Chandler's Encyclopedia: An Epitome of Universal Knowledge ...

THIRLMERE-THOM

urposes of ventilation through the rib or pillar that separates wo parallel drifts or rooms in a coal mine."

Thirlmere. Lake in s.w. of Cumberland, England. It elongs to the basin of the Derwent, and flows n. into the

330 acres to 584 ft. covering an area of 793 acres, by an emnkment at the natural outlet. By an aqueduct having a pacity of 50,000,000 gallons a day, it supplies 10,000,000 gals to Manchester.

Thirlwall, CONNOP, D.D.. 1797-1875. Bp. of St. David's 0-74; O.T. reviser; most liberal prelate of his time, voting Irish disestablishment and the admission of Jews to Parliant, and refusing to demand Bp. Colenso's resignation. His story of Greece, 1835-40, enlarged in 8 vols. 1845-52, is of h rank. Remains, 1875-76; Letters, 1881-82. Thirst. Simple desire for, or absolute want of, liquids. symptoms are dryness of the mouth and pharynx. It is eved by introduction of liquid into the stomach, where it bsorbed by the veins. It is a symptom in many diseases, ticularly in those of vascular excitement.

Thirty-nine Articles. Framed 1552 by Cranmer, Rid-
and other reformers, as 42; abridged, and approved by
vocation in their Latin form 1562, and in English 1571;
nd with the Prayer Book in England and America, and
g regarded as part of it. Subscription to them was re-
red of members of the universities till 1871.

Thirty Tyrants. 1. After the fall of Athens 404 B.C.
Athenian assembly appointed a committee of 30 to draw
laws for the city and temporarily administer the govern-
nt. They ruled eight months and earned their name by
eme violence and cruelty; 1,500 citizens are said to have
nput to death without trial.
man provinces during the imbecile reign of Gallienus.
2. Usurpers in various
chief were Postumus, Victorinus, and Tetricus, in Gaul
-273. Gibbon could name but 17 in all.

hirty Years' War. In Germany 1618-48. Austria, in
nce with Spain, and most of the R.C. States of Germany,
cended with different powers. It began with an uprising
Fohemia, provoked by violation of the edict of toleration of
- 11, 1609. Ferdinand II. was deposed as King of Bohemia
the Elector Palatine chosen in his stead. 1618-24 the war
carried on between the princes of Germany; the chief
Cestant leaders were Count Mansfeld, Christian of Bruns-
, and Bethlem-Gabor. The emperor recovered Bohemia,
crushed Protestantism there, but lost much of Hungary
Transylvania. In 1624, Christian IV. of Denmark came to
aid of the Protestants: he was routed by Tilly Aug. 1626,
was Mansfeld by Wallenstein April 1626.
sfeld followed a successful raid through Silesia, Moravia,
The death of
Hungary. Christian was forced to conclude peace, at
eck, May 1629. Ferdinand's increasing persecutions and
nsulting conduct toward Gustavus Adolphus brought in
Swedish army, 1630, who soon conquered Pomerania and
lenburg. Gustavus routed Tilly at Beltenfeld 1631, and
he Lech April 1632; and entered Munich, but was drawn
by Wallenstein to Saxony, where he fell at Lützen, his
gaining the victory. The defeat of Weimar at Nordlingen
o the treaty of Prague, May 1635, soon joined by all the
eran princes of Germany. Sweden now resigned the lead-
p to Richelieu, but her generals won a series of victories,
he Austrians were driven beyond the Danube. The power
pain in the Netherlands was broken by France, and at
lingen, Aug. 3, 1645, Condé and Turenne obtained a de-
e victory over the leaguers. An invasion of Anahei
Short by the Panas

1517

years of negotiation. The war was terribly destructive to life, property, and every interest of civilization.

Thisbe. See PYRAMUS AND THISBE.

Thistle. Coarse, prickly herbs of the genus Carduus, natural order Compositæ, natives of the n. temperate zone. The Canada Thistle, C. arvensis, native of Europe, introduced as a weed into America, is particularly troublesome in both pastures and cultivated fields. It spreads from seeds and underground stems, and is eradicated or checked with great difficulty. When cut early it makes a hay of fair quality that is readily eaten by sheep and cattle. The other thistles are biennials, and may be killed by cutting the second year before the seed is formed.

Grave of Thlinkit Chief.

moved from the house by way of the roof rather than through the door. Though skilled canoeists, they knew not how to swim. head, live on salmon, which they cure, bury the dead in Medicine men are wanting. The southern Thlinkit are the mounds, before which they burn salmon, and are noted for Haidah Indians; the Aht is their chief tribe. They flatten the their theatrical performances.

Tholobate. Substructure below a cupola or dome. Tholuck, FRIEDRICH AUGUST, 1799-1877. Prof. of Theology at Halle 1826; evangelical leader of wide influence. His commentaries and other books have been extensively tr. and read. Sin and Redemption, 1824. tr. 1854; Hours of Devotion, 1840, tr. 1875; Rationalism, 1853-65. Thom, JOHN HAMILTON ob 1010

THOMAS-THOMPSON

homas, ST., or DIDYMUS. One of the twelve apostles; of elancholy temperament, but deeply devoted to his Master; to have preached in Persia and India and been martyred. doubt of Christ's resurrection was the demand of an honaccurate mind for evidence. Both his names mean "twin." "homas, ABEL CHARLES, 1807-1880. tenary of Universalism, 1872. Thomas, ARTHUR GORING, 1851-1892.

Pastor in Phila.

English composer the operas Esmeralda, 1883, and Nadeshda, 1885, and canas Sun Worshipers and Swan and the Skylark. Thomas, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE, 1811-1896. Director ris Conservatoire from 1871; composer of 20 operas and any cantatas and minor pieces. Le Songe d'une Nuit d'été, 50; Mignon, 1866; Hamlet, 1868. Member U. S. Entomological Thomas, CYRUS, b.1825. ommission 1877, and Bureau of Ethnology 1882. Insects of linois, 5 vols., 1876-80; Mt. Troano, 1882; Maya and Mexin MSS., 1884; Burial Mounds, 1888.

Thomas, DAVID, 1794-1882. Welsh ironmaster, in Pa. from

339.

Thomas, DAVID, D.D., b.1813. Independent minister in London 1845-74; ed. Homilist, 1851-82.

Thomas, EDITH MATILDA, b.1854. American poet and essayist.

Thomas, FRANCIS. 1799-1876. M.C. 1831-41 and 1861-69; Gov. of Md. 1841-44; U. S. Minister to Peru 1872-75.

Thomas, SIR GEORGE, ab.1705-1775. Gov. of Pa. 1738-47; Baronet 1766.

Thomas, GEORGE HENRY, U.S.A., 1816-1870. Major 1855; Brig.-gen. U.S. Vols. 1861; victor at Mill Springs, Ky., Jan. 20, 1862; Major-gen. April 1862. He turned defeat into victory at Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 2, 1863, and as "the Rock of Chickamauga," Sept. 20, withstood a fierce attack of the best Confederate troops, and nullified their success, in one of the most critical actions of the war. He now became commander of

General Thomas.

Thomas, JESSE BURGESS, 1777-1853. U. S. Senator from
Ill. 1818-29; introducer of the Missouri Compromise 1820.—
His great-nephew, JESSE BURGESS, D.D., b.1832, became prof.
in Newton Theol. Inst., Mass., 1887. Bible and Science, 1877.
Thomas, JOHN, 1725-1776. Mass. surgeon; Brig.-gen. 1775,
Major-gen. 1776; Montgomery's successor before Quebec.

Thomas, JOHN, 1805-1871. Founder of the Christadel-
phians, a non-trinitarian sect, in the U. S. ab.1855, and in
England 1860.

Thomas, JOHN, 1813-1862. English sculptor and architect.
Thomas, JOSEPH, M.D., LL.D., 1811-1891. American com-
Biography and Mythology, 1870-71, are widely used.-His
brother, JOHN J., 1810-1895, edited the Country Gentleman
piler. His Gazetteer, 1855, Medical Dictionary, 1864. and Dict.
Fruit Culturist, 1846.
from 1853.

Brig.-gen. 1861,
Thomas, LORENZO, U.S.A., 1804-1875.
Adjutant-gen. 1861-63; organizer of colored regiments 1863-65.
Thomas, MARY F. (MYERS), M.D., 1816-1888. American
reformer, champion of temperance and woman suffrage.
Thomas OF CELANO. Franciscan monk of 13th century,
supposed author of the magnificent requiem, Dies Ira.
Thomas OF LONDON. See THOMAS À BECKET.

Thomas, PHILIP FRANCIS. 1810-1890. M.C. 1839-41 and
1875-77; Gov. of Md. 1848-51; Sec. U. S. Treasury Dec. 1860-
Jan. 1861.

Thomas, ROBERT BAILY, 1766-1846. Ed. Farmer's Almanac,
Boston, from 1793.

Thomas, ST., CHRISTIANS OF.
THOMAS.

the army of the Cumberland, and Brig.-gen. U.S.A. He won the battle of Nashville Dec. 15, 16, 1864, nearly annihilated Hood's army, and was made Major-gen. U.S.A. After the war he held commands in the Southwest, and did much for reconstruction. A Virginian, his loyalty involved great though silent sacrifices, and was long under unjust suspicion. He was a noble character, and the greatest of the Union generals after Grant, Sherman, and possibly Sheridan.

See CHRISTIANS OF ST.

Thomas, THEODORE, b.1835 in Germany. Organizer of harmonic Society 1877-90, and since of the Chicago Orchestra; director of the College of Music of Cincinnati 1878-80, of music symphony concerts in New York 1864; conductor of the Philfestivals there since 1873, and of the music of World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago 1893.

Thomas, HENRY GODDARD, b.1837. Col. 2d U. S. colored regiment Feb. 1863; Brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. 1864-66, serving in Va.-His brother, WILLIAM WIDGERY, b. 1839, was U. S. Minister to Sweden 1883-85 and 1897.

Thomas, ISAAC, 1735-1819. Va. scout, active in border warfare and in the settlement of Tenn.

Thomas, THEODORE GAILLARD, M.D., LL.D., b.1831. Prof. New York 1862; Pres. Gynecological Society 1879. Diseases of Women, 1868.

ILD 1749-1831. Printer and publisher
ican Antiqua-

Thomas à Becket. See BECKET.
Thomas à Kempis. See KEMPIS.
Thomas Aquinas. See AQUINAS.

Thomas-Gilchrist Process. See STEEL, METALLURGY OF.
Thomasius, CHRISTIAN, 1655-1728. Prof. of Jurisprudence
at Leipzig 1681, and Halle 1694. He substituted German for
Latin in teaching, opposed torture and trials for witchcraft,
and defended Spener and the pietists. Weisheit und Thorheit,
1693; Gedanken, 1723-26.-His descendant, GOTTFRIED, 1802-
1875, prof. Erlangen from 1842, pub. Origenes, 1837: Christi
Person und Werk, 1852-61; and Dogmengeschichte. 1874-76.
Thomassin, LOUIS, 1619-1697. French oratorian. Béné-
fices, 3 vols., 1678-79.

Thomas the Rhymer. See RHYMER.

Thomayer, JOSEF (R. E. JAMOT"), b. 1853. Prof. of Medicine at Prague; author of professional works and scientific novels.

Thomes, WILLIAM HENRY, b. 1824. Californian writer of stories of travel.

Cong.

American

Thomists. Followers of AQUINAS (q.v.).
Thompson, ALEXANDER RAMSAY, D.D., b. 1822. Reformed
pastor in New York and Brooklyn; hymnist and compiler.
Thompson, AUGUSTUS CHARLES, D.D., b. 1812.
pastor at Roxbury, Mass.; devotional writer.
Thompson, BENJAMIN. See RUMFORD.
Thompson, CEPHAS GIOVANNI, 1809-1888.
was his father, CEPHAS,
painter, especially of portraits, as
1775-1856.-His brother, JEROME, 1814-1886, was a landscape
and genre painter. All three were mainly self-taught.
Psychology,
Thompson, DANIEL GREENLEAF, 1850-1897. New York
lawyer and author, pres. 19th Century Club.
1884; Problem of Evil, 1886; Social Progress, 1889; Philosophy
of Fiction, 1892.

Thompson, DANIEL PIERCE, 1795-1868. American novelist.
Green Mountain Boys, 1840; Hist. Montpelier (Vt.), 1860.
son. David, 1770-1857. Canadian explorer.

Thom

lator: bio Virgil 18 Thom and nove tion, 1890

Thom best know

Thom Prof. Nas Churchma York 1872 Bp. 1887. 1885.

Thom U. S. Sec sioner C.S.

Thom Supreme C Thomp 43 and 1847

Thomp ern Litera

Thomp gen. of Ca Thomp Cong. past Egypt, 1856

1877.

Thomp in Italy 187 Thomp and essayis Archery, 18 Story of Lo

Thomp C.S.A. 1861 Thomp 1832-1875.

on Longfell Thomp Ind. 1841-4

Thomp Theism, 185

Thomps 1870-92; pre 80. and Ame 1886.

Thomps cian. Dyna Thomps preme Court 23; Justice

Thomps writer on po Thomps

Minister to

THOMPSON-THOR

Thompson, EDWARD MAUNDE, b.1840. Librarian of the itish Museum. Greek and Latin Paleography, 1893. Thompson, ELIZABETH (ROWELL), b.1821; m. Thomas T. 14. American philanthropist, interested in temperance and e condition of the poor. In 1885 she established a fund for entific research.

Thompson, ELIZABETH S. See BUTLER, E. S.

Thompson, GEORGE, 1804-1878. English abolitionist, inential in the U. S. 1834-35; M.P. 1847.

Thompson, HENRY, 1797-1878. English author and transor; biographer of Hannah More 1838; editor of Horace and gil 1853–54.

Thompson, SIR HENRY, b.1820. English surgeon, painter, ■ novelist. Lithotomy, 1863; Urinary Organs, 1868; Crema2, 1890.

Thompson, HENRY DENMAN, b.1833.

American actor,

t known in The Old Homestead, 1891-95.
Thompson, HUGH MILLER, D.D., LL.D., b. 1830 in Ireland.
f. Nashotah Theol. Sem., Wis., 1860-71; ed. American
rchman 1860-71, and Ch. Journal 1871-79; rector in New
-k 1872-76, and New Orleans 1876-83; asst. Bp. of Miss. 1883,
1887. First Principles, 1868; Copy, 1872; World and Logos,
5.

hompson, JACOB, 1810-1885. M.C. from Miss. 1839-57;
S. Sec. Interior 1857-61; Gov. of Miss. 1862-64; Commis-
er C.S.A. to Canada 1864.

hompson, JAMES, 1806-1874. M.C. 1845-51; Judge Pa. reme Court 1857-66; Chief-justice 1866-72.

hompson, JOHN BURTON, 1810-1874. M.C. from Ky. 1840nd 1847-51; U. S. Senator 1853-59; Unionist.

hompson, JOHN REUBEN, 1823-1873. Va. poet; ed. South-
Literary Messenger 1847–59.

hompson, SIR JOHN SPARROW DAVID, 1844-1894. Atty.-
of Canada 1885; knighted 1888; Premier 1892.
hompson, JOSEPH PARRISH, D.D., LL.D., 1819-1879.
3. pastor in New York 1845-71; in Berlin from 1871.
t, 1856; Theology of Christ, 1870 The U. S. as a Nation,

hompson, LAUNT, 1833-1894. Irish-American sculptor, aly 1875-81.

hompson, MAURICE, b.1844. American poet, novelist, essayist; State Geologist of Indiana 1885. Witchery of -ery, 1878; A Tallahassee Girl, 1882; Sylvan Secrets, 1887; of Louisiana, 1888.

hompson, MERRIWETHER JEFF, 1826-1876.

Brig.-gen.

A. 1861-65, serving in the West; engineer and inventor. hompson, MORTIMER ("Q. K. PHILANDER DOESTICKS"), -1875. American humorist. Pluribustah, 1856, a travesty ongfellow's Hiawatha.

M.C. from

hompson, RICHARD WIGGINGTON, b.1809.
1841-43 and 1847-49; Sec. Navy 1877-81.
ompson, ROBERT ANCHOR, b.1821. Anglican divine.
=m, 1855; Becket, 1889.

■ompson, ROBERT ELLIS, D.D., b.1844. Prof. Univ. Pa.
92; pres. Phila. High School 1894; ed. Penn. Monthly 1870-
nd American 1880-91. Social Science, 1875-82; Protection,

ompson, SILVANUS PHILLIPS, b.1851. English electriDynamo-electric Machinery, 1885.

ompson, SMITH, LL.D., 1768-1843. Justice N. Y. Sue Court 1802-1814; Chief-justice 1814-18; Sec. Navy 1818ustice U. S. Supreme Court from 1823.

1519

can painter of colonial and early American life. His Deserted Inn was shown at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.

Thompson, ZADOC, 1796-1856. Historian of Vermont 1833, 1841, 1853.

Thoms, WILLIAM JOHN, 1803-1885. English antiquarian and compiler: founder and ed. Notes and Queries, 1849-72. Early Prose Romances, 1828; Lays and Legends, 4 vols., 1834; Anecdotes and Traditions, 1838; Longevity, 1873.

Thomsen, CHRISTEN JÜRGENSEN, 1788-1865. Danish antiquarian.

Thomsenolite. Na, Ca, Al,F12+2aq. Hydrous calcium sodium aluminium fluoride, found associated with the cryolite of Greenland.

Thomson, ANTHONY TODD, M.D., 1778-1849. Prof. London. Dispensatory, 1811; Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 1832-33. -His wife, KATHERINE (BYERLY), 1800-1862, as "Grace Wharton," pub. Jacobites of 1715 and 1745, 3 vols., 1845-46; Wits and Beaux of Society, 1860, and similar books.

Thomson, CHARLES, 1729-1824. Sec. Congress 1774-89; tr. Bible 1808.

Thomson, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE, LL.D., 1830-1882. Prof. Cork 1853. Belfast 1854, and Edinburgh 1870–79; knighted 1876; head of the Challenger expedition 1872-76. From a study of the nature of the mud covering the Atlantic bed, he favored the theory that the present deep-sea basin of the Atlantic has been such during the entire Tertiary period and that some of the microscopic organisms now living there are the lineal descendants of those of the Cretaceous period. Depths of the Sea, 1872; Voyage of the Challenger, 1877.

bishop 1864. Essays, 1856; Letters, 1856-70.
Thomson, EDWARD, D.D., LL.D., 1810-1870. Pres. Ohio
Wesleyan Univ. 1848-60; ed. Christian Advocate 1860–64; M.E.

Thomson, ELIHU, b. 1853. American electrician. Thomson, JAMES, 1700-1748. Scottish descriptive and dramatic poet. His Seasons, 1726-30, and Castle of Indolence, 1748, are minor classics; his plays are of less importance.

Thomson, JAMES, 1834-1882. Scottish poet, of pessimistic views and unhappy life. City of Dreadful Night, 1874-80; Shelley, 1885; Critical Studies, 1896.

Thomson, JOHN EDGAR, 1808-1874. Chief engineer Pa. R.R. 1847, and its pres. from 1852.

Thomson, JOHN RENSHAW, 1800-1862. U. S. Senator from N. J. from 1853.

Thomson, JOSEPH, 1858-1895. Scottish explorer in Africa 1878, 1882, and 1890. Through Masai Land, 1885; Ulu, 1888; In the Atlas, 1889.

Thomson, JOSEPH JOHN, b. 1856. Prof. Cambridge 1884; writer on physics, electricity, and magnetism.

Thomson, SAMUEL, 1769-1843. New England founder of a system of medicine. Life and Discoveries, 1825–32.

Thomson, THOMAS, 1768-1852. Scottish antiquarian.-His brother, JOHN, 1778-1840, minister of Duddingston from 1805, was eminent as a landscape painter.

Thomson, THOMAS, 1773-1852. Prof. of Chemistry Univ. Edinburgh 1818. Hist. Chemistry, 1830; Mineralogy and Geology, 1836.

Thomson, WILLIAM, D.D., F.R.S., 1819-1890. Bp. of
Gloucester and Bristol 1861, Abp. of York 1863. Laws of
Thought, 1842; Atoning Work, 1854.

Thomson, WILLIAM (LORD KELVIN), F.R.S., b.1824. Prof.
of Natural Philosophy Univ. Glasgow since 1846; eminent as
mathematician and physicist; knighted 1866 for services to At-
lantic cable; pres. British Association 1871, and Royal Society
1882-90; Lectures, 1890-92.-His brother, JAMES, LL.D., F.R.S.,
Mathematical and Physical Papers, 3 vols.,
1822-1892, Prof. of Engineering at Belfast 1853-72, and Glas-
gow 1873-89, was especially learned in hydraulics.

■ompson, THOMAS PERRONET, 1783-1869. M.P. 1835; 1891: Peer 1892. r on politics, mathematics, and acoustics.

ompson, WADDY, 1798-1868. M.C. from S. C. 1835-41; ter to Mexico 1842-45. Mexico, 1846.

ompson, WILLIAM, ab.1725-1781. Col. Pa. troops 1775; gen. 1776.

ompson, WILLIAM HEPWORTH, D.D., 1810-1886. Greek at Cambridge 1853; master Trinity Coll. 1866.

1010

ompson, WILLIAM TAPPAN, 1812-1882. Georgia humor-
Major Jones' Courtship, 1840; Chronicles of Pineville
hes, 1848-83

Thomson, WILLIAM MCCLURE, D.D., 1806-1894. American
missionary in Syria 1833-76. The Land and the Book, 1859,
enlarged 1880-86; Land of Promise, 1865.

Thomson Effect. See PELTIER'S EFFECT.
aluminium silicate
Thomsonite. Zeolitic mineral; hydrous sodiu

THORACIC DUCT-THORNWELL

fire, and the hearth; son of Odin; champion of the Esir, gods of Valhalla, against the Jötuns, or giant forces of

ure.

horacic Duct. In man this extends upward from the -ptaculum chyli to the junction of the left jugular and clavian veins, into which it delivers the lymph of the left of the body and of both legs and all the chyle: valves per- only an upward flow. Birds have two such ducts. Thoracic Fins. See FINS OF FISHES. Thoracipoda. See MALACOSTRACA.

Thoracostraca (PODOPHTHALMATA). Division of Crustaa, Malacostraca, characterized by compound eyes, usually aced on movable stalks, and by a fold of skin which forms a -rsal shield or carapace, covering most of the thoracic segents, and uniting them to the head. The suborders Cumacea, omatopoda, Schizopoda and Decapoda are included. Thorah. Jewish law or books of Moses; celebrated of old Babylon after the Feast of Tabernacles.

Thorax. Chest; middle region of an insect's body (three egments bearing the legs), and portion of the body in Crustaea which bears the pereiopods (five pairs of walking legs on s many ankylosed segments in Lobster).

Thorburn, GRANT ("LAWRIE TODD"), 1773-1863. ScottishAmerican merchant and author. 40 Years in America, 1834; 50 Years of New York, 1845.

Thoreau, HENRY DAVID, 1817-1862. American essayist, noted for originality, independence of mind and character, aversion to conventionalities, and close observation and portraiture of nature. He lived at Concord, Mass., poor, secluded, known to few, a cheerful stoic, a severe critic of men and their

heated; soluble in nitric acid. Thorium oxide with the addi-
tion of 0.3 per cent cerium oxide is the basis of most incan-
descent lights.

Thorium Chloride. ThCl. White shining tablets, ob-
tained by heating the oxide, ThO,, with carbon, in a current of
chlorine.

Thorn. Town of w. Prussia, on the Vistula; founded 1231; held by Poland 1454-1793; five times besieged; birthplace of Copernicus. A conference held here Oct.-Nov. 1645 vainly attempted to reunite Protestants and R. Catholics. Pop., 1890, 26,712.

Thorn. Spiny shrubs and small trees of the genus Cratægus, natural order Rosaceae, natives of the n. temperate See SPINE.

zone.

Thorn, BLACK. 1. Prunus spinosa. Native plum of Europe, introduced in America. 2. Locally Crataegus tomentosa, a native thorn of the e. U. S.

Thorn, Box. Lycium barbarum. Vine of the natural family Solanaceae, native of the Mediterranean region, much planted in old gardens.

Thorn, FRANK MANLY, b.1836. Supt. U. S. Coast Survey 1885-89.

D. straThorn-Apple. Plants of the genus Datura, that are in monium, the common Thorn-apple, contains the alkaloid dageneral narcotic, and productive of wild excitement.

Thoro

the policy Charles I. independe the people Thoro

Thoro ancestors breed. Th association breeds of s Europe. 2 Thoro

the natura introduced

Thorpe Anglo-Saxo Thorpe Thorpe author of Thorpe and painter Arkansaw,

Thorpe on chemist Applied Ch

Thorpe prisoned 140

Thorval visited New Thorwa

Henry David Thoreau.

ways, a lover of the woods and his own thoughts. Many of His other books his sayings are memorable and stimulating. A Week on the Concord and Merrimac, 1849; Walden, 1854.

are reprints of fugitive articles, or collected from his MS. notebooks, posthumous, like his fame.

Thoresby, RALPH, F.R.S.. 1658-1725. English antiquarian, writer on Leeds. Museum Thoresbianum, 1824; Diary, 1830; Correspondence, 1832.

Thoresen, ANNA MAGDALENA (KRAGH), b.1819. Norwegian

novelist and dramatist.

Thorfinn. Norwegian navigator, who, the Sagas say, sailed for Greenland 1006 and for Vinland 1007, with 3 ships and 160 persons, and spent 3 years in a bay on the New England coast, returning 1611.

Thorild, THOMAS, 1759-1808. Prof. Greifswald; Swedish Works, 1873-74. political writer.

Common Thorn-apple (D. stramonium): a, ripe fruit. turine. Its leaves and roots are used in medicine. D. metel, native of Asia, was employed by the Thugs of India to stupefy their victims. The Indians of Peru make the narcotic drink Tonga from D. sanguinea.

Thorite. ThSiO.. Rare mineral thorium silicate, in some of its characters resembling zircon.

Thornbury, GEORGE WALTER, 1828-1876. English novelist, historical writer, and compiler.

Thorium. Th. At. wt. 232.6, sp. gr. 7.65-7.79, sp. ht. .027, valence IV.; discovered by Berzelius 1828; found principally in v): rare metal, prepared by igniting Ling fire on being

Thorndike, HERBERT, ab.1598-1672. Canon of Westminster 1661. Hebrew Lexicon, 1635. Works, 6 vols., 1844-57.

Thornhill, SIR JAMES, 1676-1734. English painter, knighted 1715; teacher of Hogarth.

Thornton, SIR EDWARD, D.C.L., LL.D., b.1817. Minister to Brazil 1865-67, and to the U. S. 1867-81; Ambassador to Russia 1881, and to Turkey 1884-87.

Thornton, JAMES SHEPARD, U.S.N., 1826-1875. Executive officer of the Kearsarge when the Alabama was destroyed, June 19,1864; Commander 1866, Captain 1872.

Thornton, JOHN WINGATE, 1818-1878. New England ge Thornton, MATTHEW, ab.1714-1803. Delegate to Congress nealogist and historical writer. 1776-77; signer of the Declaration of Independence; Judge N. H. Superior Court 1776-82.

Thornton, ROBERT JOHN, 1760-1827. Prof. of Botany in London. Herbal, 1810; British Flora, 1812; Botany, 1812. Thornton, WILLIAM, d. 1827. Architect of the first Capitol at Washington; Supt. Patent Office from 1802. Cadmus, 1793.

English officer,

Thornton, SIR WILLIAM, ab. 1775-1840. made prisoner in Md. 1814; wounded at New Orleans 1815; Lieut.-gen. 1838.

Thornton, WILLIAM THOMAS, 1813-1880. English economist. Peasant Proprietors, 1848; Labor, 1869. Thornwell, JAMES HENLEY, D.D., LL.D., 1812-1862. Prof. S. C. Coll. 1838-40, 1841-51, and its pres. 1852-55; prof. Colum

horold, ANTHONY WILSON, D.D., 1825-1895. ester 1877, of Winchester 1891.

Bp. of
Presence of Christ, 1869.

horough. Epithet applied, in his correspondence, to
policy of the Earl of STRAFFORD (q.v.). He aimed to make
-les I. an absolute monarch, to deprive the courts of all
pendent authority, and to put the estates and liberties of
Seople at the disposal of the crown.
horoughbass. See HARMONY.

horoughbred. 1. Animal descended in all lines from
stors who were accepted as standard specimens of the
3. The principal standard of improved stock-breeders'
iations in the U. S., excepting trotting horses and several
s of swine, is importation from the home of the breed in
pe. 2. English running horse. See HORSE.

orough-Wax. Bupleurum rotundifolium. Herb of natural order Umbellifera, native of Europe, sparingly

duced as a weed into the U. S.

orpe, BENJAMIN, 1782-1870. English editor of many
O-Saxon writings. Northern Mythology, 1852.
orpe, JOHN, 16th cent. English architect.

orpe, ROSE HARTWICK, b.1850, m.1871. American poet,
or of "Curfew must not ring to-night."
orpe, THOMAS BANGS, 1815-1878.
ainter. Lynde Weiss, 1854; Bee-hunter, 1854; Scenes in
saw, 1858.

American novelist

orpe, THOMAS EDWARD, F.R.S., b.1845. English writer emistry; prof. at Glasgow, Leeds, and London. Dict. ed Chemistry, 1890-93.

orpe, WILLIAM, d. after 1430. English Lollard, imed 1407; celebrated in Foxe's Book of Martyrs. orvald. Norse seaman, brother of Leif; said to have New England 1002, and been killed by natives 1004. orwaldsen, BERTEL, 1770-1844.

Danish sculptor of great fame, at Rome from 1796, except 1819-20, 1838-41, and 1844. Among his most familiar works are Night, Morning, Mercury and Adonis. His subjects were mostly classical.

Thorwaldsen Museum. At Copenhagen; founded by bequest of the sculptor to exhibit his own works.

Thoth. Egyptian
deity, corresponding
with Hermes; in-
ventor and patron
of letters; guide of
departed souls; sec-
retary of the gods.

Thothmes I.
Fourth king of 18th
Egyptian dynasty;

conqueror of Ethiopia.-II. and III., his sons; the latter conquered Syria. IV. Eighth king of 18th dynasty. tt, BRIGITTE, 1610-1662. Danish translator of Seneca ctetus.

Blessing Christ, by Thorwaldsen.

u (THUANUS), JACQUES AUGUSTE DE, 1553-1617. French n of high rank. His work is in Latin and of great it extends from 1543 to 1607, appeared 1604-19, and 1773. He was of the Moderate party, and in favor with IV.

ught. Active, voluntary, synthetic mental process pon data of perceptic

1521

mental life. It deals with ideas and their relations, not with
the particular objects of sense.
CEPT, JUDGMENT, and REASON (q.v.).
There are three stages, CON-

Thought Reading. See MIND READING and TELEPATHY.
Thought Transference. See MIND READING and TE-

LEPATHY.

Thousand and One Nights. See ARABIAN NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENT.

Thousand Islands. In the St. Lawrence, n.e. of Lake Ontario; ab.1,800; sites of many villas and hotels.

Thrace. Region limited by the Danube, the Euxine, the Egean Sea, and the Strymon; inhabited by various savage and warlike tribes; said to have been conquered by Sesostris, king of Egypt, and by the Persian Megabazus 510 B.C.; from ab.490 B.C. independent, and for a time united under one king; conquered, most of it, by Philip of Macedon. The Roman province was s. of the Hæmus Mts. and e. of the Nestus. Thrale, H. L. See PIOZZI.

Thrasimeno. See TRASIMENO.

Thrasybulus, d.389 B.C. Athenian general, banished 411; accused of treason; slain in s. Asia Minor. overthrower of the 30 Tyrants 403; commander at sea 391 B.C.;

Thread. Fine linen, cotton or silk yarn, made thicker than for weaving. In factory language thread always means two or more yarns twisted one around another, the yarns being doubled or trebled and then twisted around each other in a direction contrary to the twist of the yarn. It is sometimes bleached or dyed. The stronger kind of silk thread is called twist.

Thread-Cells. See NETTLE CELLS.
Thread-Worms. See NEMATODA.

Threats. To constitute an actionable private wrong, words of menace or intimidation must result in actual damages to another. Without such result, they may constitute a crime, or subject the utterer to being bound to keep the peace.

Three Chapters. Writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret and Ibas; condemned 544 by an edict of Justinian, which caused a fierce controversy, being repudiated in the West, though accepted in the East and by the Pope. Three Estates. See TIERS ÉTAT. Three Kings, FEAST OF THE. with Twelfth Night or Epiphany.

Mediæval festival, identical

gitudinally through the leaf.
Three-Nerved. With three principal veins running lon-

Three-Ranked. Arranged in three vertical rows on the stem, as the leaves of Cyperaceæ.

Three Rivers. Town of Canada, on the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the St. Maurice, 77 m. w.s. w. from Quebec; founded 1634; scene of an American defeat June 16, 1776. Pop., 1891, 8,334.

Three-Valved. Splitting into three portions at dehis

cence.

Three-way Valve. One which may be turned so as to other pipes, or be shut off altoconnect a pipe with either of two gether.

Science

Thremmatology.
which treats of heredity and varia-
tion, the production of races and
breeds; stirpiculture.

Threshing.

Separation of
grain or seeds of plants from the
straw was accomplished in ancient
times by beating with sticks or by
the flail, consisting of two sticks,
loosely tied together at one end;
the ancient Egyptians freed the
grain by driving cattle over the
loosened sheaves. The first prac-
The grain was separated by beat-
tical machine was invented by An-
drew Meikie, a Scotchman, in 1787.
ers attached to a revolving drum.
Since 1840 the machines have been Three-way Valve for the lifting
much improved in the U. S. A
bridge at La Villette.
skeleton iron cylinder, provided with tooth

iron el

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