or rollers to run in chutes. The term tobogganing is now used to include all sliding by means of low sleds on artificial hills of various kinds, some of which end in a prepared water-plunge. Tobolsk. Capital of a district of w. Siberia; on the Irtish and the Tobol. It has manufactures of tallow, soap, and leather, and shipbuilding. Pop., 1891, 22,651. Tocantins. River of e. Brazil, flowing ab. 1,500 m. n. to the Para; partly navigable. Its tributary, the Araguay, is ab. 1,300 m. long. Tofana. See AQUA TOPHANIA. Toggle Joint. Made by two hinged bars meeting at an angle of almost 180°; if a side force then acts upon the hinge, a large force of compression can be produced in the two bars. Such a joint is used in the stone crusher and in many printing Toccata. Composition for keyed instruments of the organ and pianoforte kind; piece of persistent movement, with little variation in the time value of the notes, and frequently sounding like improvisations. presses. Togo. Town of German W. Africa in Togoland, a German Tokay. Town of n.e. Hungary, on the Theiss; pop. 5,012. Production of living things Tod, DAVID. 1805-1868. U. S. Minister to Brazil 1847-52; or TUDAWA. Token Money. Coins whose intrinsic value is much less than their face value, as the 1-cent and 5-cent copper and nickel coins, and the silver coins of the U. S. Dominant race of a section of s. India, Tokens. Metallic cards, made in various countries for ad vertising and other purposes; especially those formerly issued in Scotland, admitting the holder to communion. They have an obscure place in numismatics. Tokio (formerly YEDO). Capital of Japan; seaport, at the head of Yedo Bay, on the e. coast of Niphon; settled in 15th It has a large trade and century, and important since 1590. of Ma 1085, a Swiss, and by William secured in s and in Ger tions and p antipodal to Tolidin analogous t of dye-stuff luene: know used in the azoblue. Tolima. is a quiescen activity in 15 Tollens, best known b Tolly. S Tolon, M York 1848-57 Tolosa. Toledo. Ancient city of Spain, on the Tagus, 40 m. s.s.w. Madrid; capital of the Goths 467-714, then of the Moors till -85, and of Castile till 1560; once prosperous, populous, and 1533 1808. Near it the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre defeated the Moors July 16, 1212. Tolsa, MANUEL, ab.1750-ab. 1810. architect, in Mexico from 1781; noted especially for an equesSpanish sculptor and trian statue of Charles IV., erected in Mexico City 1803. lyric poet.' Death of Ivan, 1865, tr. Tolstoi, ALEXEI, COUNT, 1817-1875. Prince Serebryani, was tr. 1893. 1869. His only novel, Russian dramatist and Tolstoi, DIMITRI, COUNT, 1823-1889. Russian Minister of Education, noted as a zealous instrument of tyranny. Romanism in Russia, tr. 1874. Tolstoi, LEO or LYEFF, COUNT, b.1828. Russian novelist of highest rank. His chief works are War and Peace, 1865-68, and Anna Karenina, 1875-78. He has also pub. many shorter tales, sketches, and tracts, intended for the peasants to whom his later years have been devoted, or for the propagation of his peculiar religious ideas. Some venerate him as the chief apostle and model of realism, others as a missionary and reformer: whatever may be thought of his judgment, his genius and sincerity are alike undoubted. The Kreutzer Sonata, 1888; Ivan Ilich, 1884; Master and Man, 1895. Toltecs. Indians of Mexico who emigrated s. into Yucatan, where they may have introduced the Mayan civilization, or perhaps gained their own from a more ancient type. Later they went n. and established a predecessor of the Aztec civilization in Mexico. They were conquered by the Nahuatt, also Toledo. nous for its sword-blades; now decayed. Its university, nded 1498, was suppressed 1807: its palace was burned 7. Its fine cathedral, erected 1227-1493, is 404 ft. by 204, h a tower 329 ft. high. Pop. ab.21,000. Toledo. Capital of Lucas co., Ohio, on the Maumee, at w. end of Lake Erie; settled ab.1795, chartered 1837. It 25 m. of docks, providing for a large lake trade, and exsive railroad connections, being touched by 23 lines. Its nufactures are varied. It has 356 m. of streets, and 95 m. street railways. Water is supplied by pumping. Pop., O, 81,434. Coledo, ANTONIO SEBASTIAN DE, MARQUIS DE MANCERA. "oledo, FRANCISCO DE, ab.1517-1584. oledo War. Dispute as to Ohio-Mich. boundary, 1836-37. n. received the n. peninsula in lieu of her claim to the reabout Toledo. oleration. Exemption from persecution; partial or enliberty granted to dissenters from an established church. idea scarcely existed before the Reformation, and thencemade its way slowly, being proclaimed by a few French, Es, and Polish thinkers, and enforced, so far as he could, William the Silent in Holland. Religious freedom was red in some degree in France by the Edict of Nantes 1598, in Germany by the Peace of Westphalia 1648. The nos and practices of the past in this respect were practically Dodal to those which now prevail in civilized lands. plidine. C2H.(CH3),.(NH2)2. Diamidoditolyl; compound ogous to benzidine, and similarly used in the preparation ye-stuffs; prepared by the rearrangement of hydrazotoe; known in various forms, as orthotolidine, mpt. 128° C., in the manufacture of cotton dyes, e.g., benzopurpurin, ue. olima. Peak of the central Cordilleras in Colombia. It uiescent volcano, 18,425 ft. high, which showed signs of ity in 1595, 1826 and 1829. llens, HENDRIK, 1780-1856. Dutch poet and dramatist, known by his lyrics. lly. See BARCLAY DE TOLLY. -lon, MIGUEL TEURBE, 1820-1858. Cuban poet, in New 1848-57. losa Tom Toltec Girl. from the n., who as Aztecs were overthrown by Cortes. The theory that the T. culture was introduced from the Orient does not appear well supported. Their empire is said to have lasted ab.686-1070: its downfall was due in part to dissensions between priests and nobles. Tolu Balsam. Viscid substance, obtained from trees of contains cinnamic and benzoic acids, benzyl benzoate, and Myroxylon toluifera, found in S. America. Upon exposure it hardens to a vitreous mass. Its flavor suggests vanilla. It cinnamate. It is used in perfumery and confectionery, and as a mild tonic in bronchial affections. hydrocarbon with pleasant odor; bpt. 110° C.; present in Toluene. C.H,.CH.. agents convert it into benzoic acid. It is used as a solvent, Toluol. Methylbenzene; liquid coal tar, and prepared from it by distillation. as a source for nitrotoluene, toluidine, and SACCHARIN (q.v.). Oxidizing prepared by the partial oxidation of the xylenes. Toluic Acid. CH,.C,H,.COOH. Known in three forms, acid is an isomer. a-Toluic Toluidines. CH,.C,H,NH,. Bases closely resembling aniline; known in three forms, ortho, meta, and para; prepared by the action of reducing agents upon the three nitrotoluenes. Orthotoluidine is a liquid, boiling at 199°C.; metatoluidine boils at 197° C.; paratoluidine is o 34 TOLUYLENE BLUE-TONIC SOL FA merous forms; derived from toluene by the removal of two Toluylene Blue. C1,H20N,Cl. Product of the action of Diamidotolunes; bases formed by the reduction of the dinitrotoluenes, esembling in every way the PHENYLENEDIAMINES (q.v.). Toluylene Red. CH,,N.HCl. Product of the oxidaion of dimethylparaphenylenediamine and toluylenediamine. It dyes cotton red upon a tannin mordant. Tom. River of w. Siberia, rising in Abakan Mts., flowing w., n., n.w. and joining the Ob, 27 m. below Tomsk. Length 525 m. Tom, BLIND (THOMAS GREENE BETHUNE), b. 1849 in Ga. Illiterate negro pianist, well known as a musical prodigy from 1861. Tomahawk. War club of N. American Indians. Tomato. Lycopersicum lycopersicum. Large herb of the Potato family, native of S. America; widely cultivated for its fruit; called also Love-Apple. The tomato blight is caused by Large Early Red Tomato: a, its fruit; b, fruit of common tomato. 2 Tomlinson, GIDEON, 1780-1854. M.C. 1819-27; Gov. of Timlinson, HERBERT, b.1845. English physicist and elec trician. Tommaseo, NICCOLA, 1802-1874. Italian author and compiler. Dell' Italia, 1835; Canti Populari, 1841-42; Studi critici, 1843. Tompkins, DANIEL D., 1774-1825. Judge N. Y. Supreme Tomsk. Town of w. Siberia, on the Tom; partly burned Cladosporium fulvum, an imperfect fungus, which forms rusty brown patches on the under side of the leaves, causing the death of the plant. Spraying with copper sulphate solution destroys it. Tomato Blight. See TOMATO. Tom Thumb. See STRATTON, C. S. Tom Tiddler's Ground. Variety of game of tag. The chaser or player who is "it" guards a certain piece of ground upon which the other players, trespassing, may be caught. The one caught then takes his place. Ton. In the U. S. and Gt. Britain 2.240 lbs.; short ton in the U. S. is 2,000 lbs., metric ton is 2,204.6 lbs. In the measurement of ships the register ton is 100 cu. ft.; for cargo 40 cu. ft.; in Gt. Britain 42 cu. ft. Tonalite. Igneous rock having a granitic structure; a quartz-mica diorite. Tone. Musical sound due to sonorous bodies vibrating with a regular periodicity. Tones make up one of the two great classes of sounds, and are distinguished from noises, which are due to irregular vibrations. See HEARING. Tomb. Monument over a grave. In early times the dead were sometimes placed in excavated sepulchers, especially in the East. The pyramids of Egypt, the rock-tombs of Persia, and the catacombs of Rome are examples. When the dead were cremated and the ashes placed in cinerary urns, the columbarium was provided to receive them. In some Spanish-American towns and in Italy, the niches for the coffins In early Christianity the dead were not are built in terraces. buried in churches. In the Middle Ages tombs were built in the churches, beginning with a stone coffin, followed in the 13th century by a sarcophagus with a recumbent figure in stone, beneath a canopy. Sometimes they were placed in arched recesses in the wall. See BURIAL OF THE DEAD. Tombac. Red, hard alloy of copper and zinc, containing 15 per cent of zinc. White tombac consists of copper 75, arsenic 25. Imitation gold jewelry is made of the former. Tone, THEOBALD WOLFE, 1763-1798. Irish revolutionist; officer in French expeditions of invasion 1797-98; capitally condemned. He cut his throat in prison. His autobiography, 1826, was edited by his son, WILLIAM THEOBALD WOLFE, U.S A., 1791-1828. School of Cavalry, 1824. Tombigbee River. River of Miss. and Ala. It heads in the broken plateau country of s.e. Miss., and flows 450 m., generally s., forming, with the Ala., Mobile River. Drainage area 18,896 sq. m. Tombs, SIR HENRY, 1824-1874. Anglo-Indian officer, distinguished at Delhi and Lucknow in the Sepoy rebellion; Col. 1858, Major-gen. 1867. Tone-Color. Quality of spoken sounds. See PROSODY. Tomentose, or TOMENTULOSE. Having the surface cov- Tomentum. Covering of woolly nature. the South, 1864-67. Tongue. Muscular organ in the cavity of the mouth. It American historical Tongue of a Frog. In a railroad, triangular piece which unites the ends of the two rails which meet. Tongues, GIFT OF. Described in Acts ii. as a sudden communication of Tonics. Class of remedies supposed Tonic Sol-fa. Method of teaching vocal music, and nota- Tomia. Outer part of gape of mouth of birds, from tip The names of the notes in the scale indicate relations only, not absolute pitches. To enforce this the ordinary staff notation lated up foreign tr foreign v in the U. rates. In those nat lands and Tonor structed b that any and there TONK-TOPEKA It was originated by Elizabeth Glover in Norwich, and developed by John Curwen. A college in London is devoted to Instruction in this system. Tonk. Town of n. India, near the Banas. Pop., 1891, 16,069. Tonka (or TONQUIN) Bean. Dipteryx odorata. Large tree of the natural family Leguminosa, native of n. S. America, bearing fragrant oval seeds, used in perfumery. Tonka Bean. Tonnage. Internal measurement of a ship, representing the capacity of the vessel to carry cargo; determined by a mode of measurement prescribed by law; not synonymous with the number of tons she may carry. It is made for the purpose of registry at her port and for the laying of dues. Tonnage is estimated by bulk or by weight. See TON. Tonnage and Poundage. Ancient tariff on imports and exports, the proceeds of which were as levied by all the early sovereigns of England. In the time used in maintaining the navy. It Edward I., 1303, all foreign merchants, trading in English rts, had to pay a duty of 2 shillings per tun on imported ne and 3 shillings per pound sterling on all other imported d exported merchandise. Tonnage Dues. Duty imposed on vessels in proportion "onquin, GULF OF. Arm of the China Sea, extending onsilitis. Inflammation of the tonsils, of which there are ral forms, of which follicular tonsilitis involves the fol, and is characterized by the presence of white spots, -h are sometimes confounded with diphtheretic patches and versa. The disease is a slight one. Suppurative tonsilitis JINSY (q.v.). onson, JACOB, 1656-1736. London publisher of many imant works and editions. Dnsure. R. C. usage of shaving the crown of the head, preparation for orders. The Irish priests anciently shaved ront of the head and the Greeks and Orientals the whole ontine. System of annuities or insurance, in which all Cribers pay an equal amount, but the survivors after the of each member receive an 1535 Tonty, or Tonti, HENRI, CHEVALIER DE, ab.1650-1704. imprisoned for alleged libel 1777-78; tried for treason 1794; Tooke, WILLIAM, 1744-1820. English writer on Russia. Toole, JOHN LAWRENCE, b.1832. English comedian, manager since 1879. Toombs, ROBERT, 1810-1885. M.C. from Ga. 1845-53; U. S. Senator 1853-61; eminent champion of State rights and secesopponent of reconstruction; advocate of State taxation of sion; brig.-gen. C.S.A. 1861-62; in exile 1865-67; vehement railroads 1874-78. Tootel, HUGH. See DODD, CHARLES. margin of a leaf, petal, or other organ. Tooth. See TEETH. Toothache. Neuralgic pain in a tooth caused by press- Toothache-Grass. Pungent grasses of the genus Cle- Toothache-Tree. See ASH, PRICKLY. object of solicitude among many savage tribes. The tooth- Toothed. See DENTATE. Toothed Birds. See ODONTORNITHES. Tooth-Ornament. Form of sculptured enrichment. It Toothwort. See PEPPER-ROOT. Topaz. 1. Oriental; yellow trans Tooth-ornament. Topazolite. Yellow variety of the mineral GARNET (q.v.). Top Crossing. Form of line breeding, in which animals Tope. Buddhist mound for the preservation of relics or 1 1 36 TORPELIUS-TORNADO nich cost $2,000,000, and some manufactures. Pop., 1890, Topelius, ZACHARIAS, b. 1818. Finnish poet, dramatist, Topete, JUAN BAUTISTA, b.1821. Spanish admiral 1867; Töpffer, RUDOLF, 1799-1846. Swiss novelist; prof. Geneva 832. Tophet. In O. T., (1) garden in the Valley of Hinnom, s.e. of Jerusalem; (2) from the idolatrous orgies held there, symbol of all abominations, and of divine retribution attending them. See GEHENNA. Toplady, AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE, 1740-1778. English sacred poet; extreme Calvinist and fierce polemic, especially against His Works, 6 vols., 1794, afford less cheerful the Wesleys. reading than his hymns, collected 1860, including "Rock of Ages," 1776. Topography. Details of relief of the earth's surface, as distinguished from orography, which includes the grand features of relief; natural surface of a country, represented on a map by means of symbols. Elevations are represented by contour lines, or by lines running down the declivities; streams and streets are shown by curved and straight lines, forests and plains by symbols which have a rough resemblance to trees and grass, and water by wavy lines parallel to the shores. Topolias. Modern name for LAKE COPAIS (q.v.). Topolobampo Bay. On n.w. coast of Mexico; part of Gulf of Cal. An unsuccessful Socialist colony was planted here 1886. Toponeura. See SCYPHOMEDUSÆ. Tops. These familiar and universal toys are of two principal kinds, peg-top and humming-top. Both are known to savage and primitive people, and specimens of the former exist in America and Egypt from remote antiquity. The origin and precise significance of tops is unknown. They are invariably regarded as a toy for boys, and are associated with the season of ice and winter. They exist in the greatest complexity and variety of forms in Japan. Over twenty kinds of Torbernite. Rare mineral, hydrous uranium phosphate of complex composition and beautiful green color, sometimes called uranium mica. Torbert, ALFRED THOMAS ARCHIMEDES, U.S.A., 1833-1880. Torch Wood. Amyris floridana. Florida shrub having Toreno, JOSÉ MARIA QUEIPO DE LLANO RUIZ DE SARAVIA, Ice Torfason, or Torfaeus, THORMODR, 1636-1719. Torgau. Town of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe. Here, ploding this the may be or other Antwer marine torpedoe was dev is a cigar lbs. of g 1, 2, Whip-tops; 3, Peg-top; 4, Spanish Peg-top; 5, Humming- Japanese tops have been described, of which one of the most Topsöe, VILHELM CHRISTIAN SIGURD, b.1840. Danish nov- erick II. It has a castle (Hartensfels) used as a barracks and COL (ay) from Torbanehill, Scot Toribio, ST., (T. ALFONSO MONGROVEJO), 1538-1606. Abp. of Lima from 1581; protector of the natives; eminent for charity and devotion; beatified 1679, canonized 1726. Torices, MANUEL RODRIGUEZ, 1788-1816. Pres. of Colombia 1812-14; defeated and executed by the Spaniards. Tories. 1. Irish R. C. outlaws, ab. 1650-80. 2. Stiff adherents of Charles II. and James II. 3. English party, opcalled Conservatives since 1830. 4. American opponents of posed to all changes in the State, supporters of privilege; the Revolution, 1775-82. Torii. Construction of bronze, stone or wood, consisting of two pillars, joined at the top by two cross-bars, projecting at both ends with an upward curve, and placed in front of every Shinto shrine in Japan; a perch for sacred fowls, who gave warning of daybreak. Tornado. Violent storm of wind, usually destructive. Those of w. coast of Africa are said to form suddenly in a clear sky; those of America and India are characterized by mines, and They are a measurem rapid-fire are used f also sea-g draught. 1 They are 18 in. Whit 180 ft. long They are a torpedoes, boats are us tons measu 18 in. Whi are 140 ft. urement, ar are carried which they are 58 ft. speed of 18 one launch SUBMARINE Torqua 347. Of th He had his single comb expression M Torque. |