TIMBER-LINE-TIN grain is ab. 3,000 lbs. per sq. in., while parallel with the grain it is only ab. 500. Timber-Line. Limit in altitude of growth of trees on high mountains. Timbre. Peculiar property of sound depending upon the number of overtones given out by the sonorous body; distinguishing feature of musical instruments and of human voices. On differences of timbre depend the characteristic sounds of podies of different material and structure. See OVERTONES and QUALITY. Timbrel. Small ancient musical instrument carried in he hand and similar to the modern tambourine. It was used -y Miriam after the passage of the Red Sea. Timbuctoo. Town of w. Africa, between the Sahara and he Niger, in lat. 16° 49′ N.; probably founded ab. 1100, visited Timbuctoo. Ibn Batuta ab. 1350, and by Laing 1826; commercially imrtant. Pop. perhaps 20,000, of mixed races. Timby, THEODORE RUGGLES, Sc.D., b.1822. American inntor of the turbine water-wheel; of revolving turrets, and er military devices. Time. Uniformly increasing one-dimensional variable, ich in the present condition of the universe is being rked off into intervals by the constant recurrence of varis natural phenomena. In the mere use of the word unim, however, we are reasoning in a circle, as no notion of iformity can be gained without the introduction of a timement. The events most commonly employed to serve as minal points of time intervals are: 1, the transits of the t point of Aries across the meridian; and 2, the transits of sun. The period between any two successive transits of = fixed star is practically constant and called the sidereal ; it is evidently the time taken for the earth to turn on its s once. The corresponding interval for the sun is not unim from day to day, but its average, taken over a very long iod, is used in all physical researches, and called the mean ar day. The 100 of the mean solar day is the unit of e employed in science, and is called a second. See DAY. Time. See RHYTHM. 1527 Timon, 5th cent. B.C. Athenian misanthrope, celebrated by Lucian and Shakespeare. Timon OF PHLIUS, ab.280 B.C. Greek philosopher and poet of the skeptical school, at Chalcedon and Athens. Fragments of his Silloi or satires remain. Timor. Island between Australia and Celebes; length ab. 300 m., area ab.12,000 sq. m.; nominally held in part by Portuguese and Dutch. Pop. ab.500,000, chiefly Papuan and Malay. Timor-Laut, or TENIMBER. Islands e. of Timor. Area ab. 2,200 sq. m., pop. ab.25,000. Timotheus, 4th cent. B.C. Greek musician. Timothy, EPISTLES TO. 15th and 16th N. T. books, written Timothy Grass. Phleum pratense. Valuable fodder and Timperley, C. H., ab. 1794-ab.1848. En- Timrod, HENRY, 1829-1867. Lyric poet Tims, THOMAS DILLON, b.1825 in Ireland. Timsah, LAKE. Since the completion of Timur. See TIMUR-LENK. Son of a Timur-Lenk, or TAMERLANE, ab. 1336-1405. Tin. Sn. At. wt. 119, sp. gr. 7.29, sp. ht. .056, mpt. 232° C., Time Earnings. Wages calculated by the time of work, pands of its length from 0° C. to 100° C.; latent heat of by the amount accomplished. Cimes. Leading London newspaper, founded 1788 by John lter, and managed by his descendants. The editors have n T. Barnes, 1816, J. T. Delane, 1841, T. Chenery, 1879, and E. Buckle, 1884. Time-Value. That which an article owes to having been t from a time when it was less valuable to a time when it more so. "imgad. Site in Algeria, 65 m. s. w. of Constantine, on of the spurs of Aures, with numerous ruins of the ancient man Thamugas, a colony of veterans formed after the vices of Trajan over the Parthians. It has paved streets, m, temples, and fountains. imocreon, 5th cent. B.C. Greek lyric poet of Rhodes. gments remain. imoleon, d.337 B.C. Corinthian patriot and hero, who his brother to prevent his becoming tyrant. He headed rce sent 344 B.C., at the petition of Syracuse for it : drove the t = fusion 14.3 calories; conductivity for heat 15.2, for elec- produ 28 TINAMOMORPHÆ-TINNE reams, and is obtained by dredging or by diverting the reams from their beds. Wood-tin is wood petrified by casterite. Vein tin is the mineral in veins. It is seldom that me vein rock as mined contains over 5 per cent of tinstone, he accompanying minerals being quartz, mica, fluorspar, patite, feldspar, iron oxides, bismuth, and wolframite. The assiterite can be separated from all these except the last by ravity concentration, as its specific gravity is so high, 6.5 o 7. The concentrates can be freed from the WOLFRAMITE 1.v.) only by treatment with acid. The annual production of tin in 1894 was estimated at 83,387 long tons, four-fifths of which comes from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo; ab. one-tenth is mined in Europe, and nearly one-tenth in Bolivia. A large proportion of the ore is shipped to Europe for treatment. It is also found in Australia, Tasmania, S. Dakota and Cal.; the last two localities have not been commercially productive. The market price of tin is 13 cents per lb. The methods of reducing tin ore are by reduction to impure metal and then refining. The ore is first crushed and concentrated on shaking tables. The ordinary rock, quartz, and metallic oxides are thus removed, while metallic sulphides and arsenides and tungsten compounds with iron and lime remain with the cassiterite. If the sulphides and arsenides are in considerable amount, they are next converted into oxides by roasting, followed by washing with acid to remove the oxides. In case much tungsten remains, this is sometimes removed by melting with a limited quantity of soda, which unites preferably with the tungsten and can be washed out as sodium tungstate, while not enough soda is used to attack the tin stone. Frequently the wolframite is picked out by hand. The concentrates thus obtained may contain 50 to 70 per cent of tin, from ore carrying only 1 or 2 per cent. The reduction to metal is by a smelting with carbon. In doing this, no more slag must be formed than is absolutely necessary, as tin is always likely to form stannates, and thus pass into the slag. The furnaces used are either reverberatory or cupola, the former being preferred. In operating a reverberatory, 1 to 4 tons of ore is taken, ground fine with one-fifth its weight of anthracite coal, and a small quantity of lime or fluorspar for flux, slightly moistened, and then charged and heated upon the hearth for 5 to 8 hours, with a reducing flame and closed doors. Afterward the heat is raised for 1 to 3 hours to thoroughly separate the tin from the slag, which can then be run off very fluid. In Germany, Australia, and Malacca, shaft furnaces are largely used, of small size, in order to avoid the reduction of iron, etc., with the tin. The furnaces have a sloping bottom, so that the tin as fast as produced runs out of the furnace, and so avoids reoxidation by the blast. The furnaces are up to 10 ft. high, and about 2 by 3 ft. in horizontal section, and the blast is usually introduced by a single tuyere at the back. The impure tin thus obtained is next refined. Careful heating on an inclined plate or the inclined hearth of a furnace will cause a purer metal to flow away, while such impurities as copper and iron remain largely as a mushy residue. The other vessels. Tin amalgam is used for coating mirrors. See BELL Tinamous (type of the TYNAMIDE). Central and S. Ameri- impurities can be mostly eliminated by stirring with a pole of dess for making water pipes, for tinfoil, for coat- has a single head; the wings are raised as in ostriches, and their Tincal. Crude borax of Tibet, imported into Europe and Tinchebray, or TENCHEBRAY. Town of Normandy, where, Tincker, MARY AGNES. b.1833. American novelist, long resident in Rome. Signor Monaldini's Niece, 1879; By the Tiber, 1881; Aurora, 1885. Tincture. In Pharmacy, an alcoholic solution of a drug. as tincture of opium; or of a combination of drugs, as the camphorated tincture of opium, the ordinary paregoric. The amount of alcohol varies with the drug employed and is determined by the formulæ furnished in the Pharmacopeia. Tindal, MATTHEW, 1656-1733. English deist. His Rights of the Christian Ch., 1706, was abused at home and valued in France and Germany: his Christianity as old as the Creation, 1730, called forth several answers. Tindale, WILLIAM. See TYNDALE. Tinder. Inflammable substance; charred lint or rags. Tinea. Name applied to several diseases of the skin, Tinel, EDGAR, b.1854. Belgian composer; organist at Tinfoil. Very thin sheets of tin, sometimes alloyed with Tinker's Weed. Name given to FEVERWORT (q.v.). Tinne, ALEXANDRINA PETRONELLA FRANCINA, 1839-1869. lygam are si TINNED MEATS-TISSAPHERNES Tinned Meats. See PRESERVATION OF FOOD. Tinneh (ATHABASCANS. CHIPPEWAYANS). Great group of Indians of related linguistic stock of w. N. America, including: 1. APACHES (q.v.) and Navajos of the s.w. U. S. 2. Group of ribes of region centering in Oregon: of these were probably the Modocs, nearly annihilated in war with U. S. 1873. 3. Indians of the Mackenzie River basin. 4. Alaska Indians, located be-ween the Aleut and the Eskimo. The Canadian Tinneh shape he infant skull into sugar-loaf form. The nose is aquiline, ight keen, features large, and beard considerable. They are loodthirsty and uncleanly, but temperate and frugal. They ubsist by hunting, fishing, and trade in furs. They were poygamous, but have been converted to the R. C. faith. Wives re slaves. They are subject in summer to contagious illuons and dancing manias. The tribes nearest the Eskimo mitate the underground houses of the latter with long low assage. They were cannibals, and human sacrifices were ffered. Tinnitus Aurium. Ringing of the ears, heard in health Tin Ore, or TIN STONE. See CASSITERITE. Tin Pyrites. See STANNITE. Tin Salts. See STANNOUS CHLORIDE. Tinsel. Thin sheets of glittering metal, used for decora- Tintagel. Ruined castle in w. Cornwall, legendary seat Tintern Abbey. In Monmouthshire, Eng., on the Wye, Tint of Passage. See TRANSITION TINT. Tintoretto (ROBUSTI), JACOPO, 1518-1594. Venetian painter, duly exalted by Ruskin, but possessed of great originality ambition, though occasionally lacking the solid quality the preceding generation. He has fine works in the Doge's 1529 at the ends; otherwise, it is placed beside a small depression Nov. 7, 1811, when the Indians were defeated by Gen. W. H. Tippoo Saib, 1749-1799. Son of Hyder Ali; Sultan of 1867-75. Tipula. See DADDY-LONGLEGS. His chief Tiraboschi, GIROLAMO, 1731-1794. Prof. Milan; librarian French Deputy Tirard, PIERRE EMMANUEL, 1827-1893. Tirhakah, d.664 B.C. King of Ethiopia 702, and of Egypt xix. 9. Tiro, MARCUS TULLIUS, 1st cent. B.C. Freedman of Cicero, and editor of his works; reputed inventor of Latin shorthand writing. T-Iron. Wrought-iron or steel bar whose cross-section has the shape of a letter T; used in bridge and roof construction. Tironian Notes. See SHORTHAND and TIRO. Tirso de Molina. See TELLEZ. Tiryns. Greek city in Argolis, destroyed ab.468 B.C.; noted for the vast walls of its citadel; excavated by Schlie ace. Miracle of St. Mark, by Tintoretto. The His Paradise, also there, is less admirable. -acle of St. Mark, in the Venice Academy, is one of his atest pictures.-His son, DOMENICO, was also a painter of -it, though little known. intype. See FERROTYPE. "ip-Cat. Almost universal child's game, played with a ll billet of wood, which is struck with a club from the und and knocked into the air. The billet is usually pointed Covered Passageway of Cyclopean Masonry in Tiryns. mann 1884-85. The Cyclopean walls of Tiryns and of the Tischbein, JOHANN HEINRICH WILHELM, 1751-1829. Ger- Tischendorf, LOBEGOTT FRIEDRICH KONSTANTIN VON, Tisri. Hebrew month corresponding to part of Sept.-Oct. Tissandier, GASTON, b. 1843. French aeronaut, who as- 414 BC 530 TISSERAND-TIT-TAT-TO Tisserand, FRANCIS FELIX, 1845-1896. Director observaory at Toulouse 1873, and Paris 1892. Tissot, JAMES, b.1836. French painter, long in London; oted of late for his biblical scenes. Tissues. Vegetable or animal structures composed of ells. 'Tis the last Rose of Summer. Song by Moore, adapted by him to an old Irish tune, "The Groves of Blarney," which he Flotow introduced it in his greatly changed in character. Opera Martha with fine effect; Beethoven arranged it for voice, pianoforte, violin, and violoncello, with words beginning "Sad and luckless was the season"; and Mendelssohn wrote a fantasia (Op. 15) on the melody. Tithes. Tenth of produce, devoted to religious uses; first mentioned Gen. xiv. 20 and xxxiii. 22; paid to the Levites, and from ab.350 irregularly to the clergy; not enjoined in N. T. The connection of Church and State in England and elsewhere is based on a commutation of tithes. Tithing-Man. In England, a kind of constable; in New England, a yearly elected officer who enforced attendance at public worship. Tithonus. Son of Laomedon, beloved by Aurora (Eos), who obtained for him the gift of immortality but without eternal youth; changed to a grasshopper. Titian (TITIANO VECCELLI or VECELLIO), 1477-1576. Greatest Venetian painter. His masterpieces are: in Rome, Borghese Florence, the Flora and Venus of the Uffizi, the Bella of the Tisza, KOLOMAN BOROSJENO, b.1830. Hungarian Premier Gallery, Divine and Earthly Love, Blindfolding of Cupid; in Pitti; in Dresden, Christ and the Tribute Money, and Venus; 1875-90. in Venice, the Presentation of the Virgin, the Assumption; in Titania. Queen of the fairies and wife of OBERON (q.v.). Titanic Acid. White powder; soluble in the common acids; varying in composition from Ti(OH), to TiO(OH),; prepared by precipitating a titanate. On ignition it yields titanium dioxide. Titanichthys. Hugest Placoganoid yet known; found in the Devonian rocks of Ohio. The head-shield alone is ab. 5 ft. long by 5 wide: the jaws, a yard in length, are set with formidable teeth. See PLACODERM. Titaniferous Iron Ore. Known as ilmenite, menaccanite, and by other names, according to the quantity of titanium present and its effect on the quality of the ore. Titanite. See SPHENE. Titanium. Ti. At. wt. 48, sp. gr. 3.58, sp. ht. .13, valence II. III. IV.; discovered by Gregor 1789; prepared by fusing potassium fluotitanate with potassium or sodium; gray aniorphous powder, resembling reduced iron. It has not been prepared in pure condition. It unites energetically with oxygen, and readily with nitrogen at high temperatures. It is soluble in the common acids. It occurs combined with oxygen in several minerals, the more important of which are rutile and brookite, both having the composition TiO,. It is frequently found in iron ores, increasing the difficulty of the smelting process by its infusibility, and sometimes in quantity so large as practically to destroy the value of the ore. used in porcelain painting and in the preparation of enamels. Titanium Bromide. TiBr. Amber yellow, well crystallized substance; mpt. 39° C., bpt. 230° C.; made by passing bromine vapors over a heated mixture of carbon and titanium dioxide. It is Christ and the Tribute Money. the National Gallery, London, Bacchus and Ariadne. There are many fine Titians in Madrid, and others in galleries already named and elsewhere. The excellence of this artist is his col Titanium Chlorides. Dichloride. TiCl,. Brown pow- Titanium Dioxide. TiO,. Found in nature as rutile, anatase, and brookite; white powder, prepared by heating titanic iron ore with hydrochloric acid and chlorine; soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid. Titanium Disulphide. TiS,. Substance resembling pyrites; made by fusing together rutile, sulphur, and sodium carbonate. Titanium Iodide. Til.. Brownish-red octahedra or prismatic needles; mpt. 150° C.; made by passing iodine vapor over heated titanium. Titanium Sesquisulphide. Ti,S. Metallic looking, grayish-black substance; made by passing carbon disulphide vapor over the heated dioxide. Titanium Tetrafluoride. TiF.. Yellow oil, formed in small quantities by treating fluorspar with sulphuric acid. Titanium Trifluoride. TiF.. Violet powder, obtained by heating potassium fluotitanate in a stream of hydrogen. Titanotherium. Genus of extinct mammals found in the Bad Lands of S. Dakota. Brontotherium is an allied geSee BRONTOTHERIDA. nus. none of whom are wholly his equals, except Giorgione, whose works are extremely rare. Titicaca. Lake on the Andean plateau, in Peru. Area ab. 3,200 sq. m., elevation 12,846 ft., greatest depth ab. 750 ft. 2. Their de- TIMOTHY. See HOLLAND, JOSIAH G. ot and Titiens, or Tietjens, TERESA CAROLINE JOHANNA, 1831land; in the U. S. 1876. 1877. Hungarian-German soprano singer, well known in Eng Titinius. Roman dramatist, writer of comedia togatæ ab.170 B.C. Fragments remain. Title. Means by which one becomes lawful owner of property. It includes, when complete in one person, possession, right of possession, and right of property. Title-Deeds. Deeds evidencing a person's right or title to lands, otherwise muniments of title. Tits (TOM-TITS, TITMICE). True tits include birds of the family Parida, mostly Old World forms, highly colored with azure, white, red, and black. They breed in holes in trees, but the Long-tail or Bottle-tit makes a pendent nest. 5 species are found in Gt. Britain, and 15, which are dull colored, are American: e.g., the Chickadee and the white and red-breasted Nuthatches or Sap-suckers: they feed exclusively on insects. The Hill-tits, belonging to the family Leiotrichidae, include 60 species of bright-colored birds of the Oriental region. Of these the Red-bill, falsely called Japanese Robin, is often kept confinement: it is not native to Japan. The Ground-tit (Wrentit) of Cal. lives on shrubby hillsides that are almost devoid of rain, and belongs to the family Troglodytidæ. Child's game, played by two persons on a TITULAR BISHOP-TOBACCO late, or with pencil and paper, on a diagram formed by two traight lines crossed by two lines at right angles. The players Iternately put down a cross and a circle in the divisions, the bject being to get three marks of the same kind in a row. here is no historical explanation of the game, but the form f the diagram and the symbols used, from comparative studies, uggest a divinatory origin and a primitive cosmical signifiince. See NOUGHTS AND CROSSES. Titular Bishop. Formerly bp. "in partibus infidelium"; e consecrated to a merely titular diocese, now occupied by ohammedans. Titus, EPISTLE TO. 17th N. T. book; written ab.65 by St. voli. Ancient Latin town, 18 m. e. of Rome. As Tibur s the summer-resort of Marius, Scipio, Mæcenas, Horace, other Romans. It has some notable ruins, and works, ed 1892, for the electric lighting of Rome. Pop. ab. voli. Simple form of bagatelle, played upon an ina board set with pins, with a marble, which is either with a spring or shoved with a stick from a channel ne side. The marble, in rolling down the board, reds among the pins, and stops either in a hole on the , or in numbered compartments at the bottom, which mine the count. za. Commercial name for an impure ULEXITE (q.v.) found America. aloc. Mexican god of rain; worshiped with sacrifices of hers and children. ascala, or TLAXCALA. Former republic and town near o city. Its warriors fought the Mexicans, and aided s in his conquest. ad-Fish. See BATRACHIDÆ, 1531 Toads. See OXYDACTYLIA and BUFONIDÆ Toad's-Eye. Variety of wood-tin, occurring in small rounded grains with a concentric and radiated structure. See TIN, METALLURGY OF. fancied resemblance of form, was probably a fossil. 2. That Toadstone. 1. That of antiquity, so named from some of Derbyshire, England, is a dark, compact rock, like basalt, corruption of the German todtstein (dead stone), with allusion intruded among Carboniferous strata. The name may be a 3. Varieties of rock with peculiar mot to the absence of ore. tled surfaces. Toadstool. Varieties of Fungi of the class Hymenomycetes, of very wide geographical distribution, many of them poisonous. See MUSHROOM. Toast. Bread that has been toasted loses some of the water of composition, one evidence of this being the carbonizing or browning, and the starch is partially changed into compounds more quickly digested. To accomplish this the bread should be slowly browned. A very pleasant drink for invalids is made by pouring hot water over some well-browned toast and serving after it has cooled. Toast. This was an addition to English drinks in the 16th century, sack and punch being drunk with it. the 17th century it was customary to drink to the health In of the host and guests, and especially woman, who was called the toast. Tobacco. Nicotiana tabacum. Annual herb of the Potato family, native of America; widely cultivated for its leaves. It thrives best on rich alluvial soils. The young plants are started in beds, and transplanted to the field, ab. June 1, on soil that has been thoroughly prepared and well fertilized. Clean culture is given, and the seed stalk removed when it appears. When the leaves are mature, the plant is cut and hung up under cover to cure. When cured, the leaves are taken off, assorted, and packed in bundles for fermenting. N. rustica is the only other species much cultivated, and is grown in Asia, Africa and Europe. Tobacco contains 2 to 6 per cent of the alkaloid NICOTINE (q.v.), a cerebro-cardiac poison. Taken internally tobacco causes nausea; when smoked or chewed it is sedative or narcotic; in excess it affects the pulsations of the heart. Tobacco removes a large amount of mineral matter from the soil, and is therefore an exhausting crop. It was found to be in use by the Indians in all parts of America. Oviedo says the peculiar Y-shaped tube by which they inhaled the fumes was the herb. It is said to have been used by Spaniards in Yucatan called tabaco; Benzoni says tabacco is the Mexican name of 1520. It was first brought to Spain 1558, and to England ab. 1565. In 1586 Ralph Lane, Gov. of Va., and Sir Francis Drake 1. American Tobacco (N. tabacum); 2. Syrian Tobacco (N. rustica). furnished Sir Walter Raleigh with materials for smoking, A Proclamation against it was issued 1584. James I. issued his "Counterblaste" against it 1604. Its cultivation in D |