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olving in a cylinder provided internally with teeth. The chines are driven by horse or steam power.

Thrift. Armeria vulgaris. Maritime herb of the natural Her Plumbaginaceae, native of cooler parts of n. hemisphere.

a propeller shaft close to the stern of a steamship, by which
the reaction of the water against the wheel is received and
transmitted to the hull for its forward motion; whatever
work is necessary to drive the engine forward is in action at
this point. It is a box-bearing (see BEARING) in which a num-
similar rings or collars formed upon the shaft. The sides of
the rings bear upon the sides of the grooves, and take the
thrust of the screw. The grooves are faced and lined with
Babbitt metal, and waterpipes can force circulating water in
cored cavities around the bearing to keep it cool. Such bear-
ings will be 4 ft. long for a 14 in. shaft.

Thring, EDWARD, 1821-1887. Headmaster from 1853 of Up-ber of square grooves are bored out to be the complements of
ngham School, Eng., where his success was eminent.-His
other, GODFREY, b. 1823, Prebendary of Wells 1876, is a well-
hown hymnist. Ch. of England Hymn-book, 1880-82.
Thrips. See PHYSOPODA.

Throat. In Botany, opening of the tube of a calyx or
Orolla.

Throat Diseases. Diseases invading the throat are those which attack its mucous membrane, forming varieties of caarrhal affections whose special names depend upon the locaion and special manifestations of the malady. Or they are liseases affecting special organs located in the parts included by the term. An example of latter class is TONSILLITIS (q.v.). The catarrhs are named from the seat of the disease, as pharyngitis, when it is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx: laryngitis, when of the larynx, etc. They may be acute or chronic. Clergyman's and Costermonger's sore throat are familiar examples of a chronic pharyngitis. See DIPHTHERIA and QUINSY.

Throckmorton, JAMES WEBB, 1825-1894. Gov. of Texas 1866-67; M.C. 1875-79 and 1883-87.

Throgmorton, SIR NICHOLAS, 1513-1571. English envoy to Scotland and France; imprisoned 1569.

Thrombosis. Derangement of the circulatory apparatus causing coagulation of some of the contained blood. It may be simply pressure on a blood-vessel, or an inflammation of a vein. The symptoms are more frequently observed in the veins, where the resulting clot may be large enough to prevent the flow of blood through the vessel. This condition is sometimes sought, as in the operation of ligation for hemorrhoids. Frequently a part of a clot or a smaller clot is washed away and carried to another part of the body, eventually plugging the lumen of another blood-vessel. This migrating thrombus is called an embolus, and the resulting disease EMBOLISM (q.v.).

Throop, ENOS THOMPSON, 1784-1874. Gov. of N. Y. 182932-His nephew, MONTGOMERY HUNT, b. 1827, pub. Revised Statutes of N. Y., 1878, and Code of Civil Procedure, 1880. Throw. Amount of vertical displacement when rocks are faulted.

Throw of Switch. Distance the movable rail of a switch can be displaced horizontally by reversing the lever.

Thrush. One of the inflammatory diseases of the mouth,

characterized by the appearance of a number of small, whitish points, afterward coalescing forming patches that resemble curd-like masses. These may eventually turn brown. It is a disease of childhood and lasts from two to three weeks, usually accompanied by some constitutional disturbances. It is due to the presence of a fungus, whence its scientific name, mycotic stomatitis. The precise species is not determined, but it is, probably, the oidium albicans. It is not dangerous unless the patient be otherwise much debilitated.

Thrush. Some members of genus Seiurus, of family Mniotiltida. The "wood-warblers" are known as Thrushes, e.g., the Water Thrush and the Golden Crowned Thrush; but true Thrushes include the family Turdida, universally distributed; being found even on oceanic islands. They are most numerous in the Old World, including Old-World Warblers, Tailor-birds, Nightingales, the Ring Ouzel, Mistletoe Thrush, etc. In England the Song Thrush is famed as the rival of the Nightingale. In America the Thrushes are related to the Flycatchers and Blue-birds. The American Robin (Red-breast) is a member of the Thrush family, as is also the Oregon Robin. See DENTIROSTRES, WILSON'S THRUSH, and WOOD THRUSH. Thrust. 1. Outward push of a rafter or arch against a wall or abutment. It increases as the rise of the rafter or 2. In Mining, movement in the floor of a arch decreases. nine, caused by weight of overlying rock; practically synonythe last length of

CREEP (g.V.).

Thugs. Secret confederacy of professional assassins which infested India from ab. 13th century till stamped out 1828-35. They traveled in gangs of 10 to 200, strangling and plundering which to recognize one another. See THIEVES' JARGON. wealthy wayfarers, as a religious duty owed to the goddess Devi or Kali. They had a jargon of their own, and signs by

Thule. Island alleged to have been visited by Pytheas of Massilia 4th cent. B.C.; six days' sail n. of Britain, with day and night each six months long; variously conjectured to be Iceland, the Shetland Islands, and Lapland. "Ultima Thule" is a synonym for any remote or unattainable goal.

Thulite. Rose-red variety of the mineral ZOISITE (q.v.), found in Norway.

Thulium. Tm. At. wt. 170.7, valence III. Element discovered by Cleve, 1879, in gadolinite. Its homogeneity is not established. Its oxide is white, Tm,O,.

Thumbscrew. Implement of torture, employed especially in Spain by the Inquisition, and in Scotland upon the Covenanters; last used 1682.

Thümen, FELIX, FREIHERR VON, 1839-1892. German mycologist. Fungi Austriaci, 1871-75; Mycotheca Universalis, 1875-84.

Thummim. Worn with Urim by
Jewish High Priests when they so-
licited the Divine oracles; compared
to the sapphire image of Truth worn
Egypt.
by the Chief Judge of Thebes, in

Thumbscrew.
In Switzerland,
Thun, LAKE.
above the town of Thun. Interlaken is on its e. shore.
Length 103 m., width 23 m., depth 710 ft., altitude 1,837 ft.
Thunberg, CARL PETER, 1743-1822. Prof. of Botany in
Upsala 1781. Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia, 1770-79; Flora
Japonica, 1784; Flora Capensis, 1807-13.

Thund

Thund

Superior o

Thund

thunder. Thund serving in for rain, w by a storm lightning, Thund thunder, li occurring i cal regions Thuner omist, note profit-shari in Beziehu 1826-63. Thurib Thurife priest, carry Thuring Thuring Saale, s. of range ab. 60 Thurlow tor-gen. 1770 part of 1783; Thurma 1845-47; Ju 1854-56; U. mittee; Den "Thurman A to fulfill thei Thurney prof. Jena 1 Thurn u princes since of mails in t Thurot, mander of a Thursby known since Thursday Thursday is in Thurston emy 1875, St and inventor. gine, 1890-91. Thusneld or Arminius; umph at Rom Thwaites Historic Wate Thyestes. served up his gods cursed A Thyine W SANDARACH (9 it, believing it Thylacol supial, with a Thyme.

Thyme (Thymus

distributed thro

tropics of the w

Thymol.

THUNDER-TIBETANS

Thunder. See LIGHTNING.
Thunder Bay. In Canada, the inlet at the head of Lake
perior on which Port Arthur stands.
Thunder-Clap.

under.

Specially intense, loud, short roll of

Thundering Legion.

ving in the war against the Quadi, 174, whose prayers Mythical body of Christians rain, when the army was in great straits, were answered a storm which destroyed numbers of the enemy by hail and htning, and secured a Roman victory.

Thunder Storms. Brief local rain storms, with much under, lightning and wind, frequently changing to hail, and curring in warm weather. They are very frequent in tropiregions, but rarely occur in temperate zones in winter. Thunen, JOHANN HEINRICH VON, 1783-1850. German econist, noted for his practical experiments in agriculture and in fit-sharing at Tellow in Mecklenburg. Der Isolierte Staat Beziehung auf Landwirthschaft und Nationalökonomie, 6-63.

Thurible. See CENSER.

Thurifer. In R. C. services, acolyte who attends the
est, carrying the thurible or censer.
Thuringerwald. See THURINGIA.

Churingia. Saxon region between the Werra and the
le, s. of the Harz Mts. Its forest, Thuringerwald, is a
ge ab. 60 m. long, and reaches a height of 3,460 ft.

"hurlow, EDWARD, BARON, 1732-1806. M.P. 1768; Solici-
gen. 1770, Atty.-gen. 1771; Lord Chancellor 1778-92, except
of 1783; Tory, of low character and offensive manners.
"hurman, ALLEN GRANBERY, 1813-1895. M.C. from Ohio
5-47; Judge of Ohio Supreme Court 1851; Chief-justice
-56; U. S. Senator 1869-81; Chairman of Judiciary Com-
tee; Democratic candidate for Vice-President 1888. The
urman Act" was designed to compel the Pacific railways
ulfill their obligations to the U. S.

hurneysen, EDUARD RUDOLF, b. 1857. Swiss philologist,
. Jena 1882 and Freiburg 1887.

hurn und Taxis. German family of Italian origin,
ces since 1698; founders of posts from 1460; monopolists
nails in the empire from 1595 till recent times.
hurot, FRANÇOIS, 1726-1760.

der of a squadron 1755 and 1759; killed near Belfast.
French privateer, com-
hursby, EMMA CECILIA, b. 1857. American soprano singer,
vn since 1875.

hursday. Fifth day of the week, named from THOR (q.v.).
sday is in Latin dies Jovis, or Jupiter's day.
hurston, ROBERT HENRY, b. 1839. Prof. U. S. Naval Acad-
1875, Stevens Institute 1871, and Cornell 1885; engineer
inventor. Materials of Engineering, 1882-86; Steam En-
1890-91.

usnelda. Daughter of Segestes, and wife of Hermann
minius; made prisoner by Germanicus 15, and led in tri-
at Rome.

waites, REUBEN GOLD, b.1853. American antiquarian. pric Waterways, 1888.

yestes. Son of Pelops; his brother Atreus killed and d up his two sons at a banquet for him, for which the cursed Atreus and his house.

yine Wood. Mentioned in the Bible, and is probably ARACH (q.v.) wood. The Turks floor their mosques with lieving it to be indestructible.

ylacoleo. Large, extinct, probably carnivorous, Mar1, with a broad trenchant premolar.

yme. Thymus vulgaris. Low aromatic shrub, native

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of s. Europe; cultivated in gardens. The Wild Thyme is T. serpyllum, a native of Europe, sparingly naturalized in N. America. Thyme, OIL OF. Volatile oil obtained from Thymus vulgaris and T. serpyllum, of agreeable, strong and penetrating odor, and much used in Europe in culinary seasoning.

Thymelæaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiospermae, subclass Dicotyledons, and series Apetala, comprisuted through the temperate and warm regions and the ing 38 genera and ab. 400 species, S of the whole earth; called the Mezereum family mol. CH CU

me (Thymus serpyllum).

1523

crystalline solid, with a strong but pleasant odor; used as rived from methylpropylbenzene; prepared from oil of thyme; an antiseptic and disinfectant.

Thymus Gland. Temporary, ductless gland, attaining its full size at the end of the second year, after which it dwindles away. It is located in the chest cavity behind the sternum. It has an uncertain function. In the calf it forms the true sweetbread. It has been claimed that an extract of the thymus gland was curative in cases of exophthalmic goitre, but the results of other observers do not substantiate this claim. Thyroid Gland. Ductless gland surrounding the upper end of the windpipe in

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front. Its function is
obscure and under dis-
cussion. It is of gen-
eral interest, as the en-
largement of the gland
causes the condition
known as GOITRE
(q.v.). That form of
imbecility known
CRETINISM (q.v.) is as-
sociated with a
genital absence of the
gland: while a some-
what analogous dis-
surgical removal of the
ease of adult life, my-
gland or is accompa-
xedema, follows the
nied by its atrophy.
The

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con

of a Child:

sheep's thyroids or of
exhibition of Group of Gland-vesicles from the Thyroid Gland
the extracts of thyroid a, connective tissue; b, membrane of the vesicles;
glands has brought
about a cure of this otherwise incurable disease in a number
c, epithelial cells.
of instances. Thyroid extract also reduces flesh when admin-
istered for some time.

Thyrsus. Compound kind of inflorescence, with the primary branching racemose and the ultimate branching cymose. Thysanoptera. See PHYSOPODA.

Thysanura (including COLLEMBOLA). Wingless Insecta, having the body covered with hairs or metallic scales, and velopment is without metamorphosis. Some forms like the having rudimentary mouth parts. The abdomen terminates in setæ, which may serve as a springing apparatus. The deCampodido have rudimentary legs on the abdomen. The Poduridae or Spring-tails belong in this group. The group is considered as representing degenerated Neuroptera.

chiefly for state, as the Golden Miter for special solemnity. Tiara. Papal miter, surrounded with three crowns; used Tibbu. People of the Sahara.

Tiber. River famous in Roman history. It rises in the Apennines, and flows 260 m. s. to the Mediterranean at Ostia. metropolis of Judaism, and a seat of Jewish learning. Saladin Tiberias. Palestinian city, on w. shore of Gennesaret. After the fall of Jerusalem, it was for several centuries the western defeated the Crusaders here 1187.

Tiberias, SEA OF. See GENNESARET.

Tiberias (CLAUDIUS NERO), 42 B.C.-37. Stepson and sonin-law of Augustus; heir to the throne 4; Emperor 14. He ruled well at first, but later became a morose and gloomy tyrant, living in retirement at Capreæ from 26, debauched and perhaps insane. Tacitus' account of him may be overdrawn, and the facts are imperfectly known; but the murder of GERMANICUS (q.v.) and many other crimes are popularly credited to him. The chief events of the Gospel narrative occurred during his reign: his denarius is called "tributemoney.

99

Tibet. Region of central Asia. It constitutes a plateau,
the highest of great extent upon the globe, having an esti-
probably 15,000 ft.
mated area of ab. 650,000 sq. m. and a mean altitude of
by other ranges. It is mainly desert, with little arborescent
on the n. by the Kuenlun and Nushan Mts., and is intersected
It is bordered on the s. by the Himalayas,
vegetation. The climate is very severe, and the country im-
perfectly known. It was conquered ab.1720 by China, and is.
still nominally subject. Capital Lhasa; pop. variously esti-
mated, probably ab. 5,000,000.

Tibetan. Monosyllabic language of Asia, simple in gram-
matical structure, the words strongly consonantal. It has a
considerable literature, derived mainly from Sanskrit source
Tibetans

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Tie tian

Tie

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Tibetans.

In some parts half the population are priests. Woman holds a high place. All the land belongs to the priests. Tibet Dog. See MASTIFF.

Tibio-Tarsus. Upper leg (crus) of birds, formed by the union of the tibia with the proximal tarsal bones; separated from the pelvis by the more or less concealed femur (thigh bone), and from the toes by the scaly TARSO-METATARSUS (q.v.).

Tibullus, ALBIUS, ab.54-19 B.C. Latin elegiac poet from whom we have many love songs of great tenderness and beauty. The third and fourth books which bear his name are probably not his.

Ticonderoga.

again by the British 1780; dismantled at the close of the war,
and now a picturesque ruin. The township has graphite and
iron mines. Pop., 1890, 3,980.

Tic Douloureux. Name given to facial neuralgia in its violent form. Certain parts of the face may be attacked, as the neighborhood of the eye, the cheek with the lips, a portion of the jaw, apparently following the distribution of one of the At other times the pain shoots branches of the trifacial nerve. from one region to another, as if the source of irritation were in the nerve trunk.

Tidal Evolution. Gradual changes produced in the motions of two bodies composed wholly or in part of fluid, by the mutual tidal action upon each other. G. H. Darwin has shown that this has probably been a powerful factor in the evolution of the earth and moon.

Tidal Showers. Rains (apparently) brought up by the tide, either along the coast or up tidal rivers.

Tidball, JOHN CALDWELL, U.S.A.. b.1825. Artillery officer, in Va. 1861-65; Col. 1885. Heavy Artillery Service, 1880.

Tichborne Case. Tried in London 1871-72. Arthur Orton, alias Thomas Castro, a butcher from Australia, claimed large estates in Hampshire, personating an heir, Roger Charles Tichborne, b.1829, who had died at sea 1854, and whose mother he had deceived. He was non-suited March 6, 1872, and after another long trial convicted of perjury Feb. 28, 1874, and imprisoned for 14 years. The two trials lasted 103 and 188 days, and cost some £90,000. The claimant confessed his imposture 1895.

Tiddledy Winks. Modern game in which small bone disks are made to spring into a basket or receptacle placed in the center of the board, by pressing them forcibly with a slip of bone upon their edge. An analogous game, of flipping small shells into a hole in the ground, is played by children in Siam and the Liu Kiu islands.

Tichenor, ISAAC, LL.D., 1754-1838. Judge of Vt. Supreme Court 1791, Chief-justice 1795-96; U. S. Senator 1796-97 and 1815-21; Gov. of Vt. 1797-1807 and 1808-9.

Ticino, or TESSIN. S.e. canton of Switzerland; mostly Italian and R.C. Area 1,082 sq. m., pop. ab. 130,000.

Tides. Periodic rise and fall of the waters of the ocean, twice every 24 h. 57 m. on the average; caused by the attraction of the moon, and to a smaller extent by that of the sun. When they act together, either in the same or opposite directions, as at new and full moon, the effect is greatest, and is known as Spring Tide. When they act at right angles to one

Ticinus (now TESSINO). River in Cisalpine Gaul, on the bank of which Hannibal gained his first victory over the Romans, 218 B.C.

Tickell, THOMAS, 1686-1740. English poet, author of the ballad Colin and Lucy, and an elegy on Addison 1721. Kensington Gardens, 1722.

Ticket of Leave. In England, since 1840, abridgment of a convict's term: previously, in Australia, partial liberty; in either case, the reward of good conduct in prison.

Tickets. See TRAVELERS, RIGHTS OF.

Ticknor, GEORGE, 1791-1871. Prof. Harvard 1820-35. His Hist. of Spanish Literature, 1849, is highly valued. Life of Prescott, 1864.

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Luni-Solar Tide.

another, i.e., when the moon is in its 1st or 3d quarter, the
effect is least; Neap Tide. The tidal wave is never under the
moon, but, owing to friction and the resistance of land masses,
being in the Pacific but 2 ft.; in gradually narrowing bays it
lags behind. The height of the tide in the open sea is small,
rises to a great height. See FUNDY, BAY OF.

Ticknor. WILLIAM DAVIS, 1810-1864. Publisher in Boston ch literary repute.

Tide Wheel. Form of water motor to utilize the current inshore on the rise of tide, and outward upon the ebb. It has two forms: (1) a simple current wheel, supported on an anchored float and turned by the alternating flow through a channel which connects an arm of the sea with an inner dykes which are filled with the rise of the tide. When the basin; (2) an intermittent type, involving reservoirs behind tide recedes, gates in the dyke are closed, and gates to the wheel allow the water to fall through the wheel and turn it on the way to the lower level. Current wheels of the first tilize ab. 40 per cent of the theoretical efficiency, and of

cent.

was chiefl

great mer painter.

Tierna m.1887. A Steel, 1882;

Tierne for Ireland

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TIE-BEAM-TIGHE

Tie-Beam. Wooden lower chord of a roof truss or bridge truss; any wooden beam under a tensile stress.

Tiebout, CORNELIUS, 1777-ab.1830. American engraver, especially of portraits of public men.

Tieck, LUDWIG, 1773-1853. German poet, critic, novelist, and translator, long popular in his renderings of fairy tales and old traditions; leading romanticist.

Tiele, CORNELIS PETRUS, b.1830. Prof. Leyden 1877. Egyptian Religion, 1869, tr. 1882; History of Religion, 1876, tr. 1878.

Tiemannite. HgSe. Rare mineral compound of mercury and selenium, found in the Harz Mts. and a few other localities.

Tien-Shan, or THIAN-SHAN. Mountain range of Turkestan, n. of Kashgar; partial s.e. boundary of Russian territory. Length ab. 1,000 m.; greatest ht. 24,000 ft., average ab. 11,000.

Tientsin. City and port of China, the junction of the Yunling and Peiho Rivers; open to foreigners since 1863. It as a large commerce. Pop. ab. 950,000.

Tiepolo, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, 1696-1770. Venetian painter, who revived to some extent the color of his predecessors. He

1525

Tiffany, CHARLES C., L.D., b.ab.1838. Archdeacon of New York. Hist. P. E. Ch., 1895.

Tiffany, LOUIS COMFORT, b. 1848, N.A. 1874. American painter, decorator, and artist in stained glass and mosaic. He has made important discoveries and improvements in this art. -His father, CHARLES LOUIS, b.1812; founder and head of a famous firm of jewelers in New York.

Tiffin. Capital of Seneca co., Ohio; on the Sandusky; seat of Heidelberg Univ. Pop., 1890, 10,801.

Tiffin, EDWARD, M.D., 1766-1829. Gov. of Ohio 1803-7; U. S. Senator 1807-9.

Tiflis. City of the Caucasus, Asiatic Russia, on the Kur. in a picturesque depression surrounded on all sides, except the n., by high mts.; annexed to Russia 1802; celebrated for its hot

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Tiflis.

springs and metal work. It was for many centuries the stronghold of Eastern Christianity, against the Persians first, and later against the Moslems. A bridge across the Kur is 1,350 ft. high. Pop., 1883, 104,024; 1892, 146,792.

Tiger-Beetle. See CINCINDELIDÆ.

Tiger Eye, or TIGER STONE. See CROCIDOLITE.

Tigers. Largest and fiercest of the cats. They differ from the lion in lacking a mane and a tail-tuft, but have side whiskers. The coat is marked with dark vertical stripes on a tawny ground. The pupils are round. In the Royal Indian Tiger a length of 11 ft. is attained. Tigers range from Siberia to Java, and from Burmah to w. Asia. In India they are most

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The Holy Jacobus, by Tiepolo.

s chiefly known as a wall painter; his easel pictures have eat merit. - His son, DOMENICO, ab.1726-1804, was also a inter.

Tiernan, MRS. FRANCES C. (FISHER), ("CHRISTIAN REID"), 1887. American novelist. Valerie Aylmer, 1870; Hearts of

eel, 1882; Las Cruces, 1895.

Tierney, GEORGE, 1761-1830. M.P. 1789; Whig leader; Sec. Ireland 1806. East India Co., 1787.

Tie-Rod. Used to counteract the thrust of a rafter; any subject to tension. Such rods are frequently furnished ch sleeve nuts or turnbuckles, so that they may be screwed to stiffen the structure.

Tierra del Fuego. Large barren island, with many aller ones, at s. extremity of S. America; separated from - continent by the Straits of Magellan; held by Argentina Chili. Area ab. 21,000 sq. m., pop. ab. 8,000, savages. See

EGIANS.

Tierra Firme. See TERRA FIRMA and SPANISH MAIN. Tiers Etat. In France, the nobility and clergy formed, ore the Revolution, the two privileged classes. The Third ate comprised the rest of the nation, or rather the burghers, could send representatives to the STATES-GENERAL (q.v.). Tie-Strut. Bar subject to both tension and compression er different positions of the applied forces. It must be ger in cross-section than a bar subject only to one bi

ess.

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TIGHT LACING-TIMBER

Tight Lacing. Device of fashion to transform the human m from the harmonious lines of a Venus de' Medici to the onstrosity exhibited in a Parisian fashion plate. Tight lacing oduces a deformity of the trunk comparable to the results of ot-binding among the Chinese. The cavity of the chest is ntracted and the contents of the abdominal cavity are disaced downward, crowding upon the organs in the pelvis, realting in discomfort and disease.

Tiglath-Pileser III. King of Assyria ab.746-740 B.C.; mentioned II. Kings xv. as assisting Ahaz of Judah against srael and Syria; conqueror of Damascus and Tyre. His incriptions were mutilated by Sargon. Tigranes II., THE GREAT, d.55 B.C. master of all Syria to the Euphrates 83; us 69, and by Pompey 66. Tigranocerta.

King of Armenia 96;
conquered by Lucul-

Tillman, SAMUEL DYER, 1815-1875. Prof. American Institute, New York; inventor of the revolving planisphere and musical scale or tonometer.

Tillman, SAMUEL ESCUE, U.S.A., b. 1847. Prof. West Point from 1880. Heat; Chemistry.

Tillodonta. Suborder of Bunotheria, including Eocene Mammals with affinities to the Rodentia, in having incisors faced with enamel and growing from persistent pulps. In other respects they resemble the Insectivora. The canines are small. The molars are like those of Ungulates in their crowns, but in some cases grow from persistent pulps. The feet are plantigrade, pentadactyl, and unguiculate, as in bears.

Tillotson, JOHN, D.D., 1630-1694. Dean of Canterbury 1672; Dean of St. Paul's 1689; Abp. of Canterbury 1691. His sermons, pub. posthumously in 14 vols., were very popular, and are still models of style.

City of Armenia, e. of the Tigris. Near
Tillson, DAVIS, b. 1830. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1863-66, hold-
it Lucullus defeated Tigranes 69 B.C.
Tigri, GIUSEPPE, 1806-1882. Italian author; compiler of ing artillery commands, chiefly in the West.
Tuscan folk-songs, 1856.

Tigris. Left branch of the Euphrates, which it joins ab. 100 m. from the Persian Gulf, after a s.e. course of ab. 1,100 m. from w. Kurdistan. It is navigable to Ophir, 50 m. n. of Bagdad, by vessels having 4 ft. draught.

Tilden, SAMUEL JONES, 1814-1886. American lawyer and statesman; active in the struggle with the Tweed Ring: Gov. of N. Y. 1874-76; Democratic candidate for Pres. in 1876, receiving 250,960 more votes than Hayes, and 184 uncontested electoral votes, but one more being necessary for election. The case was decided against him by the ELECTORAL COMMISSION (q.v.). He bequeathed the bulk of his property to found a free library in New York City. The will was contested and decided in favor of the heirs, but one of them relinquished over $2,000,000 to carry out his intent. In 1895 the Astor Library, Lenox Library and Tilden Trust Fund were consolidated as the New York Public Library.

Tiles. Hard-burned clay pipes, used in making underground drains. They are of two main forms, round and horseshoe, the latter usually being laid upon boards. The use of tiles in this way for draining land has long been practiced.

Imperial
Tilly, JOHANN TSERKLAES, GRAF VON, 1559-1632.
general in the 30 Years' War; victor in 36 battles; Wallen-
stein's successor 1630; notorious for the pillage and slaughter
at Magdeburg, May 1631; defeated at Breitenfeld Sept. 17, 1631;
mortally wounded at the Lech, Bavaria.

Tilopteridaceæ. Order of filamentous brown Algae.
Tilsit. Town of e. Prussia, on the Niemen. A treaty con-
cluded here between Napoleon and the Czar, July 1807, bestowed
on Jerome Bonaparte, as King of Westphalia, the Prussian do-

Tiles. 1. Thin plates of baked clay used to cover roofs. The Romans had flat tiles, turned up at the edges, with inverted semi-cylindrical tiles to cover the joints. In England curved tiles are used, each tile overlapping the next; plain tiles are also used. Fireplaces are sometimes lined with tiles. 2. Glazed decorative tiles were used in ancient times for paving sacred edifices. Encaustic tiles were used in the Middle Ages for pavements and wall decoration; for these, squares of clay 4-6 in. sq. and 1 in, thick were impressed by a stamp, with a design in relief. Into the hollows thus made colored clays were inlaid, a metallic glaze applied and the tile baked in a furnace. At present the hollows are filled with semi-liquid slips of clay and water.

Tilghman, MATTHEW, 1718-1790. "Patriarch of Md."; delegate to Congress 1775-77; pres. Md. Constitutional Convention 1776.-His brother, JAMES, 1716-1793, sec. Pa. Land Office 1765-75, was regarded as a loyalist.-His son, WILLIAM, 1756-1827, became Chief-justice of Pa. 1806.-His brother, TENCH, 1744-1786, was sec. and aid to Washington 1776-82.

Tilgner, VICTOR OSCAR, 1842-1896. Austrian sculptor. Tiliaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma, subclass Dicotyledons, and series' Polypetala, comprising 51 genera and ab. 470 species, widely distributed throughout all parts of the earth; called the Linden family.

Till. Thick deposit of commingled clay, sand, gravel, and
bowlders, more or less firmly compacted together, often by
the grinding and pressure of ice.

Tillemont, LOUIS SÉBASTIEN LE NAIN DE, 1637-1698.
French Jansenist: ch. historian of the first six centuries.
Hist. des Empereurs et des Persecutions, 6 vols., 1691-1738;
Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire ecclésiastique, 16 vols., 1694-
1712.

Tiller. Beam attached to the head of the rudder, which is
turned by it.

minions between the Elbe and the Rhine; erected Prussian
Poland into an independent Grandduchy of Warsaw, assigning
it to the Elector of Saxony; closed the Prussian harbors to
British trade, and reduced the Prussian army to 42,000. Pop.,
1890, 24,545.

Tilley, SIR SAMUEL LEONARD, LL.D., 1818-1896. Lieut.gov. of New Brunswick 1873-78 and 1885; Canadian Minister of Finance 1873 and 1878-85; knighted 1879.

Tilth. Finely divided and loose condition of surface soil, brought about by continued use of plow, harrow, and culti vator, to fit it for the reception of seed.

Tillinghast, THOMAS, 1742-1821. Judge of R. I. Supreme
Court 1780-87 and 1791-97; M.C. 1797-99 and 1801-3.
h1847. Gov. of S. C. 1890-94;

Tilton, JAMES, M.D., 1745-1822. Surgeon in American armies 1776-82: in Congress 1783-85; Surgeon-gen. 1812-15. Military Hospitals, 1813.

Tilton, JOHN ROLLIN, 1833-1888. painter, working in Italy.

American landscape

Tilton, THEODORE, b. 1835. Ed. N. Y. Independent 1863-72,
and Golden Age 1872-74; accuser of H. W. Beecher, and plain-
tiff in a famous trial, 1874, in which the jury disagreed; in
Tempest-tossed, 1875.
Europe since 1883: author of many poems, and of a romance,

Greek historian of Sicily. Frag

Timæus, ab.352-256 B.C.
ments of his work remain.
Timanthes, ab.400 B.C.
of Iphigenia was much praised.

Greek painter, whose Sacrifice

Timber. U. S. forest area is 495,000,000 acres, 26 per cent
The white pine of the Northwest and New
of the total area.
England is practically exhausted; of the long-leaf pine of the
South there remains 1,500,000,000 cu. ft. The first to be ex
hausted will be the ash, followed by the tulip and walnut.
Forest fires destroy annually $12,000,000 worth. See FOR-

ESTRY.

As average values, 8.000 lbs. per
Timber, STRENGTH OF.
sq. in. in compression and 10,000 in tension may be stated for
the ultimate strength, but much variation exists in different
The shearing strength across the
varieties and qualities.

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