Theca (THEKE). Spore-containing sac; sporanges of lichens of mosses; sacs of the anther in flowering plants; calycle coral cup of Actinozoa. Thecaphora. See CALYPTOBLASTEA. Thecaphore. Stipe supporting a single carpel or simple it; also pedicel of mosses. Thecla, ST. Maiden of Iconium, converted by St. Paul; lebrated in the apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla, ab. 200. Thecodontia. Order of extinct Lizards, with biconcave ertebræ, compressed teeth situated in alveolar cavities, and owns covered with finely serrated striæ. Thecomedusæ. Order of Hydroida, established by Allan to receive the Stephanoscyphus mirabilis, which consists branched anastomosing chitinous tubes that ramify the subcance of sponges, and open with expanded thecæ on the surace; out of these cups the medusoid polyp protrudes itself. elum and sense organs are absent. Thecosomata. Pteropoda, with a shell, an indistinct ead, with rudimentary tentacles. The foot bears the epipodia fins). The shell may be calcareous, horny, or cartilaginous. Cymbulia is an example. Theed, WILLIAM, R.A., 1764-1817. English sculptor, as was also his son, WILLIAM, 1804-1891. Keeper of the papal arTheiner, AUGUSTIN, 1804-1874. Clemens XIV., 1853; Monchives 1851-70; voluminous writer. umenta Poloniæ, 1860-64; Acta Concilii Tridentini, 1874.-His brother, JOHANN ANTON, 1799-1860, of Breslau, was also a R. C. author. Theism. Theory of the Divine existence, which opposes atheism in asserting the personality of the Absolute, pantheism in asserting the transcendency of God, and deism in asserting the supernatural and providential. ostracism of Aristides 483; persuaded the Athenians to build a Theodore OF MOPSUESTIA (IN CILICIA), ab.350-428. Presbyter at Antioch 383, Bp. in Cilicia 392; commentator. His writings were unjustly condemned 431 and 553. Some remain. Theodore OF TARSUS, 602-690. Greek monk, sent to England as 7th Abp. of Canterbury 668. He did much for unity, ecclesiastical and civil. Theodore, ST., OF THE STUDIUM, ab. 759-826. Monk of Constantinople, thrice banished. Dr. Neale tr. several of his hymns. Theodore I. Pope 642-649. He excommunicated two المسد and im Lord N April 1 anarch II. 1872 The posed a restored est and taries, a letters. The Italy 48 tyranni The ous in B cuted at 346-395, do the Goths paganism 390 in pu porary ex 450, was Theod poet. So Theog poet of M Theog eration of Orpheus a Theol unknown Theol leged scie Aristotle, to formula lasted for vived with properly D Biolical o Natural T the being others de theology and honor turies it w and histor Theon father of E a commen Theop Theop Minor; bar 800, was pl Theop author of Theop wife of Ot customs in Theop saints, in b Jesus. Theop 1796, abol THEODORET-THERIODONTIA and imprisoned the English missionaries and ambassadors. Lord Napier with 10.000 men stormed his capital, Magdala. April 13, 1868. T. killed himself the same day. A period of anarchy ensued, till Prince Kassai was crowned as Johannes II. 1872. Theodoret, ab.392-457. Bp. of Cyrrhus in Syria 423; deposed as a Nestorian by the "robber Council" of Ephesus 449; restored by that of Chalcedon 451; called by C. Kingsley "wisest and holiest man in the East." taries, a Hist. Ch. 325-429, tr. 1851, Hist. Heresies, and many His works include commenletters. Theodoric, 455-526. King of the Ostrogoths. He entered Italy 489, defeated Odoacer, and ruled ably, though at the last tyrannically, as in the execution of Boethius. See GOTHS. Theodosius, d.376. ous in Britain 367, on the Danube 370, and in Africa 372; exe1. Spanish-Roman general, victoricuted at Carthage. 2. His son, THEODOSIUS THE GREAT, ab. 346-395, became Emperor of the East 379, made peace with Gold Medallion of Theodosius the Great. he Goths 382, defeated and executed Maximus 388, suppressed paganism and Arianism, had 7,000 massacred at Thessalonica 90 in punishment of a riot, and submitted meekly to temporary excommunication by Ambrose. 3. His grandson, 40150, was Emperor of the East from 408. Theodulf, ab.753-821. Bp. of Orleans 801; deposed 819; oet. Some of his hymns are still in use. Theognis, ab.570-ab.485 B.C. Greek gnomic and elegiac oet of Megara. Theogony. Greek poem, ascribed to Hesiod, on the genration of the gods. Others, not extant, bore the names of Orpheus and Musæus. Theologia Germanica. nknown origin, pub. 1516 and 1851; tr. 1854. Pietistic German treatise of Theology. Doctrine of the divine nature and works; aleged science of religion. The term was used by Plato and ristotle, but not in N. T. The serious and continuous effort formulate and systematize Christian doctrine began ab. 300, sted for some two centuries, chiefly in the East, and was reived with great zeal at the Protestant Reformation. This is roperly Dogmatic Theology; other departments (so-called) are Fiblical or Exegetic, Apologetic, Practical, and Historical. atural Theology is preliminary, meaning the effort to prove ne being and attributes of God from the light of Nature: the thers deal with revelation and its results. The claim of neology to be a science is much disputed, and its influence nd honors have greatly decreased of late; but for many cenuries it was one of the most powerful factors in human life nd history. Theon, 4th cent. Greek mathematician of Alexandria; ther of Hypatia. He edited Euclid's Elements, and put forth commentary on the Almagest. Theopaschites. Greek for PATRIPASSIANS (q. v.). Theophanes, ab. 758-816. inor; banished 813. His Chronographia, extending ab.300Abbot of Ager, n.w. Asia 00, was pub. 1839. Theophanes, ab.1020. Bp. of Tauromenium in Sicily; thor of 62 Greek homilies, pub. 1644. Theophania. Daughter of Romanus of Constantinople; ife of Otho II. 972; Regent 983; introducer of some Greek stoms into Germany. Theophany. Appearance of God to O. T. patriarchs and sus. Theophilanthropists. 96, abolished 1802. A similar body, probably small and French deistical sect, formed ort-lived, arose later in England 1513 Theophilus. 1. Christian of rank to whom St. Luke addresses his Gospel and its sequel, the Acts of the Apostles. 2. Bp. of Antioch 171-185; author of an apology, pub. 1861. 4. Byzantine emperor 829-842; warlike, just, and powerful. 3. Mythical Bp. of Adana, s.e. Asia Minor; hero of a legend popular in the Middle Ages and similar to that of Faust. Theophrastus, ab.368-288 B.C. Philosopher of Lesbos and Athens, successor of Aristotle. His History of Plants, The Causes of Plants, and, still more, his Characters, have been repeatedly edited. Theophylact, d.ab.630. Byzantine author of a history of the reign of Maurice Tiberius, 582-602, pub. 1604 and 1834, and of 85 letters, pub. 1499. Theophylact, d.ab.1110. Metropolitan of Bulgaria 1078; eminent as a biblical theologian. His works, including commentaries based partly on Chrysostom, were pub. 1754-63. Theopompus, ab.378-305 B.C. Greek historian and rhetorician, of Chios and Athens. Fragments only remain. Theory. Systematic explanation of a phenomenon or phenomena, usually implying a degree of uncertainty about its truth, until verified. Theory of Exchanges. Originally promulgated by Prévost of Geneva, who called it the theory of mobile equilibrium of temperature; developed by Prof. Balfour Stewart. It asserts that all bodies are constantly giving out radiations at a rate depending upon their substance and temperature, but independent of their surroundings; and that, when a body is kept at a uniform temperature, it receives back as much heat as it gives out. Accordingly two bodies at the same temperature and exposed to mutual radiation exchange equal amounts of heat; but if two bodies have unequal temperatures, that which is at the higher temperature gives to the other more than it receives. Theosophy. Mystical hybrid of philosophy and theology, found among ancient Oriental races; cultivated especially by and others, as in 1875 by Mme. Blavatsky, who founded in the the NEOPLATONISTS (q.v.); revived in varying forms by Paracelsus, Cornelius Agrippa, and later by Behmen, Swedenborg, posed to external authority, for its doctrine. In modern times U. S. a Theosophical Society, now claiming a large membership in many lands. It resorted to internal revelation, as optraditionally accepted, and relies upon certain ill investigated it rejects both philosophic method and religious revelation, as and abnormal or exceptional facts to establish a kind of pantheistic idealism. Theotokos. God-bearer; title conferred by the Third General Council (Ephesus, 431) on the mother of Christ. Thera. See SANTORIN. Theramenes, d. ab.403 B.C. dier; one of the 30 Tyrants, but and condemned to the hemlock. less creditable. Athenian orator and solopposed to their excesses, His previous career was Therapeuta. Ascetic sect of Egyptian Jews, described in a book doubtfully ascribed to Philo, On Contemplative Life. Therapeutics. Branch of medicine which treats of modes of curing diseases. 26 Therapic Acid. C,H2O. Form of glyceride found in Cod-liver oil, which contains ab. 20 per cent. Theremin, LUDWIG FRIEDRICH FRANZ, 1780-1846. Pastor 1810 and prof. 1839 in Berlin. Abendstunden, 133-39; Eloquence, tr. 1850. Theresiopel, or MARIA THERESIOPEL. German city of Maria Theresa; the Hungarian SZABADKA (q.v.). Thereza. CHRISTINA MARIA, 1822-1889. Empress of Brazil and wife of Pedro II. See PEDRO I. Theriaca. Originally, as the derivation of the word indicates, an antidote to poisoning by beasts, more particularly to serpents' venom. As such, the various products known by this macopeia of the Middle Ages: the most noted of these mixtures name were compounded with all the complexity of the pharwas the Venice theriaca, containing ab. 70 ingredients mixed Electuarium theriaca of the German pharmacopeia, correspondin honey. A preparation of opium flavored with spices and made in Persia also received this name, which survives in the ing to the Confectio opii of the British pharmacopeia. It is not now officinal in the U. S. to the word, as seen in the British pharmacopeia where theAnother meaning is attached riaca is the officinal name for molasses; indeed treacle is a corruption of theriaca. Theriodontia. Order of carnivorous, Triassic Reptiles, having affinities with carnivorous Mammals. Three kinds of teeth are present, large pointed copie Then THERMA-THERMOISOPLETHS Cynodraco is typical of the group, which is provisionally ed under the Anomodontia. hermæ. Public buildings of ancient Rome, inclosing, des warm baths, colonnades for recreation and instruction. Interior View of the Tepidarium in the Men's Baths of the smaller Those of Caracalla accommodated 1,600 bathers at once, those Thermal Constant. Number expressing, according to Linsser, 1860, and HOFFMANN (q.v.), the total amount of heat necessary for a plant in order to ripen its fruit. See PHENOLOGY. Thermal Springs. See SPRINGS. Thermal Unit. British thermal unit is the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 lb. of water from 39° F. to 40° F. The French and metric CALORIE (q.v.) is the heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water from 4° C. to 5° C. Thermic Balance. See BOLOMETER. Thermics. See THERMODYNAMICS. Thermic Wind-Rose. Diagram showing for any locality the average temperature during the prevalence of wind from each point of the compass. Thermidor. Eleventh month of old French Republic, July 19-Aug. 18. Thermobarometer. See HYPSOMETER. Thermochemistry. Branch of chemistry dealing with the phenomena and laws of heat-changes taking place in chemical reactions. Thermochrose. Property of some substances of transmitting certain radiation of long wave-length and of absorbing other kinds. It is now believed to be not merely analogous to color, but essentially identical with it. Thermodynamics. Department of the science of dynamics which treats of the phenomena of heat as due to motion. The foundation of the modern theory was laid 1824 by Carnot. In 1850-60 the theory of heat was developed independently by Rankine, Clausius, and Thomson; and by the more recent investigators, Maxwell, Zeuner, Hirn, and Boltzmann. Its first law has been thus enunciated: Heat and mechanical energy are mutually convertible; and heat requires for its production and produces by its disappearance mechanical Heat is thus considered energy in the proportion of 772 foot-pounds for each British unit of heat (see THERMAL UNIT). due to certain molecular motions in the molecules of bodies. The three assumptions of pressure, volume and temperature must be made in the case of any body to ascertain its condition as to heat. If a gas is compressed, its pressure and temperature increase, its volume diminishes; if its volume increase, pressure and temperature diminish, and besides the external work, certain interior work in the body has also to be done or accounted for. The usual assumptions of technical interest as to the variations of pressure with volume are represented graphically by one of the curves known as the ADIABATIC, ISOTHERMAL, ISODYNAMIC (q.v.), and the curves of constant pressure and of constant volume for a gas or vapor (see GAY-LUSSAC and MARIOTTE'S LAWS). The second law is that of the equivalence of transformations of heat and work, and may be thus stated: Equal work is performed during equal changes in the absolute tembody (see ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE); or, "If the substance be divided doing work bears the same relation to the whole or initial heat, Qo-Q1:Qo::T-T,:T, or To-Ti The formulæ of thermodynamics enable many problems of Thermoelectric Couple. See THERMOELECTRICITY. B B COLD Thermoelectric Batteries. B COLD HEAT temperature, and varies with the temperature. The thermo- +97.0 Mercury See THERMOELECTRICITY. +0.418 Thermograph. See THERMOMETRY. Thermoisopleths. Special form of ISOPLETHS (q.v.) in which the curves present temperatures, while the co-ordinate axes present times or places, or times and places. This term was first used by Erk of Munich, as applied to his diagram, where the co-ordinate axes are time of day and of year. S. A. Hill has given thermoisopleths for time of day and altitude the ground. uniformly mometer p screen. If tube above falling of t of the pap unaffected of the cur temperatur mometers a MINIMUM T an instrum called a DIE FAHRENHEI Thermo mine the te of the resis resistance o its temperat the tempera of soils in a temperature Thermolysis. See DISSOCIATION. THERMOLYSIS-THESSALY Thermometer. Instrument for measuring temperature; F.e., determining the condition of a body with respect to its sensible heat. Invented by Galileo before 1597. The alcohol hermometer also was invented by him ab. 1612. Fahrenheit made a mercury thermometer 1721; his division of the scale lates from 1724. Linnæus introduced the present arrangement of the Centigrade scale. The minimum thermometer was produced by Casella 1861. See THERMOMETRY. Thermometry. Science of measuring and comparing emperatures. The ordinary thermometer consists of a apillary glass tube terminating in a bulb, and the whole artly filled with mercury. The expansion and contraction -f mercury is greater than that of glass; so, if the tube be roperly graduated, the position of the mercury surface will ndicate the temperature of the instrument. Any instrument sed to detect the presence of heat is called a thermoscope, nd its arbitrary graduation will enable it to be used as a hermometer. matic record of the indications of a thermometer is called a An apparatus for obtaining a continuous autohermograph. A sheet of sensitive paper is made to move Thermograph. niformly behind and at right angles to the length of a therometer placed in front of a narrow vertical slit in a blackened reen. If this be illuminated from the front, that part of the be above the mercury only is transparent, and the rising and lling of the mercury, combined with the horizontal motion the paper, causes the line of separation of the affected and naffected parts of the paper to be curved or wavy; the height the curve above a certain datum line is a measure of the mperature at each instant of the day. Self-registering therometers are divided into MAXIMUM THERMOMETERS (q.v.) and INIMUM THERMOMETERS (q.v.). Leslie of Edinburgh invented instrument for detecting small differences of temperature, lled a DIFFERENTIAL THERMOMETER (q.v.). See CENTIGRADE, HRENHEIT, and REAUMUR. Thermophone. Electrical thermometer used to deterine the temperature of a distant or inaccessible place. It is the resistance type and depends upon the principle that the sistance of a conductor to the electrical current varies with Thermopile. was constructed of bismuth and antimony. The modern devices of Noë and Clamond are made of a zinc-antimony alloy, coupled with German silver or iron. The difference of potential due to a single couple is very small, and usually many couples are joined in series to increase the effect. Thermopylæ. Pass from Thessaly s., between Mt. Eta and the Malice Gulf. At one point it offered room for but a single carriage. Here Leonidas with 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians withstood for two days the mighty host of Xerxes, 480 B.C. Here Brennus entered Greece 279 B.C., and here Antiochus was defeated by the Romans 191 B.C. Thermoscope. See THERMOMETRY. Thermostat. Self-acting instrument for regulating the temperature of a given space. Its action may depend upon the differential expansion principle, and it may be attached, e.g., to heat-regulating part of a furnace. Thermotropism. Phenomena of curvature of growing vegetable organs, induced by the dark rays of the spectrum. Theroigne de Mericourt. Assumed named of TER The Theromorpha. Order of extinct reptiles whose fossils are found in Permian and Triassic fresh-water deposits of s. Africa. They are connecting links to mammals. The limbs are ambulatory, the pelvis and shoulder-girdle firm. vertebræ are biconcave, teeth few or none. Dicynodon had walrus-like tusks and a beak like a tortoise. Several subby Cope as possessing characters connecting them with the orders are here included, some of which connect with order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA (q.v.). The Theromorpha were so named mals, and believed by Cope and Owen to be the probable anlowest maminals, the Monotremes; they were remarkable generalized types connecting amphibians, reptiles, and mamcestors of the marsupial mammals of the Upper Triassic. Thersites. Character in the Iliad, deformed in body and mind. He railed at the Greek chiefs, and was slain by Achilles. Théry, ANTOINE THÉODORE JOSEPH, 1807-1896. French life Theseus. Legendary hero of Attica, rival of the exploits Thesiger. See CHELMSFORD. Thesmophoria. Greek festival in honor of Demeter; celebrated by the women of several cities, particularly Athens, Abdera, Sparta, and Thebes. Thesocytes. Cells in sponges that serve the purpose of storing oil and amylin for the general use of the sponge economy. Thespis, 6th cent. B.C. tragedy. Traditional founder of Greek 13th and 14th N.T. books, Thessalonians, EPISTLES TO. written by St. Paul ab. 53 and 54. Thessalonica. See SALONICA. Thess 6 THETIS-THIRLING B.C.; ceded to Greece by Turkey 1881; occupied by TurkIt is a plain almost surrounded by mountroops 1897. The Mountain Monasteries. tains and is divided by a series of transverse chains. Numerous monasteries are found here. Thetis. Sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus. She had, like Proteus, the power of assuming any shape she pleased. Peleus, by Chiron's instruction, held her fast till she resumed her proper form and promised to marry him. By him she became the mother of Achilles. America it is protected because it destroys insects that attack Theudas. Leader of a Jewish revolt, mentioned Acts v. 36. Theurgy. Supposed magical science, by which the will of the gods could be affected; believed in by some Neoplatonists ab. 400-500. Thierry, JACQUES NICOLAS AUGUSTIN, 1795-1856. French Theuriet, ANDRÉ. b. 1833. French novelist, poet, dramatist, and critic. Mdlle. Guignon, 1874; Bastien-Lepage, 1885. Thévet, ANDRÉ, 1502-1590. French writer on America. Cosmographie, 1571; Hommes illustres, 1584. Thian-Shan, or TIEN-SHAN. Range of high mountains between Russian and e. Turkestan; part of the n. boundary of the great plateau of central Asia. Thibaud, PIERRE, 1739-1804. French ethnologist. Origine des Indiens, 1787-1801; Hist. Aztec, 1796. Thiersch, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, 1784-1860. Classical prof. at Munich from 1812; writer on history and education.-His son, HEINRICH WILHELM JOSIAS, 1817-1885, was prof. at Marburg 1843-50, and thenceforth Irvingite pastor in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Hist. Ch.. tr. 1852; Genesis, tr. 1878. Saxon chronicler; Bp. of MerseThietmar, 976-1018. Thibaudeau, ANTOINE CLAIRE, 1765-1854. French Deputy 1792, Councilor of State 1800, Count 1803; in exile 1815-30; Senator 1852; historian of the Directory 1824, of Napoleon 1827-28, and of the Consulate and Empire, 10 vols., 1835. Mémoires, 1875. Flore du Thibaudin, GASTON LOUIS, 1727-1796. French botanist, in S. America and Cuba 1777-85, and from 1792. Chili. 4 vols., 1788; Flore du Perou, 4 vols., 1790. Thibault, ANATOLE FRANCOIS ("ANATOLE FRANCE"), b. 1844. French novelist and dramatist; literary critic of Le Temps. Jocaste; Jean Servan's Desires; Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard. Thibaut, 1201-1253. King of Navarre 1234. French lyrical poet. burg, near Leipzig, 1009. Thieves' Jargon. Use of a special patter or dialect among thieves, partly to disguise their speech, is common throughout Europe, and in India and other parts of the East. English cant, or Thieves' Latin, is made up partly of archaic ventional expressions of a low, coarse and foolish character. In s. China, the secret language of thieves is characterized by and foreign words, but in greater part of arbitrary and conthe employment of substituted words in a metaphorical sense. Thijm, JOSEPHUS ALBERTUS ALBERDINGK, 1820-1888. Dutch poet, historian, novelist, and critic. Thibaut, ANTON FRIEDRICH JUSTUS. 1774-1840. Prof. Kiel 1798. Jena 1803, and Heidelberg from 1806; important writer on Roman law, 1799, and the Pandects, 1803. Thibet. See TIBET. Thick-knee (STONE PLOVER). Plover-like intertropical Thilo, JOHANN CARL, 1794-1853. Prof. Halle 1822; ed. Thimbleberry. See RASPBERRY. Thio. Prefix used by many writers for sulp or sulpho, Thio Acids. Acids in which more or less oxygen is re- COHOLS. Thio Aldehydes. ALDEHYDES (q.v.) containing the group Thick-knee (Oedicnemus crepitans). Thiocarbonates. Salts of the thiocarbonic acid; carbonates containing sulphur in place of oxygen, as K,CS,. Thioketone. KETONE (q.v.) in which the group CO is replaced by CS. Thionic Acids. See DITHIONIC ACID. Thionine. C,,H10N,SCI. Hydrochloride of the substance solution containing sulphureted hydrogen; green powder, produced by the oxidation of paraphenylenediamine in an acid easily soluble in hot water. Thionville. Town of Lorraine, 18 m. n. of Metz; taken by Condé 1643, and by the Germans Nov. 1870; since German. Pop., 1890, 8,928. Thionyl Chloride. SOCI,. Colorless or yellow fuming liquid of bad odor and irritating effect upon the mucous membrane; bpt. 82° C.; made by treating phosphorous pentachloride with dry sulphur dioxide, and fractionating the resulting compounds. Thiophene. C.H.S. Liquid very similar to benzene, present in coal tar; hence usually present in benzene; bpt. 84° C. In chemical properties it is an aromatic substance. Thiosulphates. Salts of thiosulphuric acid. Thiosulphuric Acid. H,S,O,. Formerly called hyposulphurous acid; very unstable. Salts are made by dissolving sulphur in sulphites. Third. See INTERVALS. Third Estate. See TIERS ÉTAT. Thirion, EUGENE ROMAIN, b. 1839. French painter. Thirlage. In Scotland. a servitude, by which the pos sessor of lands was bound to carry all his grain to a certain mill to be ground, paying from a thirtieth to a twelfth part therefor, besides perquisites to the servants. Thirling, or THURLING. Small hole or passage, cut for purpos two pa Thi belongs Greta. of 330 ac bankmen capacity lons to Ma Thirl 1840-74; for Irish d ment, and History o high rank Thirst Its sympt relieved b is absorbed long regar Thirty the Atheni Th been put Roman pr The chief 258-273. Thirty alliance wi contended in Bohemia July 11, 16 and the Ele was carrie Protestant wick, and and crushe and Transy the aid of as was Ma Mansfeld fo and Hunga Lübeck, M his insultin the Swedis Mecklenbur on the Lec back by W army gainin led to the Lutheran p ership to Ri till the Aust of Spain i Nordlingen cisive victo cut short b |